Ductile iron bars(DIBs) with a diameter of 145 mm, used for plunger pump production, were made by the horizontal continuous casting(HCC). The microstructure of the samples cut at three locations with different distanc...Ductile iron bars(DIBs) with a diameter of 145 mm, used for plunger pump production, were made by the horizontal continuous casting(HCC). The microstructure of the samples cut at three locations with different distances away from the surface(~20 mm from the surface, half of the radius and the center of the HCCDIBs)were investigated. The mechanical properties were measured by tensile and torsion tests. Results show that after the spheroidization of graphite, the iron matrix incorporates the nodules of Format I, Size 8 close to the surface, Format I, Size 7 at the half of the radius from the surface, and Format II, Size 6 in the centre of the bar,according to the ASTM A247 standard. The content of pearlite in the matrix changes from 55%(~20 mm from the surface) to 70%(half of the radius) and 80%(the center of the HCCDIBs). The strengths in tension are 552, 607 and 486 MPa with the elongations of 12.5%, 10.5% and 5.8% in samples cut at these three locations from the surface to the centre, respectively. The strength in torsion is equal to 558, 551 and 471 MPa at corresponding torsion angles of 418°, 384° and 144° respectively to the same distance from the bar surface. Fracture in tension is manifested via crack propagation through the interface between graphite nodules and matrix(Mode I), while in torsion the fracture is caused by the shear of graphite nodules(Mode II). It is shown that the transition between two fracture modes is also dependent on the size of graphite nodule. Typically, fracture Mode I was observed for nodules of smaller diameter(less than 22.7 μm) and fracture Mode II was seen for nodules of greater diameter(more than 24.8 μm).展开更多
Based on Darcy Gersevanov law concerning a flow relation between water and solids, we derive the horizontal movement of solid frame resulted from a discharging well in a Theis Thiem confined system, and further anal...Based on Darcy Gersevanov law concerning a flow relation between water and solids, we derive the horizontal movement of solid frame resulted from a discharging well in a Theis Thiem confined system, and further analyze the relations among the horizontal movements and pumped time t as well as radius r from the discharging well. As applications of the theory, we propose some new interperations for ground fissure activity and casing failures induced by groundwater withdrawal or injection.展开更多
A simplified numerical model of heat transfer characteristics of horizontal ground heat exchanger (GHE) in the frozen soil layer is presented and the steady-state distribution of temperature field is simulated. Numeri...A simplified numerical model of heat transfer characteristics of horizontal ground heat exchanger (GHE) in the frozen soil layer is presented and the steady-state distribution of temperature field is simulated. Numerical results show that the frozen depth mainly depends on the soil′s moisture content and ambient temperature. The heat transfer loss of horizontal GHE tends to grow with the increase of the soil′s moisture content and the decrease of ambient temperature. Backfilled materials with optimal thermal conductivity can reduce the thermal loss effectively in the frozen soil. The applicability of the Chinese national standard “Technical Code for Ground Source Heat Pump (GB 50366-2005)” is verified. For a ground source heat pump project, the feasible layout of horizontal GHE should be determined based on the integration of the soil′s structure, backfilled materials, weather data, and economic analysis.展开更多
The eddies in the southernmost southern Indian Ocean exert major dynamical and biogeochemical influences on the Earth system.Therefore,disentangling the relative contributions of vertical pumping and horizontal transp...The eddies in the southernmost southern Indian Ocean exert major dynamical and biogeochemical influences on the Earth system.Therefore,disentangling the relative contributions of vertical pumping and horizontal transport to water-property anomalies in the eddy cores is of fundamental importance.Here,the authors introduce a temperaturesalinity gradient-ratio approach(the"R-method")that compares vertical and meridional gradients to quantitatively separate the two processes.Application of the R-method to three-dimensional Argo observations reveals that horizontal transport,rather than vertical pumping,predominantly governs the observed temperature and salinity anomalies within eddy cores in the SIO.Independent theoretical estimations based on background meridional gradients,together with composites formed on isopycnal surfaces,further corroborate this conclusion.The results challenge the conventional assumption that vertical pumping invariably controls eddy-core property anomalies and demonstrate the utility of the R-method for diagnosing eddy impacts in climate and biogeochemical studies.展开更多
The cooling and heating of spaces are among the largest sources for household’s energy demand. Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) is a promising technology to reduce the energy for cooling and heating purposes. However, ...The cooling and heating of spaces are among the largest sources for household’s energy demand. Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) is a promising technology to reduce the energy for cooling and heating purposes. However, the major obstacle hindering the utilization of this technology is the high initial cost, especially for the installation of ground coupled heat exchanger. The horizontal closed-loop system offers lower installation cost, as it requires no vertical borehole construction. Instead, the heat exchangers can be installed in shallow trenches that may be excavated, by small excavator or even by human labor. This paper presents the comparison of two different heat exchangers, namely, the capillary mat and the widely used slinky pipe. Both heat exchangers are connected to a heat pump, where continuous heating tests were carried out for 165 hours (~7 days) for each configuration. The purpose of this research is to show the performance of capillary mat in comparison to slinky pipe. Despite during the entire test for capillary mat required 6% higher electricity consumption, compared to slinky heat exchanger, the results still suggest the potential use of capillary mat as alternative to slinky heat exchanger. Additionally, the results also highlight the high hydraulic resistance of installed capillary mat heat exchangers may become the major disadvantage of the capillary mat.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Achievement Transfer and Promotion Plan-absorb Achievement Transformation Project(No.2017CGZH-XNGJ-03)Shaanxi Provincial Education Department Scientific Research Program Project-service Local Special Industrialization Cultivation Project(No.17JF018)+1 种基金Xi'an Science and Technology Planning Project Science and Technology Innovation Guide Projects(No.201805037YD15CG21(19))Xi'an University of Technology Scientific and Technological Achievement Transformation Project-technical Requirement Solving Project of Enterprises(No.2018-1)
文摘Ductile iron bars(DIBs) with a diameter of 145 mm, used for plunger pump production, were made by the horizontal continuous casting(HCC). The microstructure of the samples cut at three locations with different distances away from the surface(~20 mm from the surface, half of the radius and the center of the HCCDIBs)were investigated. The mechanical properties were measured by tensile and torsion tests. Results show that after the spheroidization of graphite, the iron matrix incorporates the nodules of Format I, Size 8 close to the surface, Format I, Size 7 at the half of the radius from the surface, and Format II, Size 6 in the centre of the bar,according to the ASTM A247 standard. The content of pearlite in the matrix changes from 55%(~20 mm from the surface) to 70%(half of the radius) and 80%(the center of the HCCDIBs). The strengths in tension are 552, 607 and 486 MPa with the elongations of 12.5%, 10.5% and 5.8% in samples cut at these three locations from the surface to the centre, respectively. The strength in torsion is equal to 558, 551 and 471 MPa at corresponding torsion angles of 418°, 384° and 144° respectively to the same distance from the bar surface. Fracture in tension is manifested via crack propagation through the interface between graphite nodules and matrix(Mode I), while in torsion the fracture is caused by the shear of graphite nodules(Mode II). It is shown that the transition between two fracture modes is also dependent on the size of graphite nodule. Typically, fracture Mode I was observed for nodules of smaller diameter(less than 22.7 μm) and fracture Mode II was seen for nodules of greater diameter(more than 24.8 μm).
文摘Based on Darcy Gersevanov law concerning a flow relation between water and solids, we derive the horizontal movement of solid frame resulted from a discharging well in a Theis Thiem confined system, and further analyze the relations among the horizontal movements and pumped time t as well as radius r from the discharging well. As applications of the theory, we propose some new interperations for ground fissure activity and casing failures induced by groundwater withdrawal or injection.
基金Supported by Tianjin Scientific Development Foundation (No.013112811-1) .
文摘A simplified numerical model of heat transfer characteristics of horizontal ground heat exchanger (GHE) in the frozen soil layer is presented and the steady-state distribution of temperature field is simulated. Numerical results show that the frozen depth mainly depends on the soil′s moisture content and ambient temperature. The heat transfer loss of horizontal GHE tends to grow with the increase of the soil′s moisture content and the decrease of ambient temperature. Backfilled materials with optimal thermal conductivity can reduce the thermal loss effectively in the frozen soil. The applicability of the Chinese national standard “Technical Code for Ground Source Heat Pump (GB 50366-2005)” is verified. For a ground source heat pump project, the feasible layout of horizontal GHE should be determined based on the integration of the soil′s structure, backfilled materials, weather data, and economic analysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 42176001]the State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography,South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences [grant number LTO2106]the STU Scientific Research Foundation for Talents [grant number NTF21009]。
文摘The eddies in the southernmost southern Indian Ocean exert major dynamical and biogeochemical influences on the Earth system.Therefore,disentangling the relative contributions of vertical pumping and horizontal transport to water-property anomalies in the eddy cores is of fundamental importance.Here,the authors introduce a temperaturesalinity gradient-ratio approach(the"R-method")that compares vertical and meridional gradients to quantitatively separate the two processes.Application of the R-method to three-dimensional Argo observations reveals that horizontal transport,rather than vertical pumping,predominantly governs the observed temperature and salinity anomalies within eddy cores in the SIO.Independent theoretical estimations based on background meridional gradients,together with composites formed on isopycnal surfaces,further corroborate this conclusion.The results challenge the conventional assumption that vertical pumping invariably controls eddy-core property anomalies and demonstrate the utility of the R-method for diagnosing eddy impacts in climate and biogeochemical studies.
文摘The cooling and heating of spaces are among the largest sources for household’s energy demand. Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) is a promising technology to reduce the energy for cooling and heating purposes. However, the major obstacle hindering the utilization of this technology is the high initial cost, especially for the installation of ground coupled heat exchanger. The horizontal closed-loop system offers lower installation cost, as it requires no vertical borehole construction. Instead, the heat exchangers can be installed in shallow trenches that may be excavated, by small excavator or even by human labor. This paper presents the comparison of two different heat exchangers, namely, the capillary mat and the widely used slinky pipe. Both heat exchangers are connected to a heat pump, where continuous heating tests were carried out for 165 hours (~7 days) for each configuration. The purpose of this research is to show the performance of capillary mat in comparison to slinky pipe. Despite during the entire test for capillary mat required 6% higher electricity consumption, compared to slinky heat exchanger, the results still suggest the potential use of capillary mat as alternative to slinky heat exchanger. Additionally, the results also highlight the high hydraulic resistance of installed capillary mat heat exchangers may become the major disadvantage of the capillary mat.
