Gas-insulated equipment(GIE)that utilizes the most potent greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride(SF_(6))as insulation and arc-quenching medium has been widely used in the power industry.Seeking eco-friendly insulating gas...Gas-insulated equipment(GIE)that utilizes the most potent greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride(SF_(6))as insulation and arc-quenching medium has been widely used in the power industry.Seeking eco-friendly insulating gas with advanced performance for next-generation SF_(6)-free GIE is significant for the“net-zero”goal and sustainable development.In this paper,the utilization,emission,and reduction policies of SF_(6)around the world were summarized first.Then,we systematically reviewed the latest progress in comprehensive performance evaluation of eco-friendly insulating gas in terms of molecular design,dielectric insulation,arc-quenching,stability and decomposition,materials compatibility,biosafety,etc.Further,the representative applications of eco-friendly insulating gas in medium-voltage,high-voltage GIE as well as relevant maintenance-related technologies were highlighted.Accordingly,the existing challenges and future perspectives were proposed,presenting a roadmap to hopefully steer the development of eco-friendly insulating gas and GIE.展开更多
HFO-1234ze(E),as a new eco-friendly gas-insulated medium,demonstrates promising application prospects in medium voltage gas insulated equipment(GIE).Considering the existence of the temperature-rise effect and partial...HFO-1234ze(E),as a new eco-friendly gas-insulated medium,demonstrates promising application prospects in medium voltage gas insulated equipment(GIE).Considering the existence of the temperature-rise effect and partial overheating fault in GIE,the evaluation of the compatibility of HFO-1234ze(E)with widely used metallic copper and aluminum in GIE is necessary.Herein,we explore the interaction of HFO-1234ze(E)with copper and aluminum at 100–200°C by investigating the metal surface morphology,elemental composition as well as gas composition.It is found that the interaction of HFO-1234ze(E)with the copper interface at 17S-200°C precipitates a large number of cubic crystals,while the morphology of aluminum demonstrates no obvious change at 100–200°C.The gas composition is stable with no by-products generated after interaction.Density functional theory analysis also confirms that the C=C group in HFO-1234ze(E)demonstrates stronger interaction with Cu(111)with the new Cu-F chemical bonds formed and dominates the corrosion of copper.The related results provide an important reference for the engineered applications of HFO-1234ze(E).展开更多
This research was conducted to study the performances of the heat and multilayer reflection insulators used for buildings in South Korea to realize eco-friendly, low-energy-consumption, green construction, and to cont...This research was conducted to study the performances of the heat and multilayer reflection insulators used for buildings in South Korea to realize eco-friendly, low-energy-consumption, green construction, and to contribute to energy consumption reduction in buildings and to the nation＇s greenhouse gas emission reduction policy （targeting 30% reduction compared to BAUCousiness as usual） by 2020）. The heat insulation performance test is about the temperatures on surfaces of test piece. The high air temperature and the low air temperature were measured to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient and thermal conductivity. The conclusions are drawn that the heat transmission coefficients for each type of existing reflection insulator are： A-1 （0.045 W/（m-K））, A-2 （0.031 W/（m.K））, A-3 （0.042 W/（m.K））, A-4 （0.078 W/（m.K））, and the average heat conductivity is 0.049 W/（m-K）; The heat conductivity for each type of Styrofoam insulator are 0.030 W/（m.K） for B-l, 0.032 W/（m-K） for B-2, 0.037 W/（m＇K） for B-3, 0.037 W/（m.K） for B-4, and the average heat conductivity is 0.035 W/（m＇K） regardless of the thickness of the insulator; The heat conductivity values of the multilayer reflection insulators are converted based on the thickness and type C-1 （0.020 W/（m.K））, C-2 （0.018 W/（m.K））, C-3 （0.016 W/（m.K））, and C-4 （0.012 W/（m.K））; The multilayer reflection insulator keeps the indoor-side surface temperature high （during winter） or low （in summer）, enhances the comfort of the building occupants, and conducts heating and moisture resistance to prevent dew condensation on the glass-outer-wall surface.展开更多
Traditional mineral oil has long served as a liquid insulating medium in power transformers.However,its low fire resistance,poor biodegradability and dependence on finite fossil fuel resources,along with its low flash...Traditional mineral oil has long served as a liquid insulating medium in power transformers.However,its low fire resistance,poor biodegradability and dependence on finite fossil fuel resources,along with its low flash point,contribute to transformer explosions and fires.To overcome these limitations,developing insulating liquids with high flash points and self-extinguishing properties is essential.Although natural ester-based insulating oils and silicone oils have been proposed as alternatives,their performance requires further optimisation,and their application in transformers remains challenging.This study examines the combustion characteristics of three novel self-extinguishing fluorinated silicone oils using combustion experiments and reactive molecular dynamics simulations.The results demonstrate that methylfluorinated and hydrofluorinated silicone oils exhibit superior self-extinguishing performance compared to mineral oil and natural ester-based insulating oils.Simulation analyses indicate that fluorinated silicone oils generate silicon-oxygen polymers upon ignition,which influence subsequent chain reactions.However,hydroxyfluorinated silicone oil releases a higher concentration of key free radicals,intensifying chain reactions and diminishing its self-extinguishing capability.As a result,its self-extinguishing performance is significantly weaker than that of methylfluorinated and hydrofluorinated silicone oils.These findings provide valuable insights for the development of advanced liquid insulating media as potential replacements for mineral oil.展开更多
Perfluoroisobutyronitrile(C_(4)F_(7)N)is recognised as the next-generation dielectric medium for eco-friendly gas-insulated equipment(GIE).However,there is gas metal incompatibility in strong electromagnetic environme...Perfluoroisobutyronitrile(C_(4)F_(7)N)is recognised as the next-generation dielectric medium for eco-friendly gas-insulated equipment(GIE).However,there is gas metal incompatibility in strong electromagnetic environments and environmentally friendly insulating gas atmospheres that endangers the operational safety and service life of GIE.Here,a solvent-induced grain boundary reconstruction method was proposed to prepare corrosion-resistant copper rapidly.Accordingly,the partial dischargeinduced gas-metal interaction was simulated and the corrosion resistance properties of copper were evaluated.Additionally,the gas-solid interaction mechanism was investigated and the improvement mechanism of the proposed method on the stability of the gas-solid interface was discussed.Related results provide a reference for the development and application reliability of C_(4)F_(7)N-based eco-friendly GIE.展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52277144,52107145,and 51907023)the fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M712446).
文摘Gas-insulated equipment(GIE)that utilizes the most potent greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride(SF_(6))as insulation and arc-quenching medium has been widely used in the power industry.Seeking eco-friendly insulating gas with advanced performance for next-generation SF_(6)-free GIE is significant for the“net-zero”goal and sustainable development.In this paper,the utilization,emission,and reduction policies of SF_(6)around the world were summarized first.Then,we systematically reviewed the latest progress in comprehensive performance evaluation of eco-friendly insulating gas in terms of molecular design,dielectric insulation,arc-quenching,stability and decomposition,materials compatibility,biosafety,etc.Further,the representative applications of eco-friendly insulating gas in medium-voltage,high-voltage GIE as well as relevant maintenance-related technologies were highlighted.Accordingly,the existing challenges and future perspectives were proposed,presenting a roadmap to hopefully steer the development of eco-friendly insulating gas and GIE.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Co.Ltd.,(No.5200-201919063A-0-0-00)。
文摘HFO-1234ze(E),as a new eco-friendly gas-insulated medium,demonstrates promising application prospects in medium voltage gas insulated equipment(GIE).Considering the existence of the temperature-rise effect and partial overheating fault in GIE,the evaluation of the compatibility of HFO-1234ze(E)with widely used metallic copper and aluminum in GIE is necessary.Herein,we explore the interaction of HFO-1234ze(E)with copper and aluminum at 100–200°C by investigating the metal surface morphology,elemental composition as well as gas composition.It is found that the interaction of HFO-1234ze(E)with the copper interface at 17S-200°C precipitates a large number of cubic crystals,while the morphology of aluminum demonstrates no obvious change at 100–200°C.The gas composition is stable with no by-products generated after interaction.Density functional theory analysis also confirms that the C=C group in HFO-1234ze(E)demonstrates stronger interaction with Cu(111)with the new Cu-F chemical bonds formed and dominates the corrosion of copper.The related results provide an important reference for the engineered applications of HFO-1234ze(E).
基金Project(NRF-2010-0024155) supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea
文摘This research was conducted to study the performances of the heat and multilayer reflection insulators used for buildings in South Korea to realize eco-friendly, low-energy-consumption, green construction, and to contribute to energy consumption reduction in buildings and to the nation＇s greenhouse gas emission reduction policy （targeting 30% reduction compared to BAUCousiness as usual） by 2020）. The heat insulation performance test is about the temperatures on surfaces of test piece. The high air temperature and the low air temperature were measured to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient and thermal conductivity. The conclusions are drawn that the heat transmission coefficients for each type of existing reflection insulator are： A-1 （0.045 W/（m-K））, A-2 （0.031 W/（m.K））, A-3 （0.042 W/（m.K））, A-4 （0.078 W/（m.K））, and the average heat conductivity is 0.049 W/（m-K）; The heat conductivity for each type of Styrofoam insulator are 0.030 W/（m.K） for B-l, 0.032 W/（m-K） for B-2, 0.037 W/（m＇K） for B-3, 0.037 W/（m.K） for B-4, and the average heat conductivity is 0.035 W/（m＇K） regardless of the thickness of the insulator; The heat conductivity values of the multilayer reflection insulators are converted based on the thickness and type C-1 （0.020 W/（m.K））, C-2 （0.018 W/（m.K））, C-3 （0.016 W/（m.K））, and C-4 （0.012 W/（m.K））; The multilayer reflection insulator keeps the indoor-side surface temperature high （during winter） or low （in summer）, enhances the comfort of the building occupants, and conducts heating and moisture resistance to prevent dew condensation on the glass-outer-wall surface.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52407170)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2024AFB306).
文摘Traditional mineral oil has long served as a liquid insulating medium in power transformers.However,its low fire resistance,poor biodegradability and dependence on finite fossil fuel resources,along with its low flash point,contribute to transformer explosions and fires.To overcome these limitations,developing insulating liquids with high flash points and self-extinguishing properties is essential.Although natural ester-based insulating oils and silicone oils have been proposed as alternatives,their performance requires further optimisation,and their application in transformers remains challenging.This study examines the combustion characteristics of three novel self-extinguishing fluorinated silicone oils using combustion experiments and reactive molecular dynamics simulations.The results demonstrate that methylfluorinated and hydrofluorinated silicone oils exhibit superior self-extinguishing performance compared to mineral oil and natural ester-based insulating oils.Simulation analyses indicate that fluorinated silicone oils generate silicon-oxygen polymers upon ignition,which influence subsequent chain reactions.However,hydroxyfluorinated silicone oil releases a higher concentration of key free radicals,intensifying chain reactions and diminishing its self-extinguishing capability.As a result,its self-extinguishing performance is significantly weaker than that of methylfluorinated and hydrofluorinated silicone oils.These findings provide valuable insights for the development of advanced liquid insulating media as potential replacements for mineral oil.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant Number:52377156the State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control,Grant Number:SKLD23KM04the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection,Grant Number:GYW51202301429.
文摘Perfluoroisobutyronitrile(C_(4)F_(7)N)is recognised as the next-generation dielectric medium for eco-friendly gas-insulated equipment(GIE).However,there is gas metal incompatibility in strong electromagnetic environments and environmentally friendly insulating gas atmospheres that endangers the operational safety and service life of GIE.Here,a solvent-induced grain boundary reconstruction method was proposed to prepare corrosion-resistant copper rapidly.Accordingly,the partial dischargeinduced gas-metal interaction was simulated and the corrosion resistance properties of copper were evaluated.Additionally,the gas-solid interaction mechanism was investigated and the improvement mechanism of the proposed method on the stability of the gas-solid interface was discussed.Related results provide a reference for the development and application reliability of C_(4)F_(7)N-based eco-friendly GIE.
