Electronic skins(e-skins) with an excellent sensing performance have been widely developed over the last few decades.However,wearability,biocompatibility,environmental friendliness and scalability have become new limi...Electronic skins(e-skins) with an excellent sensing performance have been widely developed over the last few decades.However,wearability,biocompatibility,environmental friendliness and scalability have become new limitations. Self-healing ability can improve the long-term robustness and reliability of e-skins. However,self-healing ability and integration are hardly balanced in classical structures of self-healable devices. Here,cellulose nanofiber/poly(vinyl alcohol)(CNF/PVA),a biocompatible moisture-inspired self-healable composite,was applied both as the binder in functional layers and the substrate. Various functional layers comprising particular carbon materials and CNF/PVA were patterned on the substrate. A planar structure was beneficial for integration,and the active self-healing ability of the functional layers endowed self-healed e-skins with a higher toughness. Water served as both the only solvent throughout the fabrication process and the trigger of the self-healing process,which avoids the pollution and bioincompatibility caused by the application of noxious additives. Our e-skins could achieve real-time monitoring of whole-body physiological signals and environmental temperature and humidity. Cross-interference between di erent external stimuli was suppressed through reasonable material selection and structural design. Combined with conventional electronics,data could be transmitted to a nearby smartphone for post-processing. This work provides a previously unexplored strategy for multifunctional e-skins with an excellent practicality.展开更多
Post-earthquake rescue missions are full of challenges due to the unstable structure of ruins and successive aftershocks.Most of the current rescue robots lack the ability to interact with environments,leading to low ...Post-earthquake rescue missions are full of challenges due to the unstable structure of ruins and successive aftershocks.Most of the current rescue robots lack the ability to interact with environments,leading to low rescue efficiency.The multimodal electronic skin(e-skin)proposed not only reproduces the pressure,temperature,and humidity sensing capabilities of natural skin but also develops sensing functions beyond it—perceiving object proximity and NO2 gas.Its multilayer stacked structure based on Ecoflex and organohydrogel endows the e-skin with mechanical properties similar to natural skin.Rescue robots integrated with multimodal e-skin and artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms show strong environmental perception capabilities and can accurately distinguish objects and identify human limbs through grasping,laying the foundation for automated post-earthquake rescue.Besides,the combination of e-skin and NO2 wireless alarm circuits allows robots to sense toxic gases in the environment in real time,thereby adopting appropriate measures to protect trapped people from the toxic environment.Multimodal e-skin powered by AI algorithms and hardware circuits exhibits powerful environmental perception and information processing capabilities,which,as an interface for interaction with the physical world,dramatically expands intelligent robots’application scenarios.展开更多
Continuously printable electronics have the significant advantage of being efficient for fabricating conductive polymer composites;however,the precise tailoring of the 3D hierarchical morphology of conductive nanocomp...Continuously printable electronics have the significant advantage of being efficient for fabricating conductive polymer composites;however,the precise tailoring of the 3D hierarchical morphology of conductive nanocomposites in a simple dripping step remains challenging.Here,we introduce a one-step direct printing technique to construct diverse microdome morphologies influenced by the interfacial Marangoni effect and nanoparticle interactions.Using a jet dispenser for continuous processing,we effectively fabricated a soft epidermislike e-skin containing 64 densely arrayed pressure sensing pixels with a hierarchical dome array for enhanced linearity and ultrasensitivity.The e-skin has 36 temperature-sensing pixels in the outer layer,with a shield-shaped dome that is insensitive to pressure stimuli.Our prosthetic finger inserted with the printed sensor arrays was capable of ultragentle detection and manipulation,such as stably holding a fragile biscuit,using a soft dropper to elaborately produce water droplets and harvesting soft fruits;these activities are challenging for existing high-sensitivity tactile sensors.展开更多
The development of stretchable electronics could enhance novel interface structures to solve the stretchability-conductivity dilemma,which remains a major challenge.Herein,we report a nano-liquid metal(LM)-based highl...The development of stretchable electronics could enhance novel interface structures to solve the stretchability-conductivity dilemma,which remains a major challenge.Herein,we report a nano-liquid metal(LM)-based highly robust stretchable electrode(NHSE)with a self-adaptable interface that mimics water-tonet interaction.Based on the in situ assembly of electrospun elastic nanofiber scaffolds and electrosprayed LM nanoparticles,the NHSE exhibits an extremely low sheet resistance of 52 mΩsq^(-1).It is not only insensitive to a large degree of mechanical stretching(i.e.,350%electrical resistance change upon 570%elongation)but also immune to cyclic deformation(i.e.,5%electrical resistance increases after 330000 stretching cycles with 100%elongation).These key properties are far superior to those of the state-of-the-art reports.Its robustness and stability are verified under diverse circumstances,including long-term exposure to air(420 days),cyclic submersion(30000 times),and resilience against mechanical damages.The combination of conductivity,stretchability,and durability makes the NHSE a promising conductor/electrode solution for flexible/stretchable electronics for applications such as wearable on-body physiological signal detection,human-machine interaction,and heating e-skin.展开更多
Tactile and temperature sensors are the key components for e-skin fabrication.Organic transistors,a kind of intrinsic logic devices with diverse internal configurations,offer a wide range of options for sensor design ...Tactile and temperature sensors are the key components for e-skin fabrication.Organic transistors,a kind of intrinsic logic devices with diverse internal configurations,offer a wide range of options for sensor design and have played a vital role in the fabrication of e-skin-oriented tactile and temperature sensors.This research field has attained tremendous advancements,both in terms of materials design and device architecture,thereby leading to excellent performance of resulting tactile/temperature sensors.Herein,a systematic review of organic transistor-based tactile and temperature sensors is presented to summarize the latest progress in these devices.Particularly,we focus on spotlighting various device structures,underlying mechanisms and their performance.Lastly,an outlook for the future development of these devices is briefly discussed.We anticipate that this review will provide a quick overview of such a rapidly emerging research direction and attract more dedicated efforts for the development of next-generation sensing devices towards e-skin fabrication.展开更多
Intelligent technologies based on artificial intelligence and big data hold great potential for health monitoring and human–machine capability enhancement.However,electronics must be connected to the human body to re...Intelligent technologies based on artificial intelligence and big data hold great potential for health monitoring and human–machine capability enhancement.However,electronics must be connected to the human body to realize this vision.Thus,tissue or skin-like electronics with high stretchability and low stiffness mechanical properties are highly desirable.Ultrathin materials have attracted significant attention from the research community and the industry because of their high performance and flexibility.Over the past few years,considerable progress has been made in flexible ultrathin sensors and devices based on ultrathin materials.Here,we review the developments in this area and examine representative research progress in ultrathin materials fabrication and device construction.Strategies for the fabrication of stretchable ultrathin materials and devices are considered.The relationship between the thin-film structure and performance is emphasized and highlighted.Finally,the current capabilities and limitations of ultrathin devices were explored.展开更多
Artificial skin with tactile perceptions is anticipated to play a pivotal role innext-generation robotic and medical devices.The primary challenge lies increating a biomimetic system that seamlessly integrates with th...Artificial skin with tactile perceptions is anticipated to play a pivotal role innext-generation robotic and medical devices.The primary challenge lies increating a biomimetic system that seamlessly integrates with the human bodyand biological systems.The authors have developed an electronic skin(e-skin)that imitates the biological sensorimotor loop through medium-scale circuitintegration,boasting low power consumption and solid-state synaptictransistors.展开更多
The construction of biomass-based conductive hydrogel e-skins with high mechanical properties is the research hotspot and difficulty in the field of biomass materials.Traditional collagen-based conductive hydrogels,co...The construction of biomass-based conductive hydrogel e-skins with high mechanical properties is the research hotspot and difficulty in the field of biomass materials.Traditional collagen-based conductive hydrogels,constructed by the typical"bottom-up"strategy,normally have the incompatible problem between high mechanical property and high collagen content,and the extraction of collagen is often necessary.To solve these problems,inspired by the high mechanical properties and high collagen content of animal skins,this work proposed a"top-down"construction strategy,in which the extraction of collagen was unnecessary and the skin collagen skeleton(SCS)with the 3D network structure woven by natural collagen fibers in goatskin was preserved and used as the basic framework of hydrogel.Following a four-step route,namely,pretreatment→soaking in AgNPs(silver nanoparticles)solution→soaking in the mixed solution containing HEA(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)and AlCl_(3)→polymerization,this work successfully achieved the fabrication of a new skin-based conductive hydrogel e-skin with high mechanical properties(tensile strength of 2.97 MPa,toughness of 6.23 MJ·m^(-3)and breaking elongation of 428%)by using goatskin as raw material.The developed skin hydrogel(called PH@Ag)possessed a unique structure with the collagen fibers encapsulated by PHEA,and exhibited satisfactory adhesion,considerable antibacterial property,cytocompatibility,conductivity(3.06 S·m^(-1))and sensing sensitivity(the maximum gauge factor of 5.51).The PH@Ag e-skin could serve as strain sensors to accurately monitor and recognize all kinds of human motions such as swallowing,frowning,walking,and so on,and thus is anticipated to have considerable application prospect in many fields including flexible wearable electronic devices,health and motion monitoring.展开更多
The progress from intelligent interactions requires electronic skin(E-skin)to shift from single-functional perception to multisensory capabilities.However,the intuitive and interference-free reading of multiple sensor...The progress from intelligent interactions requires electronic skin(E-skin)to shift from single-functional perception to multisensory capabilities.However,the intuitive and interference-free reading of multiple sensory signals without involving complex algorithms is a critical challenge.Herein,we propose a flexible multisensory E-skin by developing a highly homogeneous dispersion of BaTiO_(3)nanoparticles in polydimethylsiloxane dielectric layer.The E-skin is sensitive to externally applied pressure as well as temperature and can distinguish dual synergetic stimuli by the time decoupling effect.The pressure and temperature perception was achieved in an individual device,which greatly reduced the structural complexity compared with multifunctional integrated devices.The sensitivity of E-skin for pressure detection is as high as 0.0724 kPa^(−1)and the detection range reaches as wide as 15.625-10 MPa.The sensitivity to temperature detection is as high as−1.34℃^(−1)and the detection range reaches 20-200℃.More importantly,by equipping with a multilayer neural network,the evolution from tactile perception to advanced intelligent tactile cognition is demonstrated.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation Committee (NSFC,No. 61903150)the Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province (20200401079GX)Research Funding Scheme for Ph.D. Graduate Interdisciplinary Studies,Jilin University (419100200835)。
文摘Electronic skins(e-skins) with an excellent sensing performance have been widely developed over the last few decades.However,wearability,biocompatibility,environmental friendliness and scalability have become new limitations. Self-healing ability can improve the long-term robustness and reliability of e-skins. However,self-healing ability and integration are hardly balanced in classical structures of self-healable devices. Here,cellulose nanofiber/poly(vinyl alcohol)(CNF/PVA),a biocompatible moisture-inspired self-healable composite,was applied both as the binder in functional layers and the substrate. Various functional layers comprising particular carbon materials and CNF/PVA were patterned on the substrate. A planar structure was beneficial for integration,and the active self-healing ability of the functional layers endowed self-healed e-skins with a higher toughness. Water served as both the only solvent throughout the fabrication process and the trigger of the self-healing process,which avoids the pollution and bioincompatibility caused by the application of noxious additives. Our e-skins could achieve real-time monitoring of whole-body physiological signals and environmental temperature and humidity. Cross-interference between di erent external stimuli was suppressed through reasonable material selection and structural design. Combined with conventional electronics,data could be transmitted to a nearby smartphone for post-processing. This work provides a previously unexplored strategy for multifunctional e-skins with an excellent practicality.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61801525)the independent fund of the State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies(Sun Yat-sen University)under grant No.OEMT-2022-ZRC-05+3 种基金the Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering(Sichuan University)(Grant No.sklpme2023-3-5))the Foundation of the state key Laboratory of Transducer Technology(No.SKT2301),Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20220530161809020&JCYJ20220818100415033)the Young Top Talent of Fujian Young Eagle Program of Fujian Province and Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2023J02013)National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB2802051).
文摘Post-earthquake rescue missions are full of challenges due to the unstable structure of ruins and successive aftershocks.Most of the current rescue robots lack the ability to interact with environments,leading to low rescue efficiency.The multimodal electronic skin(e-skin)proposed not only reproduces the pressure,temperature,and humidity sensing capabilities of natural skin but also develops sensing functions beyond it—perceiving object proximity and NO2 gas.Its multilayer stacked structure based on Ecoflex and organohydrogel endows the e-skin with mechanical properties similar to natural skin.Rescue robots integrated with multimodal e-skin and artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms show strong environmental perception capabilities and can accurately distinguish objects and identify human limbs through grasping,laying the foundation for automated post-earthquake rescue.Besides,the combination of e-skin and NO2 wireless alarm circuits allows robots to sense toxic gases in the environment in real time,thereby adopting appropriate measures to protect trapped people from the toxic environment.Multimodal e-skin powered by AI algorithms and hardware circuits exhibits powerful environmental perception and information processing capabilities,which,as an interface for interaction with the physical world,dramatically expands intelligent robots’application scenarios.
基金National Research Foundation of Korea,Grant/Award Numbers:RS-2024-00352352,NRF-2022R1A4A3032923South Korean Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy,Grant/Award Number:RS-2022-00154781National Research Council of Science&Technology,Grant/Award Number:CRC230231-000。
文摘Continuously printable electronics have the significant advantage of being efficient for fabricating conductive polymer composites;however,the precise tailoring of the 3D hierarchical morphology of conductive nanocomposites in a simple dripping step remains challenging.Here,we introduce a one-step direct printing technique to construct diverse microdome morphologies influenced by the interfacial Marangoni effect and nanoparticle interactions.Using a jet dispenser for continuous processing,we effectively fabricated a soft epidermislike e-skin containing 64 densely arrayed pressure sensing pixels with a hierarchical dome array for enhanced linearity and ultrasensitivity.The e-skin has 36 temperature-sensing pixels in the outer layer,with a shield-shaped dome that is insensitive to pressure stimuli.Our prosthetic finger inserted with the printed sensor arrays was capable of ultragentle detection and manipulation,such as stably holding a fragile biscuit,using a soft dropper to elaborately produce water droplets and harvesting soft fruits;these activities are challenging for existing high-sensitivity tactile sensors.
文摘The development of stretchable electronics could enhance novel interface structures to solve the stretchability-conductivity dilemma,which remains a major challenge.Herein,we report a nano-liquid metal(LM)-based highly robust stretchable electrode(NHSE)with a self-adaptable interface that mimics water-tonet interaction.Based on the in situ assembly of electrospun elastic nanofiber scaffolds and electrosprayed LM nanoparticles,the NHSE exhibits an extremely low sheet resistance of 52 mΩsq^(-1).It is not only insensitive to a large degree of mechanical stretching(i.e.,350%electrical resistance change upon 570%elongation)but also immune to cyclic deformation(i.e.,5%electrical resistance increases after 330000 stretching cycles with 100%elongation).These key properties are far superior to those of the state-of-the-art reports.Its robustness and stability are verified under diverse circumstances,including long-term exposure to air(420 days),cyclic submersion(30000 times),and resilience against mechanical damages.The combination of conductivity,stretchability,and durability makes the NHSE a promising conductor/electrode solution for flexible/stretchable electronics for applications such as wearable on-body physiological signal detection,human-machine interaction,and heating e-skin.
基金supported by the Characteristic Innovation Projects of General Colleges and Universities in Guangdong Province(Grant No.2018KTSCX132)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant Nos.2018A030307027,2020A1515011488)+3 种基金the Natural Science Research Special Foundation of Lingnan Normal University(Grant No.ZL2045)the Major Projects of Basic and Application Research in Guangdong Province(Grant No.2017KZDXM055)the Special Fund for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy of Guangdong Guangdong Province(Grant No.2018A03015)Zhanjiang Science and Technology Plan(Grant No.2018A02010).
文摘Tactile and temperature sensors are the key components for e-skin fabrication.Organic transistors,a kind of intrinsic logic devices with diverse internal configurations,offer a wide range of options for sensor design and have played a vital role in the fabrication of e-skin-oriented tactile and temperature sensors.This research field has attained tremendous advancements,both in terms of materials design and device architecture,thereby leading to excellent performance of resulting tactile/temperature sensors.Herein,a systematic review of organic transistor-based tactile and temperature sensors is presented to summarize the latest progress in these devices.Particularly,we focus on spotlighting various device structures,underlying mechanisms and their performance.Lastly,an outlook for the future development of these devices is briefly discussed.We anticipate that this review will provide a quick overview of such a rapidly emerging research direction and attract more dedicated efforts for the development of next-generation sensing devices towards e-skin fabrication.
基金the support of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52003101,U20A20166,52125205 and 52192614)National key R&D program of China(2021YFB3200302 and 2021YFB3200304)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(2222088)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M673052,2021T140270)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.KQTD20170810105439418)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Intelligent technologies based on artificial intelligence and big data hold great potential for health monitoring and human–machine capability enhancement.However,electronics must be connected to the human body to realize this vision.Thus,tissue or skin-like electronics with high stretchability and low stiffness mechanical properties are highly desirable.Ultrathin materials have attracted significant attention from the research community and the industry because of their high performance and flexibility.Over the past few years,considerable progress has been made in flexible ultrathin sensors and devices based on ultrathin materials.Here,we review the developments in this area and examine representative research progress in ultrathin materials fabrication and device construction.Strategies for the fabrication of stretchable ultrathin materials and devices are considered.The relationship between the thin-film structure and performance is emphasized and highlighted.Finally,the current capabilities and limitations of ultrathin devices were explored.
基金National Science and Technology MajorProject,Grant/Award Number:2022YFF1202700National NaturalScience Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:51973154+1 种基金NaturalScience Foundation of Tianjin,Grant/Award Number:20JCZDJC00680National Innovation Group“OrganicIntegrated Circuit Core MaterialFoundation”,Grant/Award Number:52121002。
文摘Artificial skin with tactile perceptions is anticipated to play a pivotal role innext-generation robotic and medical devices.The primary challenge lies increating a biomimetic system that seamlessly integrates with the human bodyand biological systems.The authors have developed an electronic skin(e-skin)that imitates the biological sensorimotor loop through medium-scale circuitintegration,boasting low power consumption and solid-state synaptictransistors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21978180)the Universite de Bordeaux and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(CNRS).
文摘The construction of biomass-based conductive hydrogel e-skins with high mechanical properties is the research hotspot and difficulty in the field of biomass materials.Traditional collagen-based conductive hydrogels,constructed by the typical"bottom-up"strategy,normally have the incompatible problem between high mechanical property and high collagen content,and the extraction of collagen is often necessary.To solve these problems,inspired by the high mechanical properties and high collagen content of animal skins,this work proposed a"top-down"construction strategy,in which the extraction of collagen was unnecessary and the skin collagen skeleton(SCS)with the 3D network structure woven by natural collagen fibers in goatskin was preserved and used as the basic framework of hydrogel.Following a four-step route,namely,pretreatment→soaking in AgNPs(silver nanoparticles)solution→soaking in the mixed solution containing HEA(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)and AlCl_(3)→polymerization,this work successfully achieved the fabrication of a new skin-based conductive hydrogel e-skin with high mechanical properties(tensile strength of 2.97 MPa,toughness of 6.23 MJ·m^(-3)and breaking elongation of 428%)by using goatskin as raw material.The developed skin hydrogel(called PH@Ag)possessed a unique structure with the collagen fibers encapsulated by PHEA,and exhibited satisfactory adhesion,considerable antibacterial property,cytocompatibility,conductivity(3.06 S·m^(-1))and sensing sensitivity(the maximum gauge factor of 5.51).The PH@Ag e-skin could serve as strain sensors to accurately monitor and recognize all kinds of human motions such as swallowing,frowning,walking,and so on,and thus is anticipated to have considerable application prospect in many fields including flexible wearable electronic devices,health and motion monitoring.
基金Ningbo Scientific and Technological Innovation 2025 Major Project,Grant/Award Number:2020Z022German Research Foundation(DFG)grants,Grant/Award Numbers:MA 5144/13-1,MA 5144/28-1+6 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:62204246,51931011,51971233,52127803,62174165the External Cooperation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Grant/Award Numbers:174433KYSB20190038,174433KYSB20200013the Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Grant/Award Number:YJKYYQ20200030K.C.Wong Education Foundation,Grant/Award Number:GJTD-2020-11Chinese Academy of Sciences Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Grant/Award Number:2018334Zhejiang Provincial Key R&D Program,Grant/Award Numbers:2021C01183,2022C01032the National Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China,Grant/Award Number:LQ23F040004.
文摘The progress from intelligent interactions requires electronic skin(E-skin)to shift from single-functional perception to multisensory capabilities.However,the intuitive and interference-free reading of multiple sensory signals without involving complex algorithms is a critical challenge.Herein,we propose a flexible multisensory E-skin by developing a highly homogeneous dispersion of BaTiO_(3)nanoparticles in polydimethylsiloxane dielectric layer.The E-skin is sensitive to externally applied pressure as well as temperature and can distinguish dual synergetic stimuli by the time decoupling effect.The pressure and temperature perception was achieved in an individual device,which greatly reduced the structural complexity compared with multifunctional integrated devices.The sensitivity of E-skin for pressure detection is as high as 0.0724 kPa^(−1)and the detection range reaches as wide as 15.625-10 MPa.The sensitivity to temperature detection is as high as−1.34℃^(−1)and the detection range reaches 20-200℃.More importantly,by equipping with a multilayer neural network,the evolution from tactile perception to advanced intelligent tactile cognition is demonstrated.
