The new radar system of combination of the hopped-frequency with the conical scan is presented. According to the principle and expression of the conical scan hopped-frequency signal, the angle processing method in whi...The new radar system of combination of the hopped-frequency with the conical scan is presented. According to the principle and expression of the conical scan hopped-frequency signal, the angle processing method in which angle information is obtained by taking discrete Fourier transform （DFT） for the conical envelop of each scattering centre by means of high range resolution profile （HRRP） is presented, and the corresponding formula is derived. The influence of non-ideal factors, such as amplitude fluctuation noise and system noise, leakage of time and frequency domain, unstable rotation of antenna, and missile rotation, on angle-measurement precision and the possible solving methods are also focused on. The simulation results show that the combination of the hopped-frequency and conical scan system could get satisfactory angle information, which could ensure good quality when used in practical tracking radar.展开更多
This paper introduces a frequency-hopped (FH) communication system to anti-intersymbol interferences (ISI) caused by the multipath propagation in shallow-water acoustic channels, and uses high-speed digital signal pro...This paper introduces a frequency-hopped (FH) communication system to anti-intersymbol interferences (ISI) caused by the multipath propagation in shallow-water acoustic channels, and uses high-speed digital signal processor (DSP) and serial ADC (MAX121) chip to demodulate received signal efficiently based Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. The field experimental results show: a data rate of 1Kbit/s with the bit error rates on the order of 10 -4 is demonstrated at 2000 m in the shallow-water acoustic channel of Xiamen harbor, and the key techniques of the system is analyzed in the paper.展开更多
To improve the data rate of underwater acoustic frequency-hopped communications, frequency hopping is applied to different orders of fractional Fourier domain (FrFD), to enable non-intrusive, bandwidth-limited acousti...To improve the data rate of underwater acoustic frequency-hopped communications, frequency hopping is applied to different orders of fractional Fourier domain (FrFD), to enable non-intrusive, bandwidth-limited acoustic communications. An FrFD frequency-hopped communication method based on chirp modulation, namely multiple chirp shift keying-FrFD hopping (MCSK-FrFDH), is proposed for underwater acoustic channels. Validated by both simulations and experimental results, this method can reach a bandwidth efficiency twice more than conventional frequency-hopped methods with the same data rate and anti-multipath capability, suggesting that the proposed method achieves a better performance than the traditional frequency hopped communication in underwater acoustic communication channels. Results also show that in practical scenarios, the MCSK-FrFDH system with longer symbol length performs better at the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), while the system with larger frequency sweeping range performs better at a high SNR.展开更多
Fruity smelling esters play an important role for the aroma of hops and beer and they have been characterized as key aroma compounds in different hop varieties.Studies on the transfer of hop-derived compounds into bee...Fruity smelling esters play an important role for the aroma of hops and beer and they have been characterized as key aroma compounds in different hop varieties.Studies on the transfer of hop-derived compounds into beer during dry-hopping showed calculated transfer rates of different ethyl esters far above 100%,leading to the assumption that these esters must be newly formed.To investigate this formation,dry-hopping was imitated in water to eliminate the influence of the beer matrix on the formation of these odorants.Thereby,the formation of ethyl esters of 2-methylbutanoic acid,3-methylbutanoic acid,and methylpropanoic acid,induced by the addition of hops,was shown.Different approaches inhibiting enzyme activities and experiments with different hop extracts might lead to the assumption that enzymes are involved in the formation of these esters,beside possible transesterification.展开更多
Brewers who create hop-forward styles such as American-style India Pale Ales typically add hops toward the end of or after wort boiling to avoid aroma volatilization and thereby impart strong hopderived aromas.However...Brewers who create hop-forward styles such as American-style India Pale Ales typically add hops toward the end of or after wort boiling to avoid aroma volatilization and thereby impart strong hopderived aromas.However,previous studies have demonstrated that despite the volatilization effects of boiling wort,hops that are added early in the kettle boil can contribute to hop aroma.Nonvolatile hopderived precursors,specifically glycosides,may survive the boiling process and become hydrolyzed to release volatile aglycones capable of contributing to aroma.To investigate the contribution of these different hop fractions to the aroma of kettle-hopped beers,12 single-hopped pilot-scale(3 hL)beers were brewed using pellet,supercritical CO2 extract,and spent hop fractions of Citra,Simcoe,Centennial,or Cascade cultivars.Pellet,extract,and spent additions consisted of a single hop add让ion 5 min into a 60 min boil.Volatile analysis of beers was perfonned using stir-bar sorptive extraction and quantified using gas chromatographymass spectrometry.Beers were analyzed for the common terpenoid compoundsα-pinene,β-pinene,3-myrcene,limonene,linalool,E,β-caryophyllene,α-humulene,andα-terpineol.In addition,beers were evaluated using descriptive sensory analysis.The descriptive sensory data identified significant differences among the cultivar and hop product treatments.The spent hop treatments produced beers that had a noticeable hop aroma,which suggests that the water-soluble components left behind in the spent hops may contribute to hop aroma in beer.The intensity and nature of the hop aroma in the spent treatments were hop variety specific.However,the contributions of water-soluble components found in spent hops to increased aroma intensity in beer were small,especially compared with the pellet and extract treatments.展开更多
We investigate the interplay between the pseudogap state and d-wave superconductivity in the two-dimensional doped Hubbard model by employing an eight-site cluster dynamical mean-field theory method.By tuning electron...We investigate the interplay between the pseudogap state and d-wave superconductivity in the two-dimensional doped Hubbard model by employing an eight-site cluster dynamical mean-field theory method.By tuning electron hopping parameters,the strong-coupling pseudogap in the two-dimensional Hubbard model can be either enhanced or suppressed in the doped Mott insulator regime.We find that in underdoped cases,the closing of pseudogap leads to a significant enhancement of superconductivity,indicating competition between the two in the underdoped regime.In contrast,at large dopings,suppressing the pseudogap is accompanied by a concurrent decrease in the superconducting transition temperature Tc,which can be attributed to a reduction in antiferromagnetic correlations behind both the pseudogap and superconductivity.We elucidate this evolving relationship between pseudogap and superconductivity across different doping regimes.展开更多
1 It's a sunny afternoon in Juliaca,a city near Lake Titicaca,Peru.Among the thousands of native Quechua people gathering in the town square is a man dressed in black on a black horse.He's dressed in memory of...1 It's a sunny afternoon in Juliaca,a city near Lake Titicaca,Peru.Among the thousands of native Quechua people gathering in the town square is a man dressed in black on a black horse.He's dressed in memory of the country's most respected figure:Túpac AmaruⅡ,a native leader who led a war against the Spanish Empire and became a symbol for the fighting spirits in the Andes.He's also there to rap.From horseback,Cay Sur performs his song about heroes,its hip⁃hop beat pulsing(洋溢)through the crowd.展开更多
The increasing reliance on interconnected Internet of Things(IoT)devices has amplified the demand for robust anonymization strategies to protect device identities and ensure secure communication.However,traditional an...The increasing reliance on interconnected Internet of Things(IoT)devices has amplified the demand for robust anonymization strategies to protect device identities and ensure secure communication.However,traditional anonymization methods for IoT networks often rely on static identity models,making them vulnerable to inference attacks through long-term observation.Moreover,these methods tend to sacrifice data availability to protect privacy,limiting their practicality in real-world applications.To overcome these limitations,we propose a dynamic device identity anonymization framework using Moving Target Defense(MTD)principles implemented via Software-Defined Networking(SDN).In our model,the SDN controller periodically reconfigures the network addresses and routes of IoT devices using a constraint-aware backtracking algorithmthat constructs new virtual topologies under connectivity and performance constraints.This address-hopping scheme introduces continuous unpredictability at the network layer dynamically changing device identifiers,routing paths,and even network topology which thwarts attacker reconnaissance while preserving normal communication.Experimental results demonstrate that our approach significantly reduces device identity exposure and scan success rates for attackers compared to static networks.Moreover,the dynamic schememaintains high data availability and network performance.Under attack conditions it reduced average communication delay by approximately 60% vs.an unprotected network,with minimal overhead on system resources.展开更多
End-host address mutation is one of the key network moving target defense mechanisms to defend against reconnaissance.However,frequently changing host addresses increases the transmission de-lay of active sessions,whi...End-host address mutation is one of the key network moving target defense mechanisms to defend against reconnaissance.However,frequently changing host addresses increases the transmission de-lay of active sessions,which may cause serious ram-ifications.In this paper,by leveraging the advanced DPDK technology,we proposed a high-performance MTD gateway framework,called HPMG,which can not only prevent adversaries from reconnaissance ef-fectively,but also retain high-speed data packet pro-cessing capabilities.Firstly,every moving target host is assigned three different IP addresses,called real IP,virtual IP,and external IP,to realize multi-level net-work address architecture.To delay the scanning tech-niques of adversaries,HPMG mutates virtual IP and virtual MAC addresses,and replies with fake host re-sponses.Besides,to be transparent to the end-hosts,HPMG keeps real IP and real MAC unchanged.Fi-nally,we optimized the forwarding and processing performance of the HPMG based on the fast path framework of DPDK.Our theoretical analysis,imple-mentation,and evaluation show that HPMG can effec-tively defend against reconnaissance attacks and de-crease the processing delay caused by address muta-tion.展开更多
To guarantee secure communication against eavesdropping and malicious attack,an artificial noise(AN)-aided frequency-hopping(FH)architecture is adopted in this article.But the inevitable time misalignment between the ...To guarantee secure communication against eavesdropping and malicious attack,an artificial noise(AN)-aided frequency-hopping(FH)architecture is adopted in this article.But the inevitable time misalignment between the received signal and locally reconstructed AN will deteriorate the AN cancellation performance,yielding significant secrecy degradation at the FH receiver.In view of this,first,the AN cancellation performance under time misalignment is evaluated via signal to AN-plus-noise ratio,and the system secrecy is analyzed via secrecy rate.Then,to mitigate the performance degradation raised by time misalignment,the transmitting power allocation scheme for AN and confidential signal(CS)is optimized,and the optimal hopping period is designed.Notably,the obtained conclusions in both the performance evaluation and transmitter optimization sections hold no matter whether the eavesdropper can realize FH synchronization or not.Simulations verify that time misalignment will raise non-negligible performance degradation.Besides,the power ratio of AN to CS should decrease as time misalignment increases,and for perfect time synchronization,the transmitting power of AN and CS should be equivalent.In addition,a longer hopping period is preferred for secrecy enhancement when time misalignment gets exacerbated.展开更多
In this work,we investigate disordered Dirac fermions from the perspective of quantum entanglement,which provides a different angle compared to the ordinary perturbative renormalization group(RG)analysis.We consider D...In this work,we investigate disordered Dirac fermions from the perspective of quantum entanglement,which provides a different angle compared to the ordinary perturbative renormalization group(RG)analysis.We consider Dirac fermions subjected to random hopping and random flux,which respectively fall into the chiral Gaussian orthogonal ensemble(cGOE)and chiral Gaussian unitary ensemble(cGUE)universality classes.Existing studies based on perturbative calculations suggest that both types of randomness are marginal.Here,through numerical simulations of the corresponding lattice models,we find that these two different types of randomness exhibit distinct entanglement features,signaling completely different properties in contrast to the perturbative RG analysis.In particular,although the entropy area-law is generally held for both types of randomness,we identify that the subleading term of the entanglement entropy is enhanced by random flux but not by random hopping.This subleading term is known as the entropic F-function in the clean limit without disorder.Our observations indicate that disordered theories in cGOE and cGUE are essentially different,which recalls careful analysis on the RG calculations.展开更多
针对DV-HOP(distance vector hop)算法的定位精度对节点间跳数信息依赖性较强的特点,提出一种基于接收信号强度指示(received signal strength indicator,RSSI)每跳分级和平均跳距修正的DV-HOP改进算法RADV-HOP(RSSI and average hoppin...针对DV-HOP(distance vector hop)算法的定位精度对节点间跳数信息依赖性较强的特点,提出一种基于接收信号强度指示(received signal strength indicator,RSSI)每跳分级和平均跳距修正的DV-HOP改进算法RADV-HOP(RSSI and average hopping distance modifying DV-HOP)。仿真结果表明:在相同的网络环境里,与传统DV-HOP算法相比,RADV-HOP定位算法仅需节点通信芯片带有RSSI指示功能及增加少量的计算和通信开销,不需要额外的硬件开销,将每跳分为3个子级时,归一化定位误差能下降65%;与其他DV-HOP修正算法相比,RADV-HOP算法以相同的通信开销和稍微增加的计算开销使定位误差下降了45%。展开更多
基金the Ministerial Level Advanced Research Foundation(040230105)
文摘The new radar system of combination of the hopped-frequency with the conical scan is presented. According to the principle and expression of the conical scan hopped-frequency signal, the angle processing method in which angle information is obtained by taking discrete Fourier transform （DFT） for the conical envelop of each scattering centre by means of high range resolution profile （HRRP） is presented, and the corresponding formula is derived. The influence of non-ideal factors, such as amplitude fluctuation noise and system noise, leakage of time and frequency domain, unstable rotation of antenna, and missile rotation, on angle-measurement precision and the possible solving methods are also focused on. The simulation results show that the combination of the hopped-frequency and conical scan system could get satisfactory angle information, which could ensure good quality when used in practical tracking radar.
文摘This paper introduces a frequency-hopped (FH) communication system to anti-intersymbol interferences (ISI) caused by the multipath propagation in shallow-water acoustic channels, and uses high-speed digital signal processor (DSP) and serial ADC (MAX121) chip to demodulate received signal efficiently based Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. The field experimental results show: a data rate of 1Kbit/s with the bit error rates on the order of 10 -4 is demonstrated at 2000 m in the shallow-water acoustic channel of Xiamen harbor, and the key techniques of the system is analyzed in the paper.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(4137604041676024)
文摘To improve the data rate of underwater acoustic frequency-hopped communications, frequency hopping is applied to different orders of fractional Fourier domain (FrFD), to enable non-intrusive, bandwidth-limited acoustic communications. An FrFD frequency-hopped communication method based on chirp modulation, namely multiple chirp shift keying-FrFD hopping (MCSK-FrFDH), is proposed for underwater acoustic channels. Validated by both simulations and experimental results, this method can reach a bandwidth efficiency twice more than conventional frequency-hopped methods with the same data rate and anti-multipath capability, suggesting that the proposed method achieves a better performance than the traditional frequency hopped communication in underwater acoustic communication channels. Results also show that in practical scenarios, the MCSK-FrFDH system with longer symbol length performs better at the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), while the system with larger frequency sweeping range performs better at a high SNR.
基金This IGF Project of the FEI was supported via AiF within the program for promoting the Industrial Collective Research(IGF)of the German Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy(BMWi),based on a resolution of the German Parliament(AiF 18626 N).
文摘Fruity smelling esters play an important role for the aroma of hops and beer and they have been characterized as key aroma compounds in different hop varieties.Studies on the transfer of hop-derived compounds into beer during dry-hopping showed calculated transfer rates of different ethyl esters far above 100%,leading to the assumption that these esters must be newly formed.To investigate this formation,dry-hopping was imitated in water to eliminate the influence of the beer matrix on the formation of these odorants.Thereby,the formation of ethyl esters of 2-methylbutanoic acid,3-methylbutanoic acid,and methylpropanoic acid,induced by the addition of hops,was shown.Different approaches inhibiting enzyme activities and experiments with different hop extracts might lead to the assumption that enzymes are involved in the formation of these esters,beside possible transesterification.
文摘Brewers who create hop-forward styles such as American-style India Pale Ales typically add hops toward the end of or after wort boiling to avoid aroma volatilization and thereby impart strong hopderived aromas.However,previous studies have demonstrated that despite the volatilization effects of boiling wort,hops that are added early in the kettle boil can contribute to hop aroma.Nonvolatile hopderived precursors,specifically glycosides,may survive the boiling process and become hydrolyzed to release volatile aglycones capable of contributing to aroma.To investigate the contribution of these different hop fractions to the aroma of kettle-hopped beers,12 single-hopped pilot-scale(3 hL)beers were brewed using pellet,supercritical CO2 extract,and spent hop fractions of Citra,Simcoe,Centennial,or Cascade cultivars.Pellet,extract,and spent additions consisted of a single hop add让ion 5 min into a 60 min boil.Volatile analysis of beers was perfonned using stir-bar sorptive extraction and quantified using gas chromatographymass spectrometry.Beers were analyzed for the common terpenoid compoundsα-pinene,β-pinene,3-myrcene,limonene,linalool,E,β-caryophyllene,α-humulene,andα-terpineol.In addition,beers were evaluated using descriptive sensory analysis.The descriptive sensory data identified significant differences among the cultivar and hop product treatments.The spent hop treatments produced beers that had a noticeable hop aroma,which suggests that the water-soluble components left behind in the spent hops may contribute to hop aroma in beer.The intensity and nature of the hop aroma in the spent treatments were hop variety specific.However,the contributions of water-soluble components found in spent hops to increased aroma intensity in beer were small,especially compared with the pellet and extract treatments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12274472,12494594,12494591,and 92165204)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFA1402802)+2 种基金Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices(Grant No.2022B1212010008)Guangdong Fundamental Research Center for Magnetoelectric Physics(Grant No.2024B0303390001)Guangdong Provincial Quantum Science Strategic Initiative(Grant No.GDZX2401010)。
文摘We investigate the interplay between the pseudogap state and d-wave superconductivity in the two-dimensional doped Hubbard model by employing an eight-site cluster dynamical mean-field theory method.By tuning electron hopping parameters,the strong-coupling pseudogap in the two-dimensional Hubbard model can be either enhanced or suppressed in the doped Mott insulator regime.We find that in underdoped cases,the closing of pseudogap leads to a significant enhancement of superconductivity,indicating competition between the two in the underdoped regime.In contrast,at large dopings,suppressing the pseudogap is accompanied by a concurrent decrease in the superconducting transition temperature Tc,which can be attributed to a reduction in antiferromagnetic correlations behind both the pseudogap and superconductivity.We elucidate this evolving relationship between pseudogap and superconductivity across different doping regimes.
文摘1 It's a sunny afternoon in Juliaca,a city near Lake Titicaca,Peru.Among the thousands of native Quechua people gathering in the town square is a man dressed in black on a black horse.He's dressed in memory of the country's most respected figure:Túpac AmaruⅡ,a native leader who led a war against the Spanish Empire and became a symbol for the fighting spirits in the Andes.He's also there to rap.From horseback,Cay Sur performs his song about heroes,its hip⁃hop beat pulsing(洋溢)through the crowd.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Project No.2022YFB3104300).
文摘The increasing reliance on interconnected Internet of Things(IoT)devices has amplified the demand for robust anonymization strategies to protect device identities and ensure secure communication.However,traditional anonymization methods for IoT networks often rely on static identity models,making them vulnerable to inference attacks through long-term observation.Moreover,these methods tend to sacrifice data availability to protect privacy,limiting their practicality in real-world applications.To overcome these limitations,we propose a dynamic device identity anonymization framework using Moving Target Defense(MTD)principles implemented via Software-Defined Networking(SDN).In our model,the SDN controller periodically reconfigures the network addresses and routes of IoT devices using a constraint-aware backtracking algorithmthat constructs new virtual topologies under connectivity and performance constraints.This address-hopping scheme introduces continuous unpredictability at the network layer dynamically changing device identifiers,routing paths,and even network topology which thwarts attacker reconnaissance while preserving normal communication.Experimental results demonstrate that our approach significantly reduces device identity exposure and scan success rates for attackers compared to static networks.Moreover,the dynamic schememaintains high data availability and network performance.Under attack conditions it reduced average communication delay by approximately 60% vs.an unprotected network,with minimal overhead on system resources.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61821001)Science and Tech-nology Key Project of Guangdong Province,China(2019B010157001).
文摘End-host address mutation is one of the key network moving target defense mechanisms to defend against reconnaissance.However,frequently changing host addresses increases the transmission de-lay of active sessions,which may cause serious ram-ifications.In this paper,by leveraging the advanced DPDK technology,we proposed a high-performance MTD gateway framework,called HPMG,which can not only prevent adversaries from reconnaissance ef-fectively,but also retain high-speed data packet pro-cessing capabilities.Firstly,every moving target host is assigned three different IP addresses,called real IP,virtual IP,and external IP,to realize multi-level net-work address architecture.To delay the scanning tech-niques of adversaries,HPMG mutates virtual IP and virtual MAC addresses,and replies with fake host re-sponses.Besides,to be transparent to the end-hosts,HPMG keeps real IP and real MAC unchanged.Fi-nally,we optimized the forwarding and processing performance of the HPMG based on the fast path framework of DPDK.Our theoretical analysis,imple-mentation,and evaluation show that HPMG can effec-tively defend against reconnaissance attacks and de-crease the processing delay caused by address muta-tion.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62071094in part by the National Key Laboratory of Wireless Communications Foundation under Grant IFN202402in part by the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(Grade C)of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant GZC20240217.
文摘To guarantee secure communication against eavesdropping and malicious attack,an artificial noise(AN)-aided frequency-hopping(FH)architecture is adopted in this article.But the inevitable time misalignment between the received signal and locally reconstructed AN will deteriorate the AN cancellation performance,yielding significant secrecy degradation at the FH receiver.In view of this,first,the AN cancellation performance under time misalignment is evaluated via signal to AN-plus-noise ratio,and the system secrecy is analyzed via secrecy rate.Then,to mitigate the performance degradation raised by time misalignment,the transmitting power allocation scheme for AN and confidential signal(CS)is optimized,and the optimal hopping period is designed.Notably,the obtained conclusions in both the performance evaluation and transmitter optimization sections hold no matter whether the eavesdropper can realize FH synchronization or not.Simulations verify that time misalignment will raise non-negligible performance degradation.Besides,the power ratio of AN to CS should decrease as time misalignment increases,and for perfect time synchronization,the transmitting power of AN and CS should be equivalent.In addition,a longer hopping period is preferred for secrecy enhancement when time misalignment gets exacerbated.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2022YFA1402204)the National Natural Science Foundation[Grant Nos.22373095(QL),52471020(WC),and 12474144(WZ)]+2 种基金the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology[Grant No.2021ZD0303306(QL)]the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities[Grant No.JZ2025HGQA0310(WC)]the Science Research Foundation for High-Level Talents of Anhui University of Science and Technology[Grant No.YJ20240002(WL)].
文摘In this work,we investigate disordered Dirac fermions from the perspective of quantum entanglement,which provides a different angle compared to the ordinary perturbative renormalization group(RG)analysis.We consider Dirac fermions subjected to random hopping and random flux,which respectively fall into the chiral Gaussian orthogonal ensemble(cGOE)and chiral Gaussian unitary ensemble(cGUE)universality classes.Existing studies based on perturbative calculations suggest that both types of randomness are marginal.Here,through numerical simulations of the corresponding lattice models,we find that these two different types of randomness exhibit distinct entanglement features,signaling completely different properties in contrast to the perturbative RG analysis.In particular,although the entropy area-law is generally held for both types of randomness,we identify that the subleading term of the entanglement entropy is enhanced by random flux but not by random hopping.This subleading term is known as the entropic F-function in the clean limit without disorder.Our observations indicate that disordered theories in cGOE and cGUE are essentially different,which recalls careful analysis on the RG calculations.
文摘针对DV-HOP(distance vector hop)算法的定位精度对节点间跳数信息依赖性较强的特点,提出一种基于接收信号强度指示(received signal strength indicator,RSSI)每跳分级和平均跳距修正的DV-HOP改进算法RADV-HOP(RSSI and average hopping distance modifying DV-HOP)。仿真结果表明:在相同的网络环境里,与传统DV-HOP算法相比,RADV-HOP定位算法仅需节点通信芯片带有RSSI指示功能及增加少量的计算和通信开销,不需要额外的硬件开销,将每跳分为3个子级时,归一化定位误差能下降65%;与其他DV-HOP修正算法相比,RADV-HOP算法以相同的通信开销和稍微增加的计算开销使定位误差下降了45%。
