随着国民经济不断发展,社会对于绿色低碳建成环境的需求越来越高。但不断增长的机动车保有量,使尾气排放问题成为城市绿色化、低碳化的一大阻碍。以北京市为例,通过道路运输排放计算(computer programme to calculate emissions from ro...随着国民经济不断发展,社会对于绿色低碳建成环境的需求越来越高。但不断增长的机动车保有量,使尾气排放问题成为城市绿色化、低碳化的一大阻碍。以北京市为例,通过道路运输排放计算(computer programme to calculate emissions from road transport,COPERT)模型推算路段中机动车尾气排放量的时间分布变化情况;基于各类建成环境要素,通过普遍最小二乘法(ordinary least squares,OLS)和熵权法分析各类建成环境要素对机动车尾气排放的主、客观影响程度;利用综合集成赋权法,分析尾气排放的显著影响要素。结果显示,工作日与休息日尾气排量变化趋势相似,均随着时间变化呈现先增后减的趋势,但工作日的日均排放量明显高于休息日。在众多建成环境要素中,路段长度为影响机动车排放的最显著要素。展开更多
To make clear the emission characteristics of soil N20 from typical green- house vegetable fields in North China, an experiment was conducted in greenhouse tomato field in Shouguang city, Shandong province, China＇s ...To make clear the emission characteristics of soil N20 from typical green- house vegetable fields in North China, an experiment was conducted in greenhouse tomato field in Shouguang city, Shandong province, China＇s ＂Home of Vegetables＂. The N2O fluxes were observed in four experimental treatments, as follows： none N fertilizer （CK）, single organic fertilizer （OM）, conventional fertilization （FP） and opti- mized and reduced nitrogen fertilization （OPT）, by a close chamber-gas chromato- graph method. The effects of different fertilization treatments on N2O emission and tomato yield were analyzed. The results showed that following the fertilization and ir- rigation, the pulsed emissions of N2O were measured. The N2O emission peak ap- peared after basal fertilizer application and irrigation and could be maintained for about 20 days. While the N2O emission peak caused by topdressing was smaller and last only 3-5 days. The statistical analysis showed that the N2O fluxes were affected by air temperature, soil temperature and WFPS at soil depth of 3 cm. The total contents of soil N2O fluxes had significant differences among experimental groups. The total content orderly was FP of 14. 77 kg/hm^2, OPT of 9. 73 kg/hm^2, OM of 6.84 kg/hm^2 and CK of 2.37 kg/hm^2. The N~：~ emission coefficient ranged from 0.83%-1.10%,which was close to or more than the recommended value （1.0%） by IPCC. Compared with the FP treatment, the tomato yield in OPT treatment, whose application rate of chemical N fertilizer decreased by about 60%, increased by 2.2%. Under the current management measures, the reasonable reduction on ap- plicaUon rate of organic manure and chemical nitrogen fertilizer could effectively re- duce the N=O emissions in greenhouse vegetable fields.展开更多
目的了解维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis disease,MHD)患者生活质量的现状及其影响因素。方法采用便利抽样法选取2011年10月至2012年1月在上海市3所三级甲等综合性医院行维持性血液透析的患者112例,采用肾脏疾病生活质量简表(...目的了解维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis disease,MHD)患者生活质量的现状及其影响因素。方法采用便利抽样法选取2011年10月至2012年1月在上海市3所三级甲等综合性医院行维持性血液透析的患者112例,采用肾脏疾病生活质量简表(kidney disease quality of life short form,version 1.3,KDQOL-SF1.3)对MHD患者进行调查。结果 MHD患者生活质量的各维度评分普遍不高,其中情感所致的角色受限[(48.51±40.74)分]、一般健康看法[(33.30±17.25)分]、肾脏病给生活带来的负担[(31.64±25.85)分]、工作状况[(30.36±29.53)分]、体力所致的角色受限[(22.99±33.24)分]等5个维度得分较低;不同性别、年龄、文化程度、付费类别、家庭收入、透析时间MHD患者的生活质量得分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 MHD患者生活质量较差,护理人员应结合患者的具体情况实施有效的护理干预,以提高MHD患者的生活质量。展开更多
文摘随着国民经济不断发展,社会对于绿色低碳建成环境的需求越来越高。但不断增长的机动车保有量,使尾气排放问题成为城市绿色化、低碳化的一大阻碍。以北京市为例,通过道路运输排放计算(computer programme to calculate emissions from road transport,COPERT)模型推算路段中机动车尾气排放量的时间分布变化情况;基于各类建成环境要素,通过普遍最小二乘法(ordinary least squares,OLS)和熵权法分析各类建成环境要素对机动车尾气排放的主、客观影响程度;利用综合集成赋权法,分析尾气排放的显著影响要素。结果显示,工作日与休息日尾气排量变化趋势相似,均随着时间变化呈现先增后减的趋势,但工作日的日均排放量明显高于休息日。在众多建成环境要素中,路段长度为影响机动车排放的最显著要素。
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201103039)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(ZR2013DQ023)+1 种基金Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Shandong Province(2013GNC11204)Major Agricultural Application Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province(Study on Environmental Regulation and Fertilizer Application Techniques for High Yield and High Efficiency Utilization of Greenhouse Tomato)~~
文摘To make clear the emission characteristics of soil N20 from typical green- house vegetable fields in North China, an experiment was conducted in greenhouse tomato field in Shouguang city, Shandong province, China＇s ＂Home of Vegetables＂. The N2O fluxes were observed in four experimental treatments, as follows： none N fertilizer （CK）, single organic fertilizer （OM）, conventional fertilization （FP） and opti- mized and reduced nitrogen fertilization （OPT）, by a close chamber-gas chromato- graph method. The effects of different fertilization treatments on N2O emission and tomato yield were analyzed. The results showed that following the fertilization and ir- rigation, the pulsed emissions of N2O were measured. The N2O emission peak ap- peared after basal fertilizer application and irrigation and could be maintained for about 20 days. While the N2O emission peak caused by topdressing was smaller and last only 3-5 days. The statistical analysis showed that the N2O fluxes were affected by air temperature, soil temperature and WFPS at soil depth of 3 cm. The total contents of soil N2O fluxes had significant differences among experimental groups. The total content orderly was FP of 14. 77 kg/hm^2, OPT of 9. 73 kg/hm^2, OM of 6.84 kg/hm^2 and CK of 2.37 kg/hm^2. The N~：~ emission coefficient ranged from 0.83%-1.10%,which was close to or more than the recommended value （1.0%） by IPCC. Compared with the FP treatment, the tomato yield in OPT treatment, whose application rate of chemical N fertilizer decreased by about 60%, increased by 2.2%. Under the current management measures, the reasonable reduction on ap- plicaUon rate of organic manure and chemical nitrogen fertilizer could effectively re- duce the N=O emissions in greenhouse vegetable fields.
文摘目的了解维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis disease,MHD)患者生活质量的现状及其影响因素。方法采用便利抽样法选取2011年10月至2012年1月在上海市3所三级甲等综合性医院行维持性血液透析的患者112例,采用肾脏疾病生活质量简表(kidney disease quality of life short form,version 1.3,KDQOL-SF1.3)对MHD患者进行调查。结果 MHD患者生活质量的各维度评分普遍不高,其中情感所致的角色受限[(48.51±40.74)分]、一般健康看法[(33.30±17.25)分]、肾脏病给生活带来的负担[(31.64±25.85)分]、工作状况[(30.36±29.53)分]、体力所致的角色受限[(22.99±33.24)分]等5个维度得分较低;不同性别、年龄、文化程度、付费类别、家庭收入、透析时间MHD患者的生活质量得分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 MHD患者生活质量较差,护理人员应结合患者的具体情况实施有效的护理干预,以提高MHD患者的生活质量。
