We briefly review the hadronization pictures adopted in the LUND String Fragmentation Model (LSFM),Webber Cluster Fragmentation Model (WCFM) and Quark Combination Model (QCM),respectively.Predictions of hadron multipl...We briefly review the hadronization pictures adopted in the LUND String Fragmentation Model (LSFM),Webber Cluster Fragmentation Model (WCFM) and Quark Combination Model (QCM),respectively.Predictions of hadron multiplicity,baryon to meson ratios and baryon-antibaryon flavor correlations,especially those related to heavy hadrons at a Z 0 factory obtained by LSFM and QCM,are reported.展开更多
High energy pp collision is dealt with by double-string model. Each string corresponds to one initial color dipole which will radiate gluons to form color dipole chain. Such gluon radiation process is described by col...High energy pp collision is dealt with by double-string model. Each string corresponds to one initial color dipole which will radiate gluons to form color dipole chain. Such gluon radiation process is described by color dipole model. According to the quark combination rule, the total multiplicity formulae for calculating primary meson and baryon of one dipole chain are presented- The calculated yields of various final hadrons in energy range =53- 1 800GeV agree well with available data.展开更多
A quark coalescence model, based on semi-relativistic molecular dynamics with color interactions among quarks, is presented and applied to pp collisions. A phenomenological potential with two tunable parameters is int...A quark coalescence model, based on semi-relativistic molecular dynamics with color interactions among quarks, is presented and applied to pp collisions. A phenomenological potential with two tunable parameters is introduced to describe the color interactions between quarks and antiquarks. The interactions drive the process of hadronization that finally results in different color neutral clusters, which can be identified as hadrons based on some criteria. A Monte Carlo generator PYTHIA is used to generate quarks in the initial state of hadronization, and different values of tunable parameters are used to study the final state distributions and correlations. Baryon-to-meson ratio, transverse momentum spectra, pseudorapidity distributions and forward-backward multiplicity correlations of hadrons produced in the hadronization process, obtained from this model with different parameters, are compared with those from PYTHIA.展开更多
We present a concise review of the vector charmonium state ψ(4230), which was originally labelled as Y(4260)in the literature. As one of the earliest candidates for a quantum chromodynamics exotic states, its interpr...We present a concise review of the vector charmonium state ψ(4230), which was originally labelled as Y(4260)in the literature. As one of the earliest candidates for a quantum chromodynamics exotic states, its interpretation has initiated various ideas about possible manifestations of non-perturbative mechanisms in the charmonium mass regime. In this short article we briefly review the experimental status of ψ(4230) and discuss possible theoretical interpretations. We will focus on four broadly investigated scenarios, i.e., tetraquark, hybrid, hadro-quarkonium,and hadronic molecule, and highlight the key issues based on these approaches. Crucial experimental observables,e.g., mass position, lineshapes, di-lepton decay width Γ_(ee), production rates in B meson decays, dominant hadronic decay patterns, and the potential 1^(-+)and 0^(--)exotic partners, are assessed, which can provide crucial structure information for understanding this mysterious state.展开更多
Quantum gravity is an attempt to resolve incompatibilities between general relativity and quantum theory. Primordial field theory incorporates gravity and electrodynamics and has derived fermion mass gap, half integra...Quantum gravity is an attempt to resolve incompatibilities between general relativity and quantum theory. Primordial field theory incorporates gravity and electrodynamics and has derived fermion mass gap, half integral spin, and fractional charges. This paper extends PFT to hadron physics with a “solenoidal flux”-based explanation of quark confinement differing significantly from Lattice QCD “color flux”-based construction. The theory is presented qualitatively and used to predict hadronic and nuclear properties. Electrodynamic-based analogies help yield numerical results far more intuitively than corresponding QCD results. The origins of QCD and PFT are discussed. A more quantitative description of hadron dynamics is in progress.展开更多
Exotic hadrons,beyond the conventional quark model,have been discovered over the past two decades.Investigating these states can lead to a deeper understanding of the nonperturbative dynamics of the strong interaction...Exotic hadrons,beyond the conventional quark model,have been discovered over the past two decades.Investigating these states can lead to a deeper understanding of the nonperturbative dynamics of the strong interaction.In this review,we focus on the production of exotic hadrons in pp,PP^(-),and nuclear collisions.Experimental observations of light and hypernuclei as prototypes of hadronic molecules in heavy-ion collisions are also briefly discussed.展开更多
The X(3872)is theoretically predicted to have a spin-0 partner state denoted as X_(0).Assuming the X_(0)as a molecular bound state,we calculate the decay widths of X_(0)→VV and X_(0)→PP(V and P stand for light vecto...The X(3872)is theoretically predicted to have a spin-0 partner state denoted as X_(0).Assuming the X_(0)as a molecular bound state,we calculate the decay widths of X_(0)→VV and X_(0)→PP(V and P stand for light vector and pseudoscalar mesons,respectively)via intermediate charmed meson loops.Three different configurations of the X_(0),i.e.,pure neutral components(θ=0),isospin singlet(θ=π/4),and pure charged components(θ=π/2),are investigated.Within a commonly accepted range of the model parameterα,the predicted decay widths of X_(0)→VV are on the order of a few hundred keV,while the decay widths of X_(0)→PP can reach several MeV.The X_(0)→ρρandππhave larger decay rates.The relative width ratios between the channels are nearly model-independent.Moreover,among those channels only with isovector or isoscalar mesons,the relevant ratios are also independent of the phase angle.The predicted ratios are helpful for searching the X_(0)in the future experiments at BESIII and Belle II.展开更多
In response to the capabilities presented by the High-Intensity Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility(HIAF) and the Accelerator-Driven Subcritical System(Ci ADS), as well as the proposed Chinese Advanced Nuclear Physics Rese...In response to the capabilities presented by the High-Intensity Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility(HIAF) and the Accelerator-Driven Subcritical System(Ci ADS), as well as the proposed Chinese Advanced Nuclear Physics Research Facility(CNUF), we are assembling a consortium of experts in relevant disciplines, both domestically and internationally,to delineate high-precision physics experiments that leverage the state-of-the-art research environment afforded by CNUF.Our focus encompasses six primary domains of inquiry: hadron physics—including endeavors such as the super eta factory and investigations into light hadron structures;muon physics;neutrino physics;neutron physics;the testing of fundamental symmetries;and the exploration of quantum effects within nuclear physics, along with the utilization of vortex accelerators.We aim to foster a well-rounded portfolio of large, medium, and small-scale projects, thus unlocking new scientific avenues and optimizing the potential of the Huizhou large scientific facility. The aspiration for international leadership in scientific research will be a guiding principle in our strategic planning. This initiative will serve as a foundational reference for the Institute of Modern Physics in its strategic planning and goal-setting, ensuring alignment with its developmental objectives while striving to secure a competitive edge in technological advancement. Our ambition is to engage in substantive research within these realms of high-precision physics, to pursue groundbreaking discoveries, and to stimulate progress in China's nuclear physics landscape, positioning Huizhou as a preeminent global hub for advanced nuclear physics research.展开更多
The observations of fully-charm tetraquark states in the LHCb,CMS,and ATLAS experiments suggested the existence of hadronic molecules of two-charmonium states,which may also imply bound states in the threecharmonium s...The observations of fully-charm tetraquark states in the LHCb,CMS,and ATLAS experiments suggested the existence of hadronic molecules of two-charmonium states,which may also imply bound states in the threecharmonium systems.In this work,we study the possible bound states in the triple-ηcand triple-J/ψsystems with J^(PC)=0^(-+)and 1^(--),respectively.In quantum chromodynamics sum rules,we calculate the two-point correlation functions and spectral functions up to the dimension-four gluon condensate.We use the iterative dispersion relation approach to deal with the five-loop banana integrals,which significantly improves computational efficiency.Our results show that the masses of triple-ηcand triple-J/ψstates lie below the corresponding mass thresholds,supporting the existence of such three-body bound states.展开更多
The present article is a continuation of a recently published paper [1] in which we have modeled the composition and structure of neutrons and other hadrons using the Rotating Lepton Model (RLM) which is a Bohr type m...The present article is a continuation of a recently published paper [1] in which we have modeled the composition and structure of neutrons and other hadrons using the Rotating Lepton Model (RLM) which is a Bohr type model employing the relativistic gravitational attraction between three ultrafast rotating neutrinos as the centripetal force. The RLM accounts for special relativity and also for the De Broglie equation of quantum mechanics. In this way this force was shown to reach the value of the Strong Force while the values of the masses of the rotating relativistic neutrinos reach those of quarks. Masses computed for twelve hadrons and bosons are in very close (~2%) agreement with the experimental values. Here we use the same RLM approach to describe the composition and structure and to compute the masses of Pions and Kaons which are important zero spin mesons. Contrary to hadrons and bosons which have been found via the RLM to comprise the heaviest neutrino eigenmass m<sub>3</sub>, in the case of mesons the intermediate neutrino mass eigenstate m<sub>2</sub> is found to play the dominant role. This can explain why the lowest masses of mesons are generally smaller than those of hadrons and bosons. Thus in the case of Pions it is found that they comprise three rotating m<sub>2</sub> mass eigenstate neutrinos and the computed mass of 136.6 MeV/c<sup>2</sup> is in good agreement with the experimental value of 134.977 MeV/c<sup>2</sup>. The Kaon structure is found to consist of six m<sub>2</sub> mass eigenstate neutrinos arranged in two parallel pion-type rotating triads. The computed Kaon mass differs less that 2% from the experimental K<sup>±</sup> and K°values of 493.677 MeV/c<sup>2</sup> and 497.648 MeV/c<sup>2</sup> respectively. This, in conjunction with the experimentally observed decay products of the Kaons, provides strong support for the proposed K structure.展开更多
We survey contemporary studies of hadrons and strongly interacting quarks using QCD's Dyson-Schwinger equations, addressing the following aspects: confinement and dynamical chiral symmetry breaking; the hadron spe...We survey contemporary studies of hadrons and strongly interacting quarks using QCD's Dyson-Schwinger equations, addressing the following aspects: confinement and dynamical chiral symmetry breaking; the hadron spectrum; hadron elastic and transition form factors, from small-to large-Q2; parton distribution functions; the physics of hadrons containing one or more heavy quarks; and properties of the quark gluon plasma.展开更多
The spectrum of hadronic molecules composed of heavy-antiheavy charmed hadrons has been obtained in our previous work.The potentials are constants at the leading order,which are estimated from resonance saturation.The...The spectrum of hadronic molecules composed of heavy-antiheavy charmed hadrons has been obtained in our previous work.The potentials are constants at the leading order,which are estimated from resonance saturation.The experimental candidates of hadronic molecules,say X(3872),Y(4260),three P_(c)states and P_(cs)(4459),fit the spectrum well.The success in describing the pattern of heavy-antiheavy hadronic molecules stimulates us to give more predictions for the heavy-heavy cases,which are less discussed in literature than the heavy-antiheavy ones.Given that the heavy-antiheavy hadronic molecules,several of which have strong experimental evidence,emerge from the dominant constant interaction from resonance saturation,we find that the existence of many heavy-heavy hadronic molecules is natural.Among these predicted heavy-heavy states we highlight the DD;molecule and the D^(*)∑_(c)^(*)molecules,which are the partners of the famous X(3872)and Pc states.Quite recently,LHCb collaboration reported a doubly charmed tetraquark state,T_(cc),which is in line with our results for the DD^(*)molecule.With the first experimental signal of this new kind of exotic states,the upcoming update of the LHCb experiment as well as other experiments will provide more chances of observing the heavy-heavy hadronic molecules.展开更多
We point out that the large pp^- coupling of X（1835） and the suppression of the three-body strange final states strongly indicate that X（1835） may be a pp^- baryonium. We also point out that the branching ratio o...We point out that the large pp^- coupling of X（1835） and the suppression of the three-body strange final states strongly indicate that X（1835） may be a pp^- baryonium. We also point out that the branching ratio of X（1835） →ηππ should be bigger than that of X（1835） →η′ππ. We suggest BES search X（1835） in the ηππ channel Finally, X（1835） may be used a tetraquark generator if X（1835） is really established as a baryonium state.展开更多
The strange hadronic matter with nucleons, -hyperons and -hyperons is studied by using an effective nuclear model in a mean-field approximation. The density and strangeness fraction dependence of the effective baryon ...The strange hadronic matter with nucleons, -hyperons and -hyperons is studied by using an effective nuclear model in a mean-field approximation. The density and strangeness fraction dependence of the effective baryon masses as well as the saturation properties and stabilities of the strange hadronic matter are discussed.展开更多
The production of heavy-Havor quark c(c)and b(b)in pp collisions is described under perturbative quantum chromodynamics framework,the extrapolation from hadron-hadron up to nucleus-nucleus collisions is based on geome...The production of heavy-Havor quark c(c)and b(b)in pp collisions is described under perturbative quantum chromodynamics framework,the extrapolation from hadron-hadron up to nucleus-nucleus collisions is based on geometrical model by taking into account the nucleus shadowing effect.We simulate the heavy quark production,the decay to dilepton and effects of detection and analysis technique of the pairs,and predict the muon rate and the invariant mass spectrum of dimuons that could be detected in forward region in Pb-Pb collisions at large hadron collider energies.展开更多
The pseudo-rapidity distribution of charged hadron multiplicity in Pb+Pb collisions at√s=2.76 TeV is studied by using Color Glass Condensate dynamics in the fixed coupling case.We fit the HERA experimental data with ...The pseudo-rapidity distribution of charged hadron multiplicity in Pb+Pb collisions at√s=2.76 TeV is studied by using Color Glass Condensate dynamics in the fixed coupling case.We fit the HERA experimental data with heavy parton mass effect to obtain saturation exponentλ=0.22.It is found that the charged hadron multiplicity can only describe after including heavy parton mass effect due to a large amount of heavy partons produced at large hadron collider(LHC)energy.The pomeron loop effect contribution to hadron production is also investigated.It shows that charged hadron multiplicity is underestimated by including the pomeron loop effect,which indicates that the pomeron loop effect may not exist at LHC energy.展开更多
The phase diagram of bulk quark matter in equilibrium with a finite hadronic gas is studied. Different from previous investigations, we treat the quark phase with the quark mass density-and-temperature-dependent model...The phase diagram of bulk quark matter in equilibrium with a finite hadronic gas is studied. Different from previous investigations, we treat the quark phase with the quark mass density-and-temperature-dependent model to take the strong quark interaction into account, while the hadron phase is treated by hard core repulsion factor. It is found that the phase diagram in this model is, in several aspects, different from those in the conventional MIT bag model, especially at high temperature. The new phase diagram also has strong effects on the mass-radius relation of compact hybrid stars.展开更多
The practice of using the direct ionization radiation (electrons, protons, antiprotons, pions, ions, etc) or of the indirect ionization radiation (photons, neutrons, etc) in economy and social life has led to the intr...The practice of using the direct ionization radiation (electrons, protons, antiprotons, pions, ions, etc) or of the indirect ionization radiation (photons, neutrons, etc) in economy and social life has led to the introduction of the absorbed dose magnitude (ICRU 1953) defined as the energy absorbed per mass unit of the irradiated substance. This is a fundamental magnitude valid for any type of ionizing radiation, any irradiated material and any radiation energy. In case of clinical hadron beams generated by conventional accelerators or those controlled by lasers, IAEA TRS 398 recommends the absorbed dose to water. This may be determined employing the calorimeter method with water or graphite, chemical method, fluence based measurements as Faraday cups or activation measurements, and the ionization chamber method. In this paper the selected method was the thimble air filled ionization chamber method for determination of absorbed dose to water.展开更多
We study prompt hadroproduction of the charged bottomonium-like states Zb± （10610） and Zb±（10650）, and the charged eharmonium-like states Zc± （3900） and Zc± （4020）, at the Tevatron and the ...We study prompt hadroproduction of the charged bottomonium-like states Zb± （10610） and Zb±（10650）, and the charged eharmonium-like states Zc± （3900） and Zc± （4020）, at the Tevatron and the LHC, provided that these states are S-wave hadronic molecules. Using two Monte Carlo event generators, Herwig and Pythia, to simulate the production of heavy meson pairs, we derive an order-of-magnitude estimate of the production rates for these four particles. Our estimates yield a cross section at the nb level for the Zb（10610） and Zb（10650）. The results for the Zc（3900） and Zc （4020） are larger by a factor of 2~30. These cross sections are large enough to be observed, and measurements at hadron colliders in the future will supplement the study using electron-positron collisions, and therefore allow to explore the mysterious nature of these exotic states.展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10875073)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant Nos.JQ200902 and ZR2009AM001)Doctoral Science Foundation of University of Jinan (Grant No.B0527)
文摘We briefly review the hadronization pictures adopted in the LUND String Fragmentation Model (LSFM),Webber Cluster Fragmentation Model (WCFM) and Quark Combination Model (QCM),respectively.Predictions of hadron multiplicity,baryon to meson ratios and baryon-antibaryon flavor correlations,especially those related to heavy hadrons at a Z 0 factory obtained by LSFM and QCM,are reported.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘High energy pp collision is dealt with by double-string model. Each string corresponds to one initial color dipole which will radiate gluons to form color dipole chain. Such gluon radiation process is described by color dipole model. According to the quark combination rule, the total multiplicity formulae for calculating primary meson and baryon of one dipole chain are presented- The calculated yields of various final hadrons in energy range =53- 1 800GeV agree well with available data.
基金Supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China(11435004,11375069)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2015CB56901)the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(B08033)
文摘A quark coalescence model, based on semi-relativistic molecular dynamics with color interactions among quarks, is presented and applied to pp collisions. A phenomenological potential with two tunable parameters is introduced to describe the color interactions between quarks and antiquarks. The interactions drive the process of hadronization that finally results in different color neutral clusters, which can be identified as hadrons based on some criteria. A Monte Carlo generator PYTHIA is used to generate quarks in the initial state of hadronization, and different values of tunable parameters are used to study the final state distributions and correlations. Baryon-to-meson ratio, transverse momentum spectra, pseudorapidity distributions and forward-backward multiplicity correlations of hadrons produced in the hadronization process, obtained from this model with different parameters, are compared with those from PYTHIA.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.12375073 and 12235018)。
文摘We present a concise review of the vector charmonium state ψ(4230), which was originally labelled as Y(4260)in the literature. As one of the earliest candidates for a quantum chromodynamics exotic states, its interpretation has initiated various ideas about possible manifestations of non-perturbative mechanisms in the charmonium mass regime. In this short article we briefly review the experimental status of ψ(4230) and discuss possible theoretical interpretations. We will focus on four broadly investigated scenarios, i.e., tetraquark, hybrid, hadro-quarkonium,and hadronic molecule, and highlight the key issues based on these approaches. Crucial experimental observables,e.g., mass position, lineshapes, di-lepton decay width Γ_(ee), production rates in B meson decays, dominant hadronic decay patterns, and the potential 1^(-+)and 0^(--)exotic partners, are assessed, which can provide crucial structure information for understanding this mysterious state.
文摘Quantum gravity is an attempt to resolve incompatibilities between general relativity and quantum theory. Primordial field theory incorporates gravity and electrodynamics and has derived fermion mass gap, half integral spin, and fractional charges. This paper extends PFT to hadron physics with a “solenoidal flux”-based explanation of quark confinement differing significantly from Lattice QCD “color flux”-based construction. The theory is presented qualitatively and used to predict hadronic and nuclear properties. Electrodynamic-based analogies help yield numerical results far more intuitively than corresponding QCD results. The origins of QCD and PFT are discussed. A more quantitative description of hadron dynamics is in progress.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2022YFA1604900,2023YFA1606703,2024YFA1610503)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12025501,12147101,12375073,12125507,12361141819,12047503,12175239,12221005)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.XDB34000000 and YSBR-101)。
文摘Exotic hadrons,beyond the conventional quark model,have been discovered over the past two decades.Investigating these states can lead to a deeper understanding of the nonperturbative dynamics of the strong interaction.In this review,we focus on the production of exotic hadrons in pp,PP^(-),and nuclear collisions.Experimental observations of light and hypernuclei as prototypes of hadronic molecules in heavy-ion collisions are also briefly discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12475081 and 12105153)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant Nos.ZR2021MA082 and ZR2022ZD26)Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province(Grant No.tsqn202103062).
文摘The X(3872)is theoretically predicted to have a spin-0 partner state denoted as X_(0).Assuming the X_(0)as a molecular bound state,we calculate the decay widths of X_(0)→VV and X_(0)→PP(V and P stand for light vector and pseudoscalar mesons,respectively)via intermediate charmed meson loops.Three different configurations of the X_(0),i.e.,pure neutral components(θ=0),isospin singlet(θ=π/4),and pure charged components(θ=π/2),are investigated.Within a commonly accepted range of the model parameterα,the predicted decay widths of X_(0)→VV are on the order of a few hundred keV,while the decay widths of X_(0)→PP can reach several MeV.The X_(0)→ρρandππhave larger decay rates.The relative width ratios between the channels are nearly model-independent.Moreover,among those channels only with isovector or isoscalar mesons,the relevant ratios are also independent of the phase angle.The predicted ratios are helpful for searching the X_(0)in the future experiments at BESIII and Belle II.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.12075326)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant No.2025A1515010669)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangzhou (Grant No.2024A04J6243)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in Sun Yat-sen University (No.23xkjc017)the Innovation Training Program for bachelor students in Sun Yat-sen University。
文摘In response to the capabilities presented by the High-Intensity Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility(HIAF) and the Accelerator-Driven Subcritical System(Ci ADS), as well as the proposed Chinese Advanced Nuclear Physics Research Facility(CNUF), we are assembling a consortium of experts in relevant disciplines, both domestically and internationally,to delineate high-precision physics experiments that leverage the state-of-the-art research environment afforded by CNUF.Our focus encompasses six primary domains of inquiry: hadron physics—including endeavors such as the super eta factory and investigations into light hadron structures;muon physics;neutrino physics;neutron physics;the testing of fundamental symmetries;and the exploration of quantum effects within nuclear physics, along with the utilization of vortex accelerators.We aim to foster a well-rounded portfolio of large, medium, and small-scale projects, thus unlocking new scientific avenues and optimizing the potential of the Huizhou large scientific facility. The aspiration for international leadership in scientific research will be a guiding principle in our strategic planning. This initiative will serve as a foundational reference for the Institute of Modern Physics in its strategic planning and goal-setting, ensuring alignment with its developmental objectives while striving to secure a competitive edge in technological advancement. Our ambition is to engage in substantive research within these realms of high-precision physics, to pursue groundbreaking discoveries, and to stimulate progress in China's nuclear physics landscape, positioning Huizhou as a preeminent global hub for advanced nuclear physics research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12175318)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China(Grant No.2023A1515011704)。
文摘The observations of fully-charm tetraquark states in the LHCb,CMS,and ATLAS experiments suggested the existence of hadronic molecules of two-charmonium states,which may also imply bound states in the threecharmonium systems.In this work,we study the possible bound states in the triple-ηcand triple-J/ψsystems with J^(PC)=0^(-+)and 1^(--),respectively.In quantum chromodynamics sum rules,we calculate the two-point correlation functions and spectral functions up to the dimension-four gluon condensate.We use the iterative dispersion relation approach to deal with the five-loop banana integrals,which significantly improves computational efficiency.Our results show that the masses of triple-ηcand triple-J/ψstates lie below the corresponding mass thresholds,supporting the existence of such three-body bound states.
文摘The present article is a continuation of a recently published paper [1] in which we have modeled the composition and structure of neutrons and other hadrons using the Rotating Lepton Model (RLM) which is a Bohr type model employing the relativistic gravitational attraction between three ultrafast rotating neutrinos as the centripetal force. The RLM accounts for special relativity and also for the De Broglie equation of quantum mechanics. In this way this force was shown to reach the value of the Strong Force while the values of the masses of the rotating relativistic neutrinos reach those of quarks. Masses computed for twelve hadrons and bosons are in very close (~2%) agreement with the experimental values. Here we use the same RLM approach to describe the composition and structure and to compute the masses of Pions and Kaons which are important zero spin mesons. Contrary to hadrons and bosons which have been found via the RLM to comprise the heaviest neutrino eigenmass m<sub>3</sub>, in the case of mesons the intermediate neutrino mass eigenstate m<sub>2</sub> is found to play the dominant role. This can explain why the lowest masses of mesons are generally smaller than those of hadrons and bosons. Thus in the case of Pions it is found that they comprise three rotating m<sub>2</sub> mass eigenstate neutrinos and the computed mass of 136.6 MeV/c<sup>2</sup> is in good agreement with the experimental value of 134.977 MeV/c<sup>2</sup>. The Kaon structure is found to consist of six m<sub>2</sub> mass eigenstate neutrinos arranged in two parallel pion-type rotating triads. The computed Kaon mass differs less that 2% from the experimental K<sup>±</sup> and K°values of 493.677 MeV/c<sup>2</sup> and 497.648 MeV/c<sup>2</sup> respectively. This, in conjunction with the experimentally observed decay products of the Kaons, provides strong support for the proposed K structure.
基金Supported by the Project of Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No. KJCX2.YW.W10Sistema Nacional de Investigadores+8 种基金CONACyT grant 46614-Fthe University of Adelaide and the Australian Research Council through Grant No. FL0992247Coordinación de la Investigación Científica (UMSNH) under Grant 4.10the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, Grant No. DE-AC02-06CH11357Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo, Grant Nos. 2009/51296-1 and 2010/05772-3the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 10425521, 10675002, 10705002, 10935001 and 11075052the Major State Basic Research Development Program, under Grant No. G2007CB815000Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHthe U. S.National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY-0903991, in conjunction with a CONACyT Mexico-USA Collaboration Grant
文摘We survey contemporary studies of hadrons and strongly interacting quarks using QCD's Dyson-Schwinger equations, addressing the following aspects: confinement and dynamical chiral symmetry breaking; the hadron spectrum; hadron elastic and transition form factors, from small-to large-Q2; parton distribution functions; the physics of hadrons containing one or more heavy quarks; and properties of the quark gluon plasma.
基金supported in part by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)under Grant No.XDPB15,No.XDB34030000,No.QYZDB-SSWSYS013by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grant No.11835015,No.12047503,No.11961141012by the NSFC and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,German Research Foundation)through funds provided to the Sino-German Collaborative Research Center‘Symmetries and the Emergence of Structure in QCD’(NSFC Grant No.12070131001,DFG Project-ID 196253076—TRR110)。
文摘The spectrum of hadronic molecules composed of heavy-antiheavy charmed hadrons has been obtained in our previous work.The potentials are constants at the leading order,which are estimated from resonance saturation.The experimental candidates of hadronic molecules,say X(3872),Y(4260),three P_(c)states and P_(cs)(4459),fit the spectrum well.The success in describing the pattern of heavy-antiheavy hadronic molecules stimulates us to give more predictions for the heavy-heavy cases,which are less discussed in literature than the heavy-antiheavy ones.Given that the heavy-antiheavy hadronic molecules,several of which have strong experimental evidence,emerge from the dominant constant interaction from resonance saturation,we find that the existence of many heavy-heavy hadronic molecules is natural.Among these predicted heavy-heavy states we highlight the DD;molecule and the D^(*)∑_(c)^(*)molecules,which are the partners of the famous X(3872)and Pc states.Quite recently,LHCb collaboration reported a doubly charmed tetraquark state,T_(cc),which is in line with our results for the DD^(*)molecule.With the first experimental signal of this new kind of exotic states,the upcoming update of the LHCb experiment as well as other experiments will provide more chances of observing the heavy-heavy hadronic molecules.
基金The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 90103019, 10375003 and 10421503, the Doctoral Program Foundation of Institution of Higher Education under Grant No. KJCX2-SW-N10. S.L. Zhu thanks B.A. Li for very helpful criticism and N. Kochelev and X.G. He for useful discussions.
文摘We point out that the large pp^- coupling of X（1835） and the suppression of the three-body strange final states strongly indicate that X（1835） may be a pp^- baryonium. We also point out that the branching ratio of X（1835） →ηππ should be bigger than that of X（1835） →η′ππ. We suggest BES search X（1835） in the ηππ channel Finally, X（1835） may be used a tetraquark generator if X（1835） is really established as a baryonium state.
文摘The strange hadronic matter with nucleons, -hyperons and -hyperons is studied by using an effective nuclear model in a mean-field approximation. The density and strangeness fraction dependence of the effective baryon masses as well as the saturation properties and stabilities of the strange hadronic matter are discussed.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.19875019,and Center National de La Recherche Scientique of France.
文摘The production of heavy-Havor quark c(c)and b(b)in pp collisions is described under perturbative quantum chromodynamics framework,the extrapolation from hadron-hadron up to nucleus-nucleus collisions is based on geometrical model by taking into account the nucleus shadowing effect.We simulate the heavy quark production,the decay to dilepton and effects of detection and analysis technique of the pairs,and predict the muon rate and the invariant mass spectrum of dimuons that could be detected in forward region in Pb-Pb collisions at large hadron collider energies.
基金Supported by the Guizhou Normal University Doctoral Research Fund,Guizhou Science Foundation under Grant Nos JLKS[2009]15,J[2010]2145 and J[2013]2217the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 11020101060,IRG11221504,1005044 and 11264008the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2013CB837803.
文摘The pseudo-rapidity distribution of charged hadron multiplicity in Pb+Pb collisions at√s=2.76 TeV is studied by using Color Glass Condensate dynamics in the fixed coupling case.We fit the HERA experimental data with heavy parton mass effect to obtain saturation exponentλ=0.22.It is found that the charged hadron multiplicity can only describe after including heavy parton mass effect due to a large amount of heavy partons produced at large hadron collider(LHC)energy.The pomeron loop effect contribution to hadron production is also investigated.It shows that charged hadron multiplicity is underestimated by including the pomeron loop effect,which indicates that the pomeron loop effect may not exist at LHC energy.
基金The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 10375074, 90203004, 10135030, and 10475089
文摘The phase diagram of bulk quark matter in equilibrium with a finite hadronic gas is studied. Different from previous investigations, we treat the quark phase with the quark mass density-and-temperature-dependent model to take the strong quark interaction into account, while the hadron phase is treated by hard core repulsion factor. It is found that the phase diagram in this model is, in several aspects, different from those in the conventional MIT bag model, especially at high temperature. The new phase diagram also has strong effects on the mass-radius relation of compact hybrid stars.
文摘The practice of using the direct ionization radiation (electrons, protons, antiprotons, pions, ions, etc) or of the indirect ionization radiation (photons, neutrons, etc) in economy and social life has led to the introduction of the absorbed dose magnitude (ICRU 1953) defined as the energy absorbed per mass unit of the irradiated substance. This is a fundamental magnitude valid for any type of ionizing radiation, any irradiated material and any radiation energy. In case of clinical hadron beams generated by conventional accelerators or those controlled by lasers, IAEA TRS 398 recommends the absorbed dose to water. This may be determined employing the calorimeter method with water or graphite, chemical method, fluence based measurements as Faraday cups or activation measurements, and the ionization chamber method. In this paper the selected method was the thimble air filled ionization chamber method for determination of absorbed dose to water.
基金Supported in part by the DFG and the NSFC through funds provided to the Sino-German CRC 110 ＂Symmetries and the Emergence of Structure in QCD＂, and by the NSFC under Grant No. 11165005
文摘We study prompt hadroproduction of the charged bottomonium-like states Zb± （10610） and Zb±（10650）, and the charged eharmonium-like states Zc± （3900） and Zc± （4020）, at the Tevatron and the LHC, provided that these states are S-wave hadronic molecules. Using two Monte Carlo event generators, Herwig and Pythia, to simulate the production of heavy meson pairs, we derive an order-of-magnitude estimate of the production rates for these four particles. Our estimates yield a cross section at the nb level for the Zb（10610） and Zb（10650）. The results for the Zc（3900） and Zc （4020） are larger by a factor of 2~30. These cross sections are large enough to be observed, and measurements at hadron colliders in the future will supplement the study using electron-positron collisions, and therefore allow to explore the mysterious nature of these exotic states.
