When typical meteorological year (TMY) data are used as an input to simulate the energy used in a building, it is not clear which hours in the weather data file might correspond to an electric or natural gas utility’...When typical meteorological year (TMY) data are used as an input to simulate the energy used in a building, it is not clear which hours in the weather data file might correspond to an electric or natural gas utility’s peak demand. Yet, the determination of peak demand impacts is important in utility resource planning exercises and in determining the value of demand-side management (DSM) actions. We propose a formal probability-based method to estimate the summer and winter peak demand reduction from an energy efficiency measure when TMY data and model simulations are used to estimate peak impacts. In the estimation of winter peak demand impacts from some example energy efficiency measures in Texas, our proposed method performs far better than two alternatives. In the estimation of summer peak demand impacts, our proposed method provides very reasonable results which are very similar to those obtained from the Heat Wave approach adopted in California.展开更多
Fluid percussion-induced traumatic brain injury models have been widely used in experimental research for years. In an experiment, the stability of impaction is inevitably affected by factors such as the appearance of...Fluid percussion-induced traumatic brain injury models have been widely used in experimental research for years. In an experiment, the stability of impaction is inevitably affected by factors such as the appearance of liquid spikes. Management of impact pressure is a crucial factor that determines the stability of these models, and direction of impact control is another basic element. To improve experimental stability, we calculated a pressure curve by generating repeated impacts using a fluid percussion device at different pendulum angles. A stereotactic frame was used to control the direction of impact. We produced stable and reproducible models, including mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury, using the MODEL01-B device at pendulum angles of 6°, 11° and 13°, with corresponding impact force values of 1.0 ± 0.11 atm（101.32 ± 11.16 k Pa）, 2.6 ± 0.16 atm（263.44 ± 16.21 k Pa）, and 3.6 ± 0.16 atm（364.77 ± 16.21 k Pa）, respectively. Behavioral tests, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed that models for different degrees of injury were consistent with the clinical properties of mild, moderate, and severe craniocerebral injuries. Using this method, we established fluid percussion models for different degrees of injury and stabilized pathological features based on precise power and direction control.展开更多
在城市轨道交通系统中,列车的冲击性负荷严重威胁供电安全,且光伏新能源高效消纳也面临挑战。为此,该研究提出一种光伏发电支持的超级电容器混合储能系统(photovoltaic-hybrid energy storage system,PV-HESS)动态功率自洽策略。该策略...在城市轨道交通系统中,列车的冲击性负荷严重威胁供电安全,且光伏新能源高效消纳也面临挑战。为此,该研究提出一种光伏发电支持的超级电容器混合储能系统(photovoltaic-hybrid energy storage system,PV-HESS)动态功率自洽策略。该策略通过引入功率微分阈值k作为系统的动作信号,实时监测列车运行中的功率变化。当功率变化率超过设定阈值时,系统迅速响应,超级电容器释放能量以平抑尖峰负荷。为验证该策略的有效性,构建了仿真模型,并针对不同工况下的微分阈值k进行了仿真分析。结果表明,当微分阈值k设置为2.4 MW/h时,PV-HESS系统能够快速响应,最大动态功率自洽率提高到15.9%,显著降低了尖峰负荷对地铁供电系统的影响。展开更多
水泥行业是工业碳排放的主要来源之一,我国是目前世界水泥产量最大的国家,探究水泥碳减排对实现碳达峰、碳中和目标至关重要。文章以安徽省为例,采用联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,IPCC)...水泥行业是工业碳排放的主要来源之一,我国是目前世界水泥产量最大的国家,探究水泥碳减排对实现碳达峰、碳中和目标至关重要。文章以安徽省为例,采用联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,IPCC)碳排放系数法计算安徽省水泥行业2010-2021年的碳排放量,并通过构建对数平均迪氏指数法(log-mean Divisia index,LMDI)因素分解模型分析安徽省水泥行业碳排放的主要影响因素。同时,对随机性的环境影响评估(stochastic impacts by regression on population,affluence and technology,STIRPAT)模型进行扩展,设定基准、低碳和强化低碳3种情景,建立安徽省水泥行业碳排放预测模型,预测不同情景下碳排放量和趋势。结果表明:安徽省水泥行业碳排放量总体呈上升趋势,且煤炭消耗量占比较大,节能减排面临较大压力;能源强度和劳动生产率是对安徽省碳排放影响最显著的因子;在基准、低碳和强化低碳情景下,安徽省水泥行业的碳排放峰值年分别为2030年之后、2025年和2023年。展开更多
文摘When typical meteorological year (TMY) data are used as an input to simulate the energy used in a building, it is not clear which hours in the weather data file might correspond to an electric or natural gas utility’s peak demand. Yet, the determination of peak demand impacts is important in utility resource planning exercises and in determining the value of demand-side management (DSM) actions. We propose a formal probability-based method to estimate the summer and winter peak demand reduction from an energy efficiency measure when TMY data and model simulations are used to estimate peak impacts. In the estimation of winter peak demand impacts from some example energy efficiency measures in Texas, our proposed method performs far better than two alternatives. In the estimation of summer peak demand impacts, our proposed method provides very reasonable results which are very similar to those obtained from the Heat Wave approach adopted in California.
基金supported by a grant from the International S cience and Technology Cooperation Projects of China,No.2011DFG33430
文摘Fluid percussion-induced traumatic brain injury models have been widely used in experimental research for years. In an experiment, the stability of impaction is inevitably affected by factors such as the appearance of liquid spikes. Management of impact pressure is a crucial factor that determines the stability of these models, and direction of impact control is another basic element. To improve experimental stability, we calculated a pressure curve by generating repeated impacts using a fluid percussion device at different pendulum angles. A stereotactic frame was used to control the direction of impact. We produced stable and reproducible models, including mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury, using the MODEL01-B device at pendulum angles of 6°, 11° and 13°, with corresponding impact force values of 1.0 ± 0.11 atm（101.32 ± 11.16 k Pa）, 2.6 ± 0.16 atm（263.44 ± 16.21 k Pa）, and 3.6 ± 0.16 atm（364.77 ± 16.21 k Pa）, respectively. Behavioral tests, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed that models for different degrees of injury were consistent with the clinical properties of mild, moderate, and severe craniocerebral injuries. Using this method, we established fluid percussion models for different degrees of injury and stabilized pathological features based on precise power and direction control.
文摘在城市轨道交通系统中,列车的冲击性负荷严重威胁供电安全,且光伏新能源高效消纳也面临挑战。为此,该研究提出一种光伏发电支持的超级电容器混合储能系统(photovoltaic-hybrid energy storage system,PV-HESS)动态功率自洽策略。该策略通过引入功率微分阈值k作为系统的动作信号,实时监测列车运行中的功率变化。当功率变化率超过设定阈值时,系统迅速响应,超级电容器释放能量以平抑尖峰负荷。为验证该策略的有效性,构建了仿真模型,并针对不同工况下的微分阈值k进行了仿真分析。结果表明,当微分阈值k设置为2.4 MW/h时,PV-HESS系统能够快速响应,最大动态功率自洽率提高到15.9%,显著降低了尖峰负荷对地铁供电系统的影响。
文摘水泥行业是工业碳排放的主要来源之一,我国是目前世界水泥产量最大的国家,探究水泥碳减排对实现碳达峰、碳中和目标至关重要。文章以安徽省为例,采用联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,IPCC)碳排放系数法计算安徽省水泥行业2010-2021年的碳排放量,并通过构建对数平均迪氏指数法(log-mean Divisia index,LMDI)因素分解模型分析安徽省水泥行业碳排放的主要影响因素。同时,对随机性的环境影响评估(stochastic impacts by regression on population,affluence and technology,STIRPAT)模型进行扩展,设定基准、低碳和强化低碳3种情景,建立安徽省水泥行业碳排放预测模型,预测不同情景下碳排放量和趋势。结果表明:安徽省水泥行业碳排放量总体呈上升趋势,且煤炭消耗量占比较大,节能减排面临较大压力;能源强度和劳动生产率是对安徽省碳排放影响最显著的因子;在基准、低碳和强化低碳情景下,安徽省水泥行业的碳排放峰值年分别为2030年之后、2025年和2023年。
