Red fluorescent proteins with large Stokes shift(LSS-RFPs)are advantageous for multicolor imaging applications that allow simultaneous visualizations of multiple biological events.But it is difficult to develop LSS-RF...Red fluorescent proteins with large Stokes shift(LSS-RFPs)are advantageous for multicolor imaging applications that allow simultaneous visualizations of multiple biological events.But it is difficult to develop LSS-RFPs by extending the emission wavelength of RFPs to far-red region.Here,we employed Forster resonance energy transfer(FRET)strategy to engineer the far-red fluorescent proteins with large Stokes shift.LSS-m Apple and LSS-mCherry were constructed by fusing HaloTag to m Apple and mCherry,allowing the fluorophore TMSi R to be connected to these RFPs.FRET between RFPs and TMSi R enabled them to apply the excitation of donor RFPs to emit far-red fluorescence of acceptor TMSi R.The Stokes shifts of LSS-m Apple and LSS-mCherry were 97 nm and 75 nm,respectively.The high FRET efficiency of LSS-mCherry(E_(FRET)=83.7%)can greatly reduce the fluorescence from the donor channel,which did not affect co-imaging with mCherry.In addition,LSS-mCherry also showed excellent photostability(t_(1/2)=449.3 s),enabling stable confocal fluorescence imaging for 15 min under continuous strong excitation.Furthermore,LSS-mCherry was applied for fluorescence labeling and imaging of the nucleus,mitochondria,lysosomes,and endoplasmic reticulum in living cells.Finally,we applied LSS-mCherry to perform multi-color bioimaging of 2–4 channels,and there was no obvious crosstalk between these channels.展开更多
Cr^(3+)-activated spinel-type phosphors have great potential in different application scenes due to their unique sharp and far-red(FR)emission.However,the multi-functionalization of these phosphors is still limited by...Cr^(3+)-activated spinel-type phosphors have great potential in different application scenes due to their unique sharp and far-red(FR)emission.However,the multi-functionalization of these phosphors is still limited by their unsatisfied comprehensive properties.Herein,a simple composition engineering was used to explore versatile phosphors,using Ga^(3+)to substitute Al^(3+)to improve the optical performances of spinel LiAl5-xGa_(x)O_(8):Cr^(3+).The substitution of Ga^(3+)evidently affects the crystal field environment of Cr^(3+)and further accounts for the luminescence optimization.Using the optimized phosphor,two sensitive thermometers based on fluorescence intensity ratio(FIR)technique were explored on account of the different temperature dependencies of^(4)T_(2)→^(4)A_(2)and2E→^(4)A_(2)emission and of R2and R1emission.The maximum relative sensitivity Sr are 1.29%/K at 323 K and 1.94%/K at 298 K,respectively,which are superior to that of the Ga^(3+)-unsubstituted one.Besides,the Ga^(3+)→Al^(3+)substitutions endow the resultant phosphors with larger atomic number(Zeff)and theoretical density,which is more conducive to improving X-ray-stimulated emission for X-ray detection.Finally,the potential applications of the developed phosphor are also reflected in plant growth and night vision surveillance,as it is shown to be capable of matching with the absorption of phytochrome PFRand visualizing objects in the dark.This contribution not only proves that the developed LiAl5-xGa_(x)O_(8):Cr^(3+)FR phosphors are promising versatile platforms,but also provides an essential guidance for designing more novel multi-functional materials.展开更多
Far-red(FR) light regulates phytochrome-mediated morphological and physiological plant responses.This study aims to investigate how greenhouse tomato morphology and production response to different durations of FR lig...Far-red(FR) light regulates phytochrome-mediated morphological and physiological plant responses.This study aims to investigate how greenhouse tomato morphology and production response to different durations of FR light during daytime and at the end of day(EOD).High-wire tomato plants were grown under intra-canopy lighting consisting of red(peak wavelength at 640 nm) and blue(peak wavelength at 450 nm) light-emitting diodes(LEDs) with photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD) of 144 μmol m–2 s–1 at 10 cm away from the lamps,and combined with overhead supplemental FR light(peak wavelength at 735 nm) with PPFD of 43 μmol m–2 s–1 at 20 cm below the lamps.Plants were exposed to three durations of FR supplemental lighting including: 06:00–18:00(FR12),18:00–19:30(EOD-FR1.5),18:00–18:30(EOD-FR0.5),and control that without supplemental FR light.The results showed that supplemental FR light significantly stimulated stem elongation thereby resulting in longer plants compared with the control.Moreover,FR light altered leaf morphology toward higher leaf length/width ratio and larger leaf area.The altered plant architecture in FR supplemented plants led to a more homogeneous light distribution inside the canopy.Total plant biomass was increased by 9–16% under supplemental FR light in comparison with control,which led to 7–12% increase in ripe fruit yield.Soluble sugar content of the ripe tomato fruit was slightly decreased by longer exposure of the plants to FR light.Dry matter partitioning to different plant organs were not substantially affected by the FR light treatments.No significant differences were observed among the three FR light treatments in plant morphology as well as yield and biomass production.We conclude that under intra-canopy lighting,overhead supplemental FR light stimulates tomato growth and production.And supplementary of EOD-FR0.5 is more favorable,as it consumes less electricity but induces similar effects on plant morphology and yield.展开更多
Plant photosynthetic capacity directly determines crop yield. Light quality regulates photosynthetic capacity. This review discusses plant responses to far-red light from the phenotypic to the molecular level, focusin...Plant photosynthetic capacity directly determines crop yield. Light quality regulates photosynthetic capacity. This review discusses plant responses to far-red light from the phenotypic to the molecular level, focusing specifically on the improvement of photosynthetic capacity by adjustment of photosynthetic electron transport and the path of light energy. Far-red light can also regulate leaf angle and increase plant height and leaf area, via expression of associated genes, to capture more light energy.Thus, far-red light regulates plant morphology and photosynthetic capacity. Identifying the mechanism of this regulation may lead to increased crop yields.展开更多
Monoamine oxidase A(MAO-A) is a prominent myocardial source of reactive oxygen species(ROS), and its expression and activity are strongly increased in failing hearts. Therefore, accurate evaluation of MAOA activity in...Monoamine oxidase A(MAO-A) is a prominent myocardial source of reactive oxygen species(ROS), and its expression and activity are strongly increased in failing hearts. Therefore, accurate evaluation of MAOA activity in cardiomyocytes is of great importance for understanding its biological functions and early diagnosing the progression of heart failure. However, so far, there is no report on the fluorescent diagnosis of heart failure by a specific probe for MAO-A. In this work, two far-red emissive fluorescent turn-on probes(KXS-M1 and KXS-M2) for the highly selective and sensitive detection of MAO-A were fabricated.Both probes exhibit good response to MAO-A, one of which, KXS-M2, performs better than the other one in terms of a fluorescence increment and sensitivity. Using the pioneering probe KXS-M2, specific fluorescence imaging of MAO-A in glucose-deprived H9c2 cardiac cells, zebrafish and isoprenaline-induced failing heart tissues was achieved, proving that KXS-M2 can serve as a powerful tool for the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure.展开更多
Cr^(3+)-activated far-red and near-infrared phosphors have drawn considerable attention owing to their adjustable emission wavelengths and wide applications.Herein,we reported a series of Cr^(3+)-doped phosphors with...Cr^(3+)-activated far-red and near-infrared phosphors have drawn considerable attention owing to their adjustable emission wavelengths and wide applications.Herein,we reported a series of Cr^(3+)-doped phosphors withβ-Ca_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)-type structure,of which Ca_(9)Ga(PO_(4))_(7):Cr^(3+) possessed the highest far-red emission intensity.At an excitation of 440 nm,the Ca_(9)Ga(PO_(4))_(7):Cr^(3+) phosphors exhibited a broad emission band ranging from 650 to 850 nm and peaking at 735 nm,and the broadband superimposed two sharp lines centering at 690 and 698 nm.The optimal sample Ca_(9)Ga_(0.97)(PO_(4))_(7):0.03 Cr^(3+) had an internal quantum efficiency of 55.7%.The luminescence intensity of the Ca_(9)Ga_(0.97)(PO_(4))_(7):0.03 Cr^(3+) phosphor obtained at 423 K could maintain 68.5%of that at room temperature,demonstrating its outstanding luminescence thermal stability.A phosphor-conversion light-emitting diode was fabricated,indicating that the Ca_(9)Ga(PO_(4))_(7):Cr^(3+) phosphor has potential applications in indoor plant cultivation.展开更多
Light quality response is a vital environmental cue regulating plant development. Conifers, like angiosperms, respond to the changes in light quality including the level of red (R) and far-red (FR) light, which follow...Light quality response is a vital environmental cue regulating plant development. Conifers, like angiosperms, respond to the changes in light quality including the level of red (R) and far-red (FR) light, which follows a latitudinal cline. R and FR wavelengths form a significant component of the entire plant life cycle, including the initial developmental stages such as seed germination, cotyledon expansion and hypocotyl elongation. With an aim to identify differentially expressed candidate genes, which would provide a clue regarding genes involved in the local adaptive response in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) with reference to red/far-red light;we performed a global expression analysis of Scots pine hypocotyls grown under two light treatments, continuous R (cR) and continuous FR (cFR) light;using Pinus taeda cDNA microarrays on bulked hypocotyl tissues from different individuals, which represented different genotypes. This experiment was performed with the seeds collected from northern part of Sweden (Ylinen, 68?N). Interestingly, gene expression pattern with reference to cryptochrome1, a blue light photoreceptor, was relatively high under cFR as compared to cR light treatment. Additionally, the microarray data analysis also revealed expression of 405 genes which was enhanced under cR light treatment;while the expression of 239 genes was enhanced under the cFR light treatment. Differentially expressed genes were re-annotated using Blast2GO tool. These results indicated that cR light acts as promoting factor whereas cFR antagonises the effect in most of the processes like C/N metabolism, photosynthesis and cell wall metabolism which is in accordance with former findings in Arabidopsis. We propose cryptochrome1 as a strong candidate gene to study the adaptive cline response under R and FR light in Scots pine as it shows a differential expression under the two light conditions.展开更多
High-brightness far-red light plays a key role in increasing photosynthetic efficiency and thus crop production in plant factories,as it regulates the entire lifecycle of plants,from seed germination to flowering and ...High-brightness far-red light plays a key role in increasing photosynthetic efficiency and thus crop production in plant factories,as it regulates the entire lifecycle of plants,from seed germination to flowering and fruiting.However,the optical power and efficiency of far-red phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes,which are inexpensive solid-state light sources,are still limited due to the poor chemical stability and low thermal conductivity of conventional phosphor‒silicone composite converters.Here,a series of Cr^(3+)-activated far-red-emitting silicate ceramics with near-unity internal quantum efficiency and near-zero thermal quenching were developed via a simple modified annealing method for full crystallization from the designed glass precursors.Furthermore,the local crystal field of octahedral Cr^(3+)sites in Y_(2)CaAl_(4)SiO_(12):Cr^(3+)is strengthened by cation substitution of Ba^(2+)for Ca^(2+)so that the emission spectrum is largely regulated from a broad near-infrared band to a narrow far-red band that overlaps well with the absorption band of the phytochrome(P_(fr))state.Finally,the optimized Y_(2)Ca_(0.3)Ba_(0.7)Al_(4)SiO_(12):Cr^(3+)ceramic enables the realization of a high wall-plug efficiency of 27%for the far-red pc-LED and a record output optical power exceeding 2.1 W for the laser-driven far-red light source,highlighting its tremendous potential to serve as all-inorganic color converters for high-power plant-growth light sources.展开更多
In order to flower in the appropriate season,plants monitor light and temperature changes and alter downstream pathways that regulate florigen genes such as Arabidopsis(Arabidopsis thaliana)FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT).In Ar...In order to flower in the appropriate season,plants monitor light and temperature changes and alter downstream pathways that regulate florigen genes such as Arabidopsis(Arabidopsis thaliana)FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT).In Arabidopsis,FT messenger RNA levels peak in the morning and evening under natural long-day conditions(LDs).However,the regulatory mechanisms governing morning FT induction remain poorly understood.The morning FT peak is absent in typical laboratory LDs characterized by high red:far-red light(R:FR)ratios and constant temperatures.Here,we demonstrate that ZEITLUPE(ZTL)interacts with the FT repressors TARGET OF EATs(TOEs),thereby repressing morning FT expression in natural environments.Under LDs with simulated sunlight(R:FR=1.0)and daily temperature cycles,which are natural LD-mimicking environmental conditions,FT transcript levels in the ztl mutant were high specifically in the morning,a pattern that was mirrored in the toe1 toe2 double mutant.Low night-to-morning temperatures increased the inhibitory effect of ZTL on morning FT expression by increasing ZTL protein levels early in the morning.Far-red light counteracted ZTL activity by decreasing its abundance(possibly via phytochrome A(phyA))while increasing GIGANTEA(GI)levels and negatively affecting the formation of the ZTL-GI complex in the morning.Therefore,the phyA-mediated high-irradiance response and GI play pivotal roles in morning FT induction.Our findings suggest that the delicate balance between low temperature-mediated ZTL activity and the far-red light-mediated functions of phyA and GI offers plants flexibility in fine-tuning their flowering time by controlling FT expression in the morning.展开更多
In this study, we show that CIPK14,a stress responsive CBL-interacting protein kinase gene,is involved in phytochrome A-mediated far-red light inhibition of greening in Arabidopsis seedlings. The CIPK14-impairment mut...In this study, we show that CIPK14,a stress responsive CBL-interacting protein kinase gene,is involved in phytochrome A-mediated far-red light inhibition of greening in Arabidopsis seedlings. The CIPK14-impairment mutant cipk14 grown in continuous far-red (FR) light did not show greening when exposed to white light illumination for 15 h. By contrast, the FR-grown phytochrome A null mutant phyA greened within 0.5 h of exposure to white light. Although greening of Col-4 (wild-type) was not completely abolished by FR, it exhibited a significantly decreased greening capacity compared with that of phyA. Further analyses demonstrated that the expression of protochlorophyllide reductase (POR) genes was correlated with the greening ability of the genotypes. In addition, CIPK14 appeared to be regulated by both the circadian clock and PhyA. Taken together, these results suggest that CIPK14 plays a role in PhyA-mediated FR inhibition of seedling greening, and that a Ca-related kinase may be involved in a previously undefined branch point in the phytochrome A signaling pathway.展开更多
This study aimed to explore the effects of various intensities of far-red light on the growth performance,endogenous hormones,antioxidant indices,and overall quality of hydroponically cultivated lettuce.As the control...This study aimed to explore the effects of various intensities of far-red light on the growth performance,endogenous hormones,antioxidant indices,and overall quality of hydroponically cultivated lettuce.As the control treatment,a white LED emitting light at an intensity of 200μmol/(m^(2)·s)was utilized(referred to as CK with an R/FR ratio of 5.5),while two experimental treatments,FT1(R/FR=1.2)and FT2(R/FR=0.8),were established by adding different intensities of far-red light to the CK treatment.The results demonstrated that the application of far-red light,particularly in FT1,led to a significant increase in plant height,leaf area,and lettuce biomass,while simultaneously resulting in a notable reduction in leaf thickness.The content of indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)and abscisic acid(ABA)in response to far-red light treatments exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease,with FT2 experiencing a significant decline.The gibberellin(GA_(3))content in FT2 reached its peak on the 35th day,showing a substantial increase of 60.09%compared to CK.Far-red treatments were found to enhance peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT)activities,while significantly reducing superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity.In comparison to CK,FT1 exhibited a remarkable 134.33%increase in anthocyanin content.Both FT1 and FT2 significantly boosted vitamin C levels while reducing nitrite content.Additionally,the application of far-red light treatment significantly increased the alcohol and ester content in lettuce leaves.This study establishes a theoretical foundation for enhancing the quality and flavor of lettuce using different far-red light treatments.展开更多
Secondary salinization is a major environmental factor that causes a stress response and growth inhibition in plants in protected agriculture.The positive effect of a low red to far-red light ratio(R:FR)in salt tolera...Secondary salinization is a major environmental factor that causes a stress response and growth inhibition in plants in protected agriculture.The positive effect of a low red to far-red light ratio(R:FR)in salt tolerance through antioxidant defense has been reported,while the underlying model remains obscure.In this study,we used physiological and genetic approaches to investigate the relationship between H_(2)O_(2) signaling and low R:FR-induced salt tolerance and antioxidant capacity in tomato seedlings.This study found that low R:FR treatment with calcium nitrate stress(SL treatment)enhanced the growth of plants and increased the net photosynthetic rate 5 days after stress compared with a higher R:FR ratio and calcium nitrate stress(S treatment).With transcriptomic analysis of tomato leaves at 5 d,compared with CK,most of glutaredoxin genes and antioxidant enzymes were upregulated by S treatment,which were upregulated further by SL treatment.Compared to the S treatment,within 5 days,the H_(2)O_(2) level was increased faster before 24 h and it was slowed down after 24 h by SL treatment,with less H_(2)O_(2) accumulation at 5 d than that of S treatment.The enhancement of gene expression of RBOH genes were also shown at 24 h under SL.It was found that stomatal conductance followed the dynamic change of H_(2)O_(2),with a rapid closure of stomata of a decrease at 3 h and an increase after 9 h in SL treatment compared to S treatment,respectively.There was same trend of stomata opening degrees of tomato leaves observed by optical microscope.However,the inhibitor of H_(2)O_(2) production(DPI pretreatment)weakened the positive effect of low R:FR on the regulation of stomatal movement.In addition,SL treatment increased the antioxidant enzyme activities and proline content and decreased the MDA content as compared to the S treatment,while the enhancement of ROS homeostasis was reduced by the DPI pretreatment.In conclusion,low R:FR improved redox homeostasis and stomatal status under calcium nitrate stress through H_(2)O_(2)signaling,improving the adaptation of tomato seedlings to soil salinization stress.展开更多
Tracking the sap flux of woody plants in savannas is essential for understanding their response to climate change and human management.Solar-induced fluorescence(SIF)has potential to predict transpiration yet its appl...Tracking the sap flux of woody plants in savannas is essential for understanding their response to climate change and human management.Solar-induced fluorescence(SIF)has potential to predict transpiration yet its applicability for estimating savanna sap flux is unclear.Using three years of tower-based far-red SIF observations and groundbased sap flow monitoring in a temperate savanna of Otindag Sandy Land,China,we investigated the relationship between far-red SIF and sap flux density and developed linear and random forest models for estimating.The results show a variable correlation between SIF and sap flux density for Ulmus pumila var.sabulosa(J.H.Xin)G.H.Zhu&D.H.Bian(U.pumila.)at an hourly scale.The strongest correlations were during the mid-growth period July and August when considering the time lag between SIF and sap flux(0-0.5 h).Photosynthetically active radiation was the primary factor driving the SIF and sap flux density relationship.Soil moisture,vapor pressure deficit,and air temperature also influenced this relationship on daily and monthly scales.Compared to SIF-based linear regression models,the SIF-based random forest model performed better in tracking the seasonal sap flux density.The results suggest the feasibility of accurately monitoring vegetation sap flux using SIF,woody fractional vegetation cover,and environmental factors in a temperate savanna.This method could also be used in modeling land surface processes in savanna-type ecosystems.展开更多
【目的】探究低温条件下茶树在不同红光与远红光比值(red to far-red light ratio,R/FR)光环境中的生理与分子响应,为工厂化光设施育苗冬季补光提供理论指导。【方法】以茶树品种‘谷雨春’为材料,设置远红光处理(FR,R/FR=4.1)和白光处...【目的】探究低温条件下茶树在不同红光与远红光比值(red to far-red light ratio,R/FR)光环境中的生理与分子响应,为工厂化光设施育苗冬季补光提供理论指导。【方法】以茶树品种‘谷雨春’为材料,设置远红光处理(FR,R/FR=4.1)和白光处理(CK,R/FR=10.4),研究低温条件(10℃)下不同R/FR比值光环境对茶树气体交换参数、荧光参数及光敏色素互作因子(phytochrome interacting factors,PIFs)表达量的影响。【结果】低温条件下添加远红光、降低R/FR比值会导致茶树叶片蒸腾速率(T_(r))、净光合速率(P_(n))与电子传递速率(electron transport rate,ETR)下降,非调节性能量耗散的量子产量Y(NO)所占的比例升高,实际量子产量(YⅡ)和调节性能量耗散的量子产量Y(NPQ)所占的比例下降,叶绿素合成的重要调节因子CsPIF3a基因下调表达。【结论】低温条件下低比值的R/FR光环境削弱了茶树叶片的光合电子传递能力,抑制叶绿素合成相关基因的表达,降低光合能力,叶片受到光损伤。展开更多
Previous studies have examined the effects of red light (R) on phototropism of maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Royaldent Hit 85) coleoptiles. The R effect on time-dependent phototropism (TDP) was further studied by characteri...Previous studies have examined the effects of red light (R) on phototropism of maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Royaldent Hit 85) coleoptiles. The R effect on time-dependent phototropism (TDP) was further studied by characterizing its fluence-response relationship. The results showed the R effect was a low-fluence-response, unlike those on pulse-induced phototropisms that show a very-low-fluence-response mode. A subsequent pulse of far-red light (FR) could reverse the R effect. TDP responsiveness, however, recovered as the following FR was extended, The FR-dependent increase in TDP responsiveness was obtained even coleoptiles were pretreated only with FR. It suggested that TDP responsiveness could also be established in response to a FR signal. The fluence-response relationship for the effect of FR was then investigated. The effect of FR depended on the time of irradiation and required high photon fluences. Because reciprocity was invalid at the higher fluence range, the effect of FR would be a high-irradiance-response mode. Relation between phytochrome action modes and possible multiple pathways for phototropic signal transduction was analyzed based on the experiment results.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22225806,22078314,22278394,22378385)Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics(Nos.DICPI202142,DICPI202436)。
文摘Red fluorescent proteins with large Stokes shift(LSS-RFPs)are advantageous for multicolor imaging applications that allow simultaneous visualizations of multiple biological events.But it is difficult to develop LSS-RFPs by extending the emission wavelength of RFPs to far-red region.Here,we employed Forster resonance energy transfer(FRET)strategy to engineer the far-red fluorescent proteins with large Stokes shift.LSS-m Apple and LSS-mCherry were constructed by fusing HaloTag to m Apple and mCherry,allowing the fluorophore TMSi R to be connected to these RFPs.FRET between RFPs and TMSi R enabled them to apply the excitation of donor RFPs to emit far-red fluorescence of acceptor TMSi R.The Stokes shifts of LSS-m Apple and LSS-mCherry were 97 nm and 75 nm,respectively.The high FRET efficiency of LSS-mCherry(E_(FRET)=83.7%)can greatly reduce the fluorescence from the donor channel,which did not affect co-imaging with mCherry.In addition,LSS-mCherry also showed excellent photostability(t_(1/2)=449.3 s),enabling stable confocal fluorescence imaging for 15 min under continuous strong excitation.Furthermore,LSS-mCherry was applied for fluorescence labeling and imaging of the nucleus,mitochondria,lysosomes,and endoplasmic reticulum in living cells.Finally,we applied LSS-mCherry to perform multi-color bioimaging of 2–4 channels,and there was no obvious crosstalk between these channels.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52272143,51902063)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515010166,2023A1515010866,2021A1515110404)the Major Science and Technology Project of Jiangxi Province(20223AAE01003)。
文摘Cr^(3+)-activated spinel-type phosphors have great potential in different application scenes due to their unique sharp and far-red(FR)emission.However,the multi-functionalization of these phosphors is still limited by their unsatisfied comprehensive properties.Herein,a simple composition engineering was used to explore versatile phosphors,using Ga^(3+)to substitute Al^(3+)to improve the optical performances of spinel LiAl5-xGa_(x)O_(8):Cr^(3+).The substitution of Ga^(3+)evidently affects the crystal field environment of Cr^(3+)and further accounts for the luminescence optimization.Using the optimized phosphor,two sensitive thermometers based on fluorescence intensity ratio(FIR)technique were explored on account of the different temperature dependencies of^(4)T_(2)→^(4)A_(2)and2E→^(4)A_(2)emission and of R2and R1emission.The maximum relative sensitivity Sr are 1.29%/K at 323 K and 1.94%/K at 298 K,respectively,which are superior to that of the Ga^(3+)-unsubstituted one.Besides,the Ga^(3+)→Al^(3+)substitutions endow the resultant phosphors with larger atomic number(Zeff)and theoretical density,which is more conducive to improving X-ray-stimulated emission for X-ray detection.Finally,the potential applications of the developed phosphor are also reflected in plant growth and night vision surveillance,as it is shown to be capable of matching with the absorption of phytochrome PFRand visualizing objects in the dark.This contribution not only proves that the developed LiAl5-xGa_(x)O_(8):Cr^(3+)FR phosphors are promising versatile platforms,but also provides an essential guidance for designing more novel multi-functional materials.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFB0403902)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST,2016QNRC001)
文摘Far-red(FR) light regulates phytochrome-mediated morphological and physiological plant responses.This study aims to investigate how greenhouse tomato morphology and production response to different durations of FR light during daytime and at the end of day(EOD).High-wire tomato plants were grown under intra-canopy lighting consisting of red(peak wavelength at 640 nm) and blue(peak wavelength at 450 nm) light-emitting diodes(LEDs) with photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD) of 144 μmol m–2 s–1 at 10 cm away from the lamps,and combined with overhead supplemental FR light(peak wavelength at 735 nm) with PPFD of 43 μmol m–2 s–1 at 20 cm below the lamps.Plants were exposed to three durations of FR supplemental lighting including: 06:00–18:00(FR12),18:00–19:30(EOD-FR1.5),18:00–18:30(EOD-FR0.5),and control that without supplemental FR light.The results showed that supplemental FR light significantly stimulated stem elongation thereby resulting in longer plants compared with the control.Moreover,FR light altered leaf morphology toward higher leaf length/width ratio and larger leaf area.The altered plant architecture in FR supplemented plants led to a more homogeneous light distribution inside the canopy.Total plant biomass was increased by 9–16% under supplemental FR light in comparison with control,which led to 7–12% increase in ripe fruit yield.Soluble sugar content of the ripe tomato fruit was slightly decreased by longer exposure of the plants to FR light.Dry matter partitioning to different plant organs were not substantially affected by the FR light treatments.No significant differences were observed among the three FR light treatments in plant morphology as well as yield and biomass production.We conclude that under intra-canopy lighting,overhead supplemental FR light stimulates tomato growth and production.And supplementary of EOD-FR0.5 is more favorable,as it consumes less electricity but induces similar effects on plant morphology and yield.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071963)the International S&T Cooperation Projects of Sichuan Province(2020YFH0126)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-04-PS19)。
文摘Plant photosynthetic capacity directly determines crop yield. Light quality regulates photosynthetic capacity. This review discusses plant responses to far-red light from the phenotypic to the molecular level, focusing specifically on the improvement of photosynthetic capacity by adjustment of photosynthetic electron transport and the path of light energy. Far-red light can also regulate leaf angle and increase plant height and leaf area, via expression of associated genes, to capture more light energy.Thus, far-red light regulates plant morphology and photosynthetic capacity. Identifying the mechanism of this regulation may lead to increased crop yields.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22037002, 22007032 and 21977082)the National Mega-project for Innovative Drugs of China (No.2019ZX09721001-004-003)+1 种基金the Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation,China (No. 2019M660083)the Shanghai Sailing Program,China (No. 20YF1411200)。
文摘Monoamine oxidase A(MAO-A) is a prominent myocardial source of reactive oxygen species(ROS), and its expression and activity are strongly increased in failing hearts. Therefore, accurate evaluation of MAOA activity in cardiomyocytes is of great importance for understanding its biological functions and early diagnosing the progression of heart failure. However, so far, there is no report on the fluorescent diagnosis of heart failure by a specific probe for MAO-A. In this work, two far-red emissive fluorescent turn-on probes(KXS-M1 and KXS-M2) for the highly selective and sensitive detection of MAO-A were fabricated.Both probes exhibit good response to MAO-A, one of which, KXS-M2, performs better than the other one in terms of a fluorescence increment and sensitivity. Using the pioneering probe KXS-M2, specific fluorescence imaging of MAO-A in glucose-deprived H9c2 cardiac cells, zebrafish and isoprenaline-induced failing heart tissues was achieved, proving that KXS-M2 can serve as a powerful tool for the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51972020)。
文摘Cr^(3+)-activated far-red and near-infrared phosphors have drawn considerable attention owing to their adjustable emission wavelengths and wide applications.Herein,we reported a series of Cr^(3+)-doped phosphors withβ-Ca_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)-type structure,of which Ca_(9)Ga(PO_(4))_(7):Cr^(3+) possessed the highest far-red emission intensity.At an excitation of 440 nm,the Ca_(9)Ga(PO_(4))_(7):Cr^(3+) phosphors exhibited a broad emission band ranging from 650 to 850 nm and peaking at 735 nm,and the broadband superimposed two sharp lines centering at 690 and 698 nm.The optimal sample Ca_(9)Ga_(0.97)(PO_(4))_(7):0.03 Cr^(3+) had an internal quantum efficiency of 55.7%.The luminescence intensity of the Ca_(9)Ga_(0.97)(PO_(4))_(7):0.03 Cr^(3+) phosphor obtained at 423 K could maintain 68.5%of that at room temperature,demonstrating its outstanding luminescence thermal stability.A phosphor-conversion light-emitting diode was fabricated,indicating that the Ca_(9)Ga(PO_(4))_(7):Cr^(3+) phosphor has potential applications in indoor plant cultivation.
文摘Light quality response is a vital environmental cue regulating plant development. Conifers, like angiosperms, respond to the changes in light quality including the level of red (R) and far-red (FR) light, which follows a latitudinal cline. R and FR wavelengths form a significant component of the entire plant life cycle, including the initial developmental stages such as seed germination, cotyledon expansion and hypocotyl elongation. With an aim to identify differentially expressed candidate genes, which would provide a clue regarding genes involved in the local adaptive response in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) with reference to red/far-red light;we performed a global expression analysis of Scots pine hypocotyls grown under two light treatments, continuous R (cR) and continuous FR (cFR) light;using Pinus taeda cDNA microarrays on bulked hypocotyl tissues from different individuals, which represented different genotypes. This experiment was performed with the seeds collected from northern part of Sweden (Ylinen, 68?N). Interestingly, gene expression pattern with reference to cryptochrome1, a blue light photoreceptor, was relatively high under cFR as compared to cR light treatment. Additionally, the microarray data analysis also revealed expression of 405 genes which was enhanced under cR light treatment;while the expression of 239 genes was enhanced under the cFR light treatment. Differentially expressed genes were re-annotated using Blast2GO tool. These results indicated that cR light acts as promoting factor whereas cFR antagonises the effect in most of the processes like C/N metabolism, photosynthesis and cell wall metabolism which is in accordance with former findings in Arabidopsis. We propose cryptochrome1 as a strong candidate gene to study the adaptive cline response under R and FR light in Scots pine as it shows a differential expression under the two light conditions.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12304443 and 12104398)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LMS25F050010)+1 种基金the Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(No.2024J221)the Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department(No.Y202456622).
文摘High-brightness far-red light plays a key role in increasing photosynthetic efficiency and thus crop production in plant factories,as it regulates the entire lifecycle of plants,from seed germination to flowering and fruiting.However,the optical power and efficiency of far-red phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes,which are inexpensive solid-state light sources,are still limited due to the poor chemical stability and low thermal conductivity of conventional phosphor‒silicone composite converters.Here,a series of Cr^(3+)-activated far-red-emitting silicate ceramics with near-unity internal quantum efficiency and near-zero thermal quenching were developed via a simple modified annealing method for full crystallization from the designed glass precursors.Furthermore,the local crystal field of octahedral Cr^(3+)sites in Y_(2)CaAl_(4)SiO_(12):Cr^(3+)is strengthened by cation substitution of Ba^(2+)for Ca^(2+)so that the emission spectrum is largely regulated from a broad near-infrared band to a narrow far-red band that overlaps well with the absorption band of the phytochrome(P_(fr))state.Finally,the optimized Y_(2)Ca_(0.3)Ba_(0.7)Al_(4)SiO_(12):Cr^(3+)ceramic enables the realization of a high wall-plug efficiency of 27%for the far-red pc-LED and a record output optical power exceeding 2.1 W for the laser-driven far-red light source,highlighting its tremendous potential to serve as all-inorganic color converters for high-power plant-growth light sources.
基金supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)KAKENHI grant(No.19K16170 and No.23K05817 to A.K.)National Institutes of Health(NIH)(No.R01GM079712 to T.I.)the National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea grant funded by the Korean Government(MSIT)(No.NRF-2020R1A2C1014655 andNo.NRF-2021R1A4A1032888 to Y.H.S.).
文摘In order to flower in the appropriate season,plants monitor light and temperature changes and alter downstream pathways that regulate florigen genes such as Arabidopsis(Arabidopsis thaliana)FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT).In Arabidopsis,FT messenger RNA levels peak in the morning and evening under natural long-day conditions(LDs).However,the regulatory mechanisms governing morning FT induction remain poorly understood.The morning FT peak is absent in typical laboratory LDs characterized by high red:far-red light(R:FR)ratios and constant temperatures.Here,we demonstrate that ZEITLUPE(ZTL)interacts with the FT repressors TARGET OF EATs(TOEs),thereby repressing morning FT expression in natural environments.Under LDs with simulated sunlight(R:FR=1.0)and daily temperature cycles,which are natural LD-mimicking environmental conditions,FT transcript levels in the ztl mutant were high specifically in the morning,a pattern that was mirrored in the toe1 toe2 double mutant.Low night-to-morning temperatures increased the inhibitory effect of ZTL on morning FT expression by increasing ZTL protein levels early in the morning.Far-red light counteracted ZTL activity by decreasing its abundance(possibly via phytochrome A(phyA))while increasing GIGANTEA(GI)levels and negatively affecting the formation of the ZTL-GI complex in the morning.Therefore,the phyA-mediated high-irradiance response and GI play pivotal roles in morning FT induction.Our findings suggest that the delicate balance between low temperature-mediated ZTL activity and the far-red light-mediated functions of phyA and GI offers plants flexibility in fine-tuning their flowering time by controlling FT expression in the morning.
基金supported by Project 985 of China via a higher education enhancement fund awarded to Hunan Universitythe National Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs funded by Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No.2007BAD41B)
文摘In this study, we show that CIPK14,a stress responsive CBL-interacting protein kinase gene,is involved in phytochrome A-mediated far-red light inhibition of greening in Arabidopsis seedlings. The CIPK14-impairment mutant cipk14 grown in continuous far-red (FR) light did not show greening when exposed to white light illumination for 15 h. By contrast, the FR-grown phytochrome A null mutant phyA greened within 0.5 h of exposure to white light. Although greening of Col-4 (wild-type) was not completely abolished by FR, it exhibited a significantly decreased greening capacity compared with that of phyA. Further analyses demonstrated that the expression of protochlorophyllide reductase (POR) genes was correlated with the greening ability of the genotypes. In addition, CIPK14 appeared to be regulated by both the circadian clock and PhyA. Taken together, these results suggest that CIPK14 plays a role in PhyA-mediated FR inhibition of seedling greening, and that a Ca-related kinase may be involved in a previously undefined branch point in the phytochrome A signaling pathway.
基金funded by Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund[item number CX(21)2022].
文摘This study aimed to explore the effects of various intensities of far-red light on the growth performance,endogenous hormones,antioxidant indices,and overall quality of hydroponically cultivated lettuce.As the control treatment,a white LED emitting light at an intensity of 200μmol/(m^(2)·s)was utilized(referred to as CK with an R/FR ratio of 5.5),while two experimental treatments,FT1(R/FR=1.2)and FT2(R/FR=0.8),were established by adding different intensities of far-red light to the CK treatment.The results demonstrated that the application of far-red light,particularly in FT1,led to a significant increase in plant height,leaf area,and lettuce biomass,while simultaneously resulting in a notable reduction in leaf thickness.The content of indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)and abscisic acid(ABA)in response to far-red light treatments exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease,with FT2 experiencing a significant decline.The gibberellin(GA_(3))content in FT2 reached its peak on the 35th day,showing a substantial increase of 60.09%compared to CK.Far-red treatments were found to enhance peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT)activities,while significantly reducing superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity.In comparison to CK,FT1 exhibited a remarkable 134.33%increase in anthocyanin content.Both FT1 and FT2 significantly boosted vitamin C levels while reducing nitrite content.Additionally,the application of far-red light treatment significantly increased the alcohol and ester content in lettuce leaves.This study establishes a theoretical foundation for enhancing the quality and flavor of lettuce using different far-red light treatments.
基金support from the Study on Vegetable Science of Farmland System in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(Grant No.2019QZKK0303)funded by the Sichuan International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation/Hong Kong Macao Taiwan Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Project(Grant No.2022YFH0071)。
文摘Secondary salinization is a major environmental factor that causes a stress response and growth inhibition in plants in protected agriculture.The positive effect of a low red to far-red light ratio(R:FR)in salt tolerance through antioxidant defense has been reported,while the underlying model remains obscure.In this study,we used physiological and genetic approaches to investigate the relationship between H_(2)O_(2) signaling and low R:FR-induced salt tolerance and antioxidant capacity in tomato seedlings.This study found that low R:FR treatment with calcium nitrate stress(SL treatment)enhanced the growth of plants and increased the net photosynthetic rate 5 days after stress compared with a higher R:FR ratio and calcium nitrate stress(S treatment).With transcriptomic analysis of tomato leaves at 5 d,compared with CK,most of glutaredoxin genes and antioxidant enzymes were upregulated by S treatment,which were upregulated further by SL treatment.Compared to the S treatment,within 5 days,the H_(2)O_(2) level was increased faster before 24 h and it was slowed down after 24 h by SL treatment,with less H_(2)O_(2) accumulation at 5 d than that of S treatment.The enhancement of gene expression of RBOH genes were also shown at 24 h under SL.It was found that stomatal conductance followed the dynamic change of H_(2)O_(2),with a rapid closure of stomata of a decrease at 3 h and an increase after 9 h in SL treatment compared to S treatment,respectively.There was same trend of stomata opening degrees of tomato leaves observed by optical microscope.However,the inhibitor of H_(2)O_(2) production(DPI pretreatment)weakened the positive effect of low R:FR on the regulation of stomatal movement.In addition,SL treatment increased the antioxidant enzyme activities and proline content and decreased the MDA content as compared to the S treatment,while the enhancement of ROS homeostasis was reduced by the DPI pretreatment.In conclusion,low R:FR improved redox homeostasis and stomatal status under calcium nitrate stress through H_(2)O_(2)signaling,improving the adaptation of tomato seedlings to soil salinization stress.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds of Chinese Academy of Forestry(grants No.CAFYBB2020QD002,CAFYBB2021MC002 and CAFYBB2023ZA009)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grants 32001371,32171875 and 32371960)。
文摘Tracking the sap flux of woody plants in savannas is essential for understanding their response to climate change and human management.Solar-induced fluorescence(SIF)has potential to predict transpiration yet its applicability for estimating savanna sap flux is unclear.Using three years of tower-based far-red SIF observations and groundbased sap flow monitoring in a temperate savanna of Otindag Sandy Land,China,we investigated the relationship between far-red SIF and sap flux density and developed linear and random forest models for estimating.The results show a variable correlation between SIF and sap flux density for Ulmus pumila var.sabulosa(J.H.Xin)G.H.Zhu&D.H.Bian(U.pumila.)at an hourly scale.The strongest correlations were during the mid-growth period July and August when considering the time lag between SIF and sap flux(0-0.5 h).Photosynthetically active radiation was the primary factor driving the SIF and sap flux density relationship.Soil moisture,vapor pressure deficit,and air temperature also influenced this relationship on daily and monthly scales.Compared to SIF-based linear regression models,the SIF-based random forest model performed better in tracking the seasonal sap flux density.The results suggest the feasibility of accurately monitoring vegetation sap flux using SIF,woody fractional vegetation cover,and environmental factors in a temperate savanna.This method could also be used in modeling land surface processes in savanna-type ecosystems.
文摘【目的】探究低温条件下茶树在不同红光与远红光比值(red to far-red light ratio,R/FR)光环境中的生理与分子响应,为工厂化光设施育苗冬季补光提供理论指导。【方法】以茶树品种‘谷雨春’为材料,设置远红光处理(FR,R/FR=4.1)和白光处理(CK,R/FR=10.4),研究低温条件(10℃)下不同R/FR比值光环境对茶树气体交换参数、荧光参数及光敏色素互作因子(phytochrome interacting factors,PIFs)表达量的影响。【结果】低温条件下添加远红光、降低R/FR比值会导致茶树叶片蒸腾速率(T_(r))、净光合速率(P_(n))与电子传递速率(electron transport rate,ETR)下降,非调节性能量耗散的量子产量Y(NO)所占的比例升高,实际量子产量(YⅡ)和调节性能量耗散的量子产量Y(NPQ)所占的比例下降,叶绿素合成的重要调节因子CsPIF3a基因下调表达。【结论】低温条件下低比值的R/FR光环境削弱了茶树叶片的光合电子传递能力,抑制叶绿素合成相关基因的表达,降低光合能力,叶片受到光损伤。
文摘Previous studies have examined the effects of red light (R) on phototropism of maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Royaldent Hit 85) coleoptiles. The R effect on time-dependent phototropism (TDP) was further studied by characterizing its fluence-response relationship. The results showed the R effect was a low-fluence-response, unlike those on pulse-induced phototropisms that show a very-low-fluence-response mode. A subsequent pulse of far-red light (FR) could reverse the R effect. TDP responsiveness, however, recovered as the following FR was extended, The FR-dependent increase in TDP responsiveness was obtained even coleoptiles were pretreated only with FR. It suggested that TDP responsiveness could also be established in response to a FR signal. The fluence-response relationship for the effect of FR was then investigated. The effect of FR depended on the time of irradiation and required high photon fluences. Because reciprocity was invalid at the higher fluence range, the effect of FR would be a high-irradiance-response mode. Relation between phytochrome action modes and possible multiple pathways for phototropic signal transduction was analyzed based on the experiment results.
