Battery energy storage systems,fuel cells,and photovoltaic generators are being adopted in distribution networks to achieve CO;emission reduction.These power sources require inverters to connect to AC networks.However...Battery energy storage systems,fuel cells,and photovoltaic generators are being adopted in distribution networks to achieve CO;emission reduction.These power sources require inverters to connect to AC networks.However,sub-networks,such as a microgrids containing inverter power sources,may be disconnected from the utility network and operated in a standalone mode during extended blackouts.This study focuses on a standalone microgrid supplied by inverter power sources without a synchronous generator and proposes a new microgrid inverter control.In this inverter control,a single grid forming inverter is operated as a master power source to determine frequency and voltage,and other inverters,called grid following inverters,are operated as subordinate power sources with active and reactive power control.The necessary functions in the energy management system are examined,and the coordinated operation of all inverters in the microgrid is demonstrated via simulation.展开更多
The renewable energy sources(RESs)dominated power grid is an envisaged infrastructure of the future power system,where the commonly used grid following(GFL)control for grid-tied converters suffers from lacking grid su...The renewable energy sources(RESs)dominated power grid is an envisaged infrastructure of the future power system,where the commonly used grid following(GFL)control for grid-tied converters suffers from lacking grid support capability,low stability,etc.Recently,emerging grid forming(GFM)control methods have been proposed to improve the dynamic performance and stability of grid-tied converters.This paper reviews existing GFM control methods for the grid-tied converters and compares them in terms of control structure,grid support capability,fault current limiting,and stability.Considering the impact of fault current limiting strategies,a comprehensive transient stability analysis is provided.In addition,this paper explores the typical applications of GFM converters,such as AC microgrid and offshore wind farm high-voltage direct current(OWF-HVDC)integration systems.Finally,the challenges to the GFM converters in future applications are discussed.展开更多
Grid forming controllers need to operate with a large variation of grid parameters and grid structures,for instance,during black-start operation,connection to HVDC diode rectifiers,etc.This paper proposes a methodolog...Grid forming controllers need to operate with a large variation of grid parameters and grid structures,for instance,during black-start operation,connection to HVDC diode rectifiers,etc.This paper proposes a methodology for the synthesis of robust grid forming controllers for HVDC diode rectifier based wind power plants using H_(∞)control.The different operating modes of an HVDC diode rectifier based wind power plant should be considered for the controller synthesis using the proposed H_(∞)controller design methodology.The proposed methodology for grid forming controller design improves the performance and robustness of well tuned standard proportional-resonant based controllers.The results have been validated experimentally at the wind turbine level by means of a small power prototype.The validation at the system level has been carried out using a realistic simulation of the HVDC diode rectifier-connected wind power plant.展开更多
Grid-tie voltage source converters(VSCs)can operate in three distinct modes:AC-dominant,DC-dominant,and balanced,depending on the placement of the stiff voltage sources.The distinct operation modes of the VSCs traditi...Grid-tie voltage source converters(VSCs)can operate in three distinct modes:AC-dominant,DC-dominant,and balanced,depending on the placement of the stiff voltage sources.The distinct operation modes of the VSCs traditionally demand different synchronization control techniques,leading to heterogeneous VSCs.It is challenging for the power system to accommodate and coordinate heterogeneous VSCs.A promising universal synchronization control technique for VSCs is the DC-link voltage synchronization control(DVSC)based on a lead compensator(LC).The LC DVSC stabilizes both the DC and AC voltages of a VSC while achieving synchronization with the AC grid.This results in a dual-port grid-forming(DGFM)characteristic for the VSC.However,there has been very limited study on the stability and synchronization controller design of the VSCs with the LC DVSC operating in various modes.To bridge this gap,the paper presents a quantitative analysis on the stability and steady-state performance of the LC DVSC in all three operation modes of the DGFM VSC.Based on the analysis,the paper provides step-by-step design guidelines for the LC DVSC.Furthermore,the paper uncovers an instability issue related to the LC DVSC when the DGFM VSC operates in the balanced mode.To tackle the instability issue,a virtual resistance control is proposed and integrated with the LC DVSC.Simulation results validate the analysis and demonstrate the effectiveness of the DGFM VSC with the LC DVSC designed using the proposed guidelines in all three operation modes.Overall,the paper demonstrates the feasibility of employing the DGFM VSC with the LC DVSC for all three possible operation modes,which can help overcome the challenges associated with accommodating and coordinating heterogeneous VSCs in the power system.展开更多
Microgrid (MG) is a small entity of electrical network which comprises of various Distributed Generation (DG) sources, storage devices, and group of loads in various classes. MG provides reliable and secure energy sup...Microgrid (MG) is a small entity of electrical network which comprises of various Distributed Generation (DG) sources, storage devices, and group of loads in various classes. MG provides reliable and secure energy supply to the critical loads of communities while operating either in on-grid or off-grid mode. In this study, a coordinated power management control strategy for a typical low voltage (LV) MG network with integration of solar Photovoltaic (PV) and storage facility has been developed and analysed in Matlab-Simu-link software environment at various modes (on-grid, off-grid, and on-grid to off-grid transition) of MG operation. Solar PV and battery power inverters are considered as grid-support grid-forming (GsGfm) Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) with the implementation of modified droop and virtual output impedance control strategies. Proposed control strategy supports coordinated control operation between PV units and battery storage, equal power sharing among the DG sources, and smooth MG mode transition with regulation of voltage and frequency level in MG network. In addition, voltage and current THD level were analysed and verified as per the standard of AS4777.展开更多
In this paper, we propose a two-grid algorithm for solving the stream function formulation of the stationary Navies-Stokes equations. The algorithm is constructed by reducing the original system to one small, nonlinea...In this paper, we propose a two-grid algorithm for solving the stream function formulation of the stationary Navies-Stokes equations. The algorithm is constructed by reducing the original system to one small, nonlinear system on the coarse mesh space and two similar linear systems （with same stiffness matrix but different right-hand side） on the fine mesh space. The convergence analysis and error estimation of the algorithm are given for the case of conforming elements. Furthermore, the Mgorithm produces a numerical solution with the optimal asymptotic H^2-error. Finally, we give a numerical illustration to demonstrate the effectiveness of the two-grid algorithm for solving the Navier-Stokes equations.展开更多
A new approach based on stereo vision technology is introduced to analyzesheet metal deformation. By measuring the deformed circle grids that are printed on the sheetsurface before forming, the strain distribution of ...A new approach based on stereo vision technology is introduced to analyzesheet metal deformation. By measuring the deformed circle grids that are printed on the sheetsurface before forming, the strain distribution of the workpiece is obtained. The measurement andanalysis results can be used to verify numerical simulation results and guide production. To getgood accuracy, some new techniques are employed: camera calibration based on genetic algorithm,feature abstraction based on self-adaptive technology, image matching based on structure feature andcamera modeling pre-constrains, and parameter calculation based on curve and surface optimization.The experimental values show that the approach proposed is rational and practical, which can providebetter measurement accuracy with less time than the conventional method.展开更多
The formabilityof AZ31 sheet begins to increase drastically at 150℃.The incremental forming technique was thus applied to AZ31 sheet at 150℃to utilize the formability to its fullest capacity at the lowest possible t...The formabilityof AZ31 sheet begins to increase drastically at 150℃.The incremental forming technique was thus applied to AZ31 sheet at 150℃to utilize the formability to its fullest capacity at the lowest possible temperature for forming applications.A surface scanning technique was used followed by the tool path generation to incrementally form an egg surface.After thorough examination of various tool paths,the surface was most successfully produced by forming an intermediate shape followed by a series of tool paths.Flexible scale stickers were devised to improve the accuracy in the measurement of grid deformation.展开更多
【目的】“双高”电力系统(高比例可再生能源和高比例电力电子设备)低惯性、低阻尼的特征使电网在频率、电压等稳定问题面临着严峻的挑战。构网型储能(grid-forming energy storage,GFM-ES)具有频率调节和电压控制的能力,针对其特性、...【目的】“双高”电力系统(高比例可再生能源和高比例电力电子设备)低惯性、低阻尼的特征使电网在频率、电压等稳定问题面临着严峻的挑战。构网型储能(grid-forming energy storage,GFM-ES)具有频率调节和电压控制的能力,针对其特性、应用场景和研究展望等方面进行综述。【方法】首先从GFM-ES和跟网型储能的区别以及控制方法等方面阐述了GFM-ES的主要特点;然后从频率支撑、电压支撑和黑启动等方面介绍了GFM-ES的主要应用场景;最后从GFM-ES的稳定性、优化配置和实际工程应用等方面提出了研究展望。【结论】构网型变流器的稳定性对储能机组的运行特性具有重要影响,需要进一步关注稳定问题的诱导原因、参数整定、控制和限流策略切换等;GFM-ES规划配置中,需要在功能性、复杂性、成本等方面进行权衡,以及构网型和跟网型储能的混合配置有待继续研究;加强GFM-ES机组之间的协调性和运行交互性,完善工程测试规范和标准,推动其在交直流混合电网及高压输电网络的应用。展开更多
文摘Battery energy storage systems,fuel cells,and photovoltaic generators are being adopted in distribution networks to achieve CO;emission reduction.These power sources require inverters to connect to AC networks.However,sub-networks,such as a microgrids containing inverter power sources,may be disconnected from the utility network and operated in a standalone mode during extended blackouts.This study focuses on a standalone microgrid supplied by inverter power sources without a synchronous generator and proposes a new microgrid inverter control.In this inverter control,a single grid forming inverter is operated as a master power source to determine frequency and voltage,and other inverters,called grid following inverters,are operated as subordinate power sources with active and reactive power control.The necessary functions in the energy management system are examined,and the coordinated operation of all inverters in the microgrid is demonstrated via simulation.
基金supported by the Xinjiang Autonomous Region Key R&D Projects(No.2020B02002)。
文摘The renewable energy sources(RESs)dominated power grid is an envisaged infrastructure of the future power system,where the commonly used grid following(GFL)control for grid-tied converters suffers from lacking grid support capability,low stability,etc.Recently,emerging grid forming(GFM)control methods have been proposed to improve the dynamic performance and stability of grid-tied converters.This paper reviews existing GFM control methods for the grid-tied converters and compares them in terms of control structure,grid support capability,fault current limiting,and stability.Considering the impact of fault current limiting strategies,a comprehensive transient stability analysis is provided.In addition,this paper explores the typical applications of GFM converters,such as AC microgrid and offshore wind farm high-voltage direct current(OWF-HVDC)integration systems.Finally,the challenges to the GFM converters in future applications are discussed.
基金supported by the Spanish Research Agency through grant PID2020-112943RB-100 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033grant PDC2021-121077-100 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033by the European Union Next Generation EU/PRTR。
文摘Grid forming controllers need to operate with a large variation of grid parameters and grid structures,for instance,during black-start operation,connection to HVDC diode rectifiers,etc.This paper proposes a methodology for the synthesis of robust grid forming controllers for HVDC diode rectifier based wind power plants using H_(∞)control.The different operating modes of an HVDC diode rectifier based wind power plant should be considered for the controller synthesis using the proposed H_(∞)controller design methodology.The proposed methodology for grid forming controller design improves the performance and robustness of well tuned standard proportional-resonant based controllers.The results have been validated experimentally at the wind turbine level by means of a small power prototype.The validation at the system level has been carried out using a realistic simulation of the HVDC diode rectifier-connected wind power plant.
基金supported in part by the Nebraska Center for Energy Sciences Research.
文摘Grid-tie voltage source converters(VSCs)can operate in three distinct modes:AC-dominant,DC-dominant,and balanced,depending on the placement of the stiff voltage sources.The distinct operation modes of the VSCs traditionally demand different synchronization control techniques,leading to heterogeneous VSCs.It is challenging for the power system to accommodate and coordinate heterogeneous VSCs.A promising universal synchronization control technique for VSCs is the DC-link voltage synchronization control(DVSC)based on a lead compensator(LC).The LC DVSC stabilizes both the DC and AC voltages of a VSC while achieving synchronization with the AC grid.This results in a dual-port grid-forming(DGFM)characteristic for the VSC.However,there has been very limited study on the stability and synchronization controller design of the VSCs with the LC DVSC operating in various modes.To bridge this gap,the paper presents a quantitative analysis on the stability and steady-state performance of the LC DVSC in all three operation modes of the DGFM VSC.Based on the analysis,the paper provides step-by-step design guidelines for the LC DVSC.Furthermore,the paper uncovers an instability issue related to the LC DVSC when the DGFM VSC operates in the balanced mode.To tackle the instability issue,a virtual resistance control is proposed and integrated with the LC DVSC.Simulation results validate the analysis and demonstrate the effectiveness of the DGFM VSC with the LC DVSC designed using the proposed guidelines in all three operation modes.Overall,the paper demonstrates the feasibility of employing the DGFM VSC with the LC DVSC for all three possible operation modes,which can help overcome the challenges associated with accommodating and coordinating heterogeneous VSCs in the power system.
文摘Microgrid (MG) is a small entity of electrical network which comprises of various Distributed Generation (DG) sources, storage devices, and group of loads in various classes. MG provides reliable and secure energy supply to the critical loads of communities while operating either in on-grid or off-grid mode. In this study, a coordinated power management control strategy for a typical low voltage (LV) MG network with integration of solar Photovoltaic (PV) and storage facility has been developed and analysed in Matlab-Simu-link software environment at various modes (on-grid, off-grid, and on-grid to off-grid transition) of MG operation. Solar PV and battery power inverters are considered as grid-support grid-forming (GsGfm) Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) with the implementation of modified droop and virtual output impedance control strategies. Proposed control strategy supports coordinated control operation between PV units and battery storage, equal power sharing among the DG sources, and smooth MG mode transition with regulation of voltage and frequency level in MG network. In addition, voltage and current THD level were analysed and verified as per the standard of AS4777.
基金supported by National Foundation of Natural Science under the Grant 11071216
文摘In this paper, we propose a two-grid algorithm for solving the stream function formulation of the stationary Navies-Stokes equations. The algorithm is constructed by reducing the original system to one small, nonlinear system on the coarse mesh space and two similar linear systems （with same stiffness matrix but different right-hand side） on the fine mesh space. The convergence analysis and error estimation of the algorithm are given for the case of conforming elements. Furthermore, the Mgorithm produces a numerical solution with the optimal asymptotic H^2-error. Finally, we give a numerical illustration to demonstrate the effectiveness of the two-grid algorithm for solving the Navier-Stokes equations.
文摘A new approach based on stereo vision technology is introduced to analyzesheet metal deformation. By measuring the deformed circle grids that are printed on the sheetsurface before forming, the strain distribution of the workpiece is obtained. The measurement andanalysis results can be used to verify numerical simulation results and guide production. To getgood accuracy, some new techniques are employed: camera calibration based on genetic algorithm,feature abstraction based on self-adaptive technology, image matching based on structure feature andcamera modeling pre-constrains, and parameter calculation based on curve and surface optimization.The experimental values show that the approach proposed is rational and practical, which can providebetter measurement accuracy with less time than the conventional method.
基金Project(R01-2006-000-11076-0)supported by the Basic Research Program of the Korea Science and Engineering FoundationProjectsupported by the 2007 Hongik University Research Fund,Korea
文摘The formabilityof AZ31 sheet begins to increase drastically at 150℃.The incremental forming technique was thus applied to AZ31 sheet at 150℃to utilize the formability to its fullest capacity at the lowest possible temperature for forming applications.A surface scanning technique was used followed by the tool path generation to incrementally form an egg surface.After thorough examination of various tool paths,the surface was most successfully produced by forming an intermediate shape followed by a series of tool paths.Flexible scale stickers were devised to improve the accuracy in the measurement of grid deformation.
文摘【目的】“双高”电力系统(高比例可再生能源和高比例电力电子设备)低惯性、低阻尼的特征使电网在频率、电压等稳定问题面临着严峻的挑战。构网型储能(grid-forming energy storage,GFM-ES)具有频率调节和电压控制的能力,针对其特性、应用场景和研究展望等方面进行综述。【方法】首先从GFM-ES和跟网型储能的区别以及控制方法等方面阐述了GFM-ES的主要特点;然后从频率支撑、电压支撑和黑启动等方面介绍了GFM-ES的主要应用场景;最后从GFM-ES的稳定性、优化配置和实际工程应用等方面提出了研究展望。【结论】构网型变流器的稳定性对储能机组的运行特性具有重要影响,需要进一步关注稳定问题的诱导原因、参数整定、控制和限流策略切换等;GFM-ES规划配置中,需要在功能性、复杂性、成本等方面进行权衡,以及构网型和跟网型储能的混合配置有待继续研究;加强GFM-ES机组之间的协调性和运行交互性,完善工程测试规范和标准,推动其在交直流混合电网及高压输电网络的应用。
