Cylindrical Al-Zn-Mg alloys were processed by electroplastic compression with forced air cooling.Compared to a simple compression process,an unequal intensity of {110} <111> was obtained,and other textures were ...Cylindrical Al-Zn-Mg alloys were processed by electroplastic compression with forced air cooling.Compared to a simple compression process,an unequal intensity of {110} <111> was obtained,and other textures were eliminated by electroplastic compression,that is,electroplastic compression can promote a uniform texture.The various textures formed in different regions along the radial direction under a simple compression process were illuminated by analyzing the relationship between the crystal rotation and stress state.Furthermore,the interaction between the electrons and dislocations was studied in electroplastic compression.The electrons enhanced {110} <111> by promoting slipping of the dislocations when the Burgers vectors of the dislocations were parallel to the drift direction of the electrons.However,the electrons also inhibited crystal rotation by pinning the dislocations with the Burgers vectors perpendicular to the drift direction of the electrons.Therefore,textures other than {110} <111>have difficulty forming under electroplastic compression.The effect of the current energy on the texture(enhancement or attenuation) was in accordance with the law of conservation.The results provided reasonable explanations for the test phenomena.展开更多
The paper reviews the power electronic applications for wind energy systems.Main wind turbine systems with different generators and power electronic converters are described.The electrical topologies of wind farms wit...The paper reviews the power electronic applications for wind energy systems.Main wind turbine systems with different generators and power electronic converters are described.The electrical topologies of wind farms with power electronic conversion are discussed.Power electronic applications for improving the performance of wind turbines and wind farms in power systems have been illustrated.展开更多
Readout electronics is developed for a prototype spectrometer for in situ measurement of low-energy ions of30 e V/e–20 ke V/e in the solar wind plasma.A low-noise preamplifier/discriminator(A111F) is employed for eac...Readout electronics is developed for a prototype spectrometer for in situ measurement of low-energy ions of30 e V/e–20 ke V/e in the solar wind plasma.A low-noise preamplifier/discriminator(A111F) is employed for each channel to process the signal from micro-channel plate(MCP) detectors.A high-voltage(HV) supply solution based on a HV module and a HV optocoupler is adopted to generate a fast sweeping HV and a fixed HV.Due to limitation of telemetry bandwidth in space communication,an algorithm is implemented in an FPGA(field programmable gate array) to compress the raw data.Test results show that the electronics achieves a 1 MHz event rate and a large input dynamic range of 95 p C.A slew rate of 0.8 V/ls and an integral nonlinearity of 0.7-LSB for the sweeping HV,and a precision of less than 0.8 % for the fixed HV are obtained.A vacuum beam test shows an energy resolution of 12 ± 0.7 % full width at half maximum(FWHM) is achieved,and noise counts are less than10/sec,indicating that the performance meets the physical requirement.展开更多
The large variability in wind output power can adversely impact local loads that are sensitive to poor power quality. To mitigate large swings in power, the wind turbine output power can be conditioned by using a smal...The large variability in wind output power can adversely impact local loads that are sensitive to poor power quality. To mitigate large swings in power, the wind turbine output power can be conditioned by using a small energy buffer. A power conditioner is developed to smooth the wind power output by utilizing the energy of an electrochemical capacitor, or ultracapacitor. The conditioner is based on a single phase voltage source inverter connected between the grid inter-connection point and the ultracapacitor. The VSI shunt inverter injects or absorbs active power from the line to smooth the wind power output by utilizing the short term storage capabilities of the ultracapacitor. The ultracapacitor is connected to the DC link through a bidirectional DC-DC converter. The bidirectional DC-DC converter and VSI are constructed and field tested on a Skystream 3.7 wind turbine installed at the Missouri University of Science & Technology.展开更多
Conventional annealing is a slow, high temperature process that involves heating atoms uniformly, i.e., in both defective and crystalline regions. This study explores an electrical alternative for energy efficiency,wh...Conventional annealing is a slow, high temperature process that involves heating atoms uniformly, i.e., in both defective and crystalline regions. This study explores an electrical alternative for energy efficiency,where moderate current density is used to generate electron wind force that produces the same outcome as the thermal annealing process. We demonstrate this on a zirconium alloy using in-situ electron back scattered diffraction(EBSD) inside a scanning electron microscope(SEM) and juxtaposing the results with that from thermal annealing. Contrary to common belief that resistive heating is the dominant factor, we show that 5 × 10~4 A/cm^2 current density can anneal the material in less than 15 min at only135?C. The resulting microstructure is essentially the same as that obtained with 600?C processing for360 min. We propose that unlike temperature, the electron wind force specifically targets the defective regions, which leads to unprecedented time and energy efficiency. This hypothesis was investigated with molecular dynamics simulation that implements mechanical equivalent of electron wind force to provide the atomistic insights on defect annihilation and grain growth.展开更多
The high flux of energetic electron on geostationary orbit can induce many kinds of malfunction of the satellite there, within which the bulk-charging is the most significant that several broadcast satellite failures ...The high flux of energetic electron on geostationary orbit can induce many kinds of malfunction of the satellite there, within which the bulk-charging is the most significant that several broadcast satellite failures were confirmed to be due to this effect. The electron flux on geostationary orbit varies in a large range even up to three orders accompanied the passage of interplanetary magnetic cloud and the following geomagnetic disturbances. Upon the investigation of electron flux enhancement events, two types of events were partitioned as recurrent events and random ones. Both of the two kinds of events relate to the interplanetary conditions such as solar wind parameters, IMF etc and their evolution characters as well. As for the recurrent events, we found that, (1) all of the events exhibits periodic recurrence about 27 days, (2) significant increase of electron flux relates to interplanetary index and characters of their distribution, (3) the electron flux also has relation to solar activity index. An artificial neural network was constructed to estimate the flux I day ahead. The random electron flux enhancement events are rare and present different distribution figures to the recurrent ones. The figure of the random events and the conditions of their occurrence is also discussed in this paper.展开更多
The results of cross-correlation analysis between electrons fluxes (with energies of ＞ 0.6 MeV,＞ 2.0MeV and ＞ 4.0MeV), geomagnetic indices and solar wind parameters are shown in the paper. It is determined that the...The results of cross-correlation analysis between electrons fluxes (with energies of ＞ 0.6 MeV,＞ 2.0MeV and ＞ 4.0MeV), geomagnetic indices and solar wind parameters are shown in the paper. It is determined that the electron fluxes are controlled not only by the geomagnetic indices, but also by the solar wind parameters, and the solar wind velocity demonstrates the best relation with the electron fluxes.Numerical value of the relation efficiency of external parameters with the highly energetic electrons fluxes shows a periodicity. It is presented here the preliminary results of daily averaged electrons fluxes forecast for a day ahead on the basis of the model of neuron networks.展开更多
This paper focuses on the wind energy conversion system (WECS) with the three main electrical aspects: 1) wind turbine generators (WTGs), 2) power electronics converters (PECs) and 3) grid-connection issues. The curre...This paper focuses on the wind energy conversion system (WECS) with the three main electrical aspects: 1) wind turbine generators (WTGs), 2) power electronics converters (PECs) and 3) grid-connection issues. The current state of wind turbine generators are discussed and compared in some criteria along with the trends in the current WECS market, which are ‘Variable Speed’, ‘Multi-MW’ and ‘Offshore’. In addition, the other crucial component in the WECS, PECs will be discussed with its topologies available in the current WECS market along with their modulation strategies. Moreover, three main issues of the WECS associating with the grid-connection, fault-ride through (FRT) capability, harmonics/interharmonics emission and flicker, which are the power quality issues, will be discussed due to the increasing responsibility of WECS as utility power station. Some key findings from the review such as the attractiveness of BDFRG are presented in the conclusion of this paper.展开更多
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51601011,51874023,U1860206)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesRecruitment Program of Global Experts。
文摘Cylindrical Al-Zn-Mg alloys were processed by electroplastic compression with forced air cooling.Compared to a simple compression process,an unequal intensity of {110} <111> was obtained,and other textures were eliminated by electroplastic compression,that is,electroplastic compression can promote a uniform texture.The various textures formed in different regions along the radial direction under a simple compression process were illuminated by analyzing the relationship between the crystal rotation and stress state.Furthermore,the interaction between the electrons and dislocations was studied in electroplastic compression.The electrons enhanced {110} <111> by promoting slipping of the dislocations when the Burgers vectors of the dislocations were parallel to the drift direction of the electrons.However,the electrons also inhibited crystal rotation by pinning the dislocations with the Burgers vectors perpendicular to the drift direction of the electrons.Therefore,textures other than {110} <111>have difficulty forming under electroplastic compression.The effect of the current energy on the texture(enhancement or attenuation) was in accordance with the law of conservation.The results provided reasonable explanations for the test phenomena.
文摘The paper reviews the power electronic applications for wind energy systems.Main wind turbine systems with different generators and power electronic converters are described.The electrical topologies of wind farms with power electronic conversion are discussed.Power electronic applications for improving the performance of wind turbines and wind farms in power systems have been illustrated.
基金supported by the National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41327802)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK2030040066)
文摘Readout electronics is developed for a prototype spectrometer for in situ measurement of low-energy ions of30 e V/e–20 ke V/e in the solar wind plasma.A low-noise preamplifier/discriminator(A111F) is employed for each channel to process the signal from micro-channel plate(MCP) detectors.A high-voltage(HV) supply solution based on a HV module and a HV optocoupler is adopted to generate a fast sweeping HV and a fixed HV.Due to limitation of telemetry bandwidth in space communication,an algorithm is implemented in an FPGA(field programmable gate array) to compress the raw data.Test results show that the electronics achieves a 1 MHz event rate and a large input dynamic range of 95 p C.A slew rate of 0.8 V/ls and an integral nonlinearity of 0.7-LSB for the sweeping HV,and a precision of less than 0.8 % for the fixed HV are obtained.A vacuum beam test shows an energy resolution of 12 ± 0.7 % full width at half maximum(FWHM) is achieved,and noise counts are less than10/sec,indicating that the performance meets the physical requirement.
文摘The large variability in wind output power can adversely impact local loads that are sensitive to poor power quality. To mitigate large swings in power, the wind turbine output power can be conditioned by using a small energy buffer. A power conditioner is developed to smooth the wind power output by utilizing the energy of an electrochemical capacitor, or ultracapacitor. The conditioner is based on a single phase voltage source inverter connected between the grid inter-connection point and the ultracapacitor. The VSI shunt inverter injects or absorbs active power from the line to smooth the wind power output by utilizing the short term storage capabilities of the ultracapacitor. The ultracapacitor is connected to the DC link through a bidirectional DC-DC converter. The bidirectional DC-DC converter and VSI are constructed and field tested on a Skystream 3.7 wind turbine installed at the Missouri University of Science & Technology.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation (DMR 1609060)the US Department of Energy funding (DENE0008259)+1 种基金Funding by the Powder Metal Initiative (PMI) through the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development (DCED),grant # C-000057477the Engineering Technology and Commonwealth Engineering (ETCE),Pennsylvania State University
文摘Conventional annealing is a slow, high temperature process that involves heating atoms uniformly, i.e., in both defective and crystalline regions. This study explores an electrical alternative for energy efficiency,where moderate current density is used to generate electron wind force that produces the same outcome as the thermal annealing process. We demonstrate this on a zirconium alloy using in-situ electron back scattered diffraction(EBSD) inside a scanning electron microscope(SEM) and juxtaposing the results with that from thermal annealing. Contrary to common belief that resistive heating is the dominant factor, we show that 5 × 10~4 A/cm^2 current density can anneal the material in less than 15 min at only135?C. The resulting microstructure is essentially the same as that obtained with 600?C processing for360 min. We propose that unlike temperature, the electron wind force specifically targets the defective regions, which leads to unprecedented time and energy efficiency. This hypothesis was investigated with molecular dynamics simulation that implements mechanical equivalent of electron wind force to provide the atomistic insights on defect annihilation and grain growth.
基金Supported by the China-Russia Joint Research Center on Space Weather,Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘The high flux of energetic electron on geostationary orbit can induce many kinds of malfunction of the satellite there, within which the bulk-charging is the most significant that several broadcast satellite failures were confirmed to be due to this effect. The electron flux on geostationary orbit varies in a large range even up to three orders accompanied the passage of interplanetary magnetic cloud and the following geomagnetic disturbances. Upon the investigation of electron flux enhancement events, two types of events were partitioned as recurrent events and random ones. Both of the two kinds of events relate to the interplanetary conditions such as solar wind parameters, IMF etc and their evolution characters as well. As for the recurrent events, we found that, (1) all of the events exhibits periodic recurrence about 27 days, (2) significant increase of electron flux relates to interplanetary index and characters of their distribution, (3) the electron flux also has relation to solar activity index. An artificial neural network was constructed to estimate the flux I day ahead. The random electron flux enhancement events are rare and present different distribution figures to the recurrent ones. The figure of the random events and the conditions of their occurrence is also discussed in this paper.
基金Supported by the China-Russia Joint Research Center on Space Weather,Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘The results of cross-correlation analysis between electrons fluxes (with energies of ＞ 0.6 MeV,＞ 2.0MeV and ＞ 4.0MeV), geomagnetic indices and solar wind parameters are shown in the paper. It is determined that the electron fluxes are controlled not only by the geomagnetic indices, but also by the solar wind parameters, and the solar wind velocity demonstrates the best relation with the electron fluxes.Numerical value of the relation efficiency of external parameters with the highly energetic electrons fluxes shows a periodicity. It is presented here the preliminary results of daily averaged electrons fluxes forecast for a day ahead on the basis of the model of neuron networks.
文摘This paper focuses on the wind energy conversion system (WECS) with the three main electrical aspects: 1) wind turbine generators (WTGs), 2) power electronics converters (PECs) and 3) grid-connection issues. The current state of wind turbine generators are discussed and compared in some criteria along with the trends in the current WECS market, which are ‘Variable Speed’, ‘Multi-MW’ and ‘Offshore’. In addition, the other crucial component in the WECS, PECs will be discussed with its topologies available in the current WECS market along with their modulation strategies. Moreover, three main issues of the WECS associating with the grid-connection, fault-ride through (FRT) capability, harmonics/interharmonics emission and flicker, which are the power quality issues, will be discussed due to the increasing responsibility of WECS as utility power station. Some key findings from the review such as the attractiveness of BDFRG are presented in the conclusion of this paper.
