We first introduce the concepts of absolutely E-pure modules and E-pure split modules. Then, we characterize the IF rings in terms of absolutely E-pure modules. The E-pure split modules are also characterized.
针对时间分数阶慢扩散方程,提出一类并行差分方法——交替分段纯显-隐(pure alternative segment explicit-implicit,PASE-I)和交替分段纯隐-显(pure alternative segment implicit-explicit,PASI-E)差分方法。这类方法是将古典显式格...针对时间分数阶慢扩散方程,提出一类并行差分方法——交替分段纯显-隐(pure alternative segment explicit-implicit,PASE-I)和交替分段纯隐-显(pure alternative segment implicit-explicit,PASI-E)差分方法。这类方法是将古典显式格式、古典隐式格式与交替分段技术相结合构造出的一类具有并行本性的差分方法。理论证明了PASE-I和PASI-E格式解的存在唯一性,采用傅里叶方法和数学归纳法证明了格式是无条件稳定且收敛的。数值试验表明:PASE-I格式和PASI-E格式具有明显的并行计算性质,为空间二阶、时间2-α阶收敛,并且在计算效率上相比串行的隐式格式有大幅度提高,本方法求解时间分数阶慢扩散方程是可行的。展开更多
We utilize two different theories to prove that cosmic dark energy density is the complimentary Legendre transformation of ordinary energy and vice versa as given by E(dark) = mc2 (21/22) and E(ordinary) = mc2/22. The...We utilize two different theories to prove that cosmic dark energy density is the complimentary Legendre transformation of ordinary energy and vice versa as given by E(dark) = mc2 (21/22) and E(ordinary) = mc2/22. The first theory used is based on G ‘t Hooft’s remarkably simple renormalization procedure in which a neat mathematical maneuver is introduced via the dimensionality of our four dimensional spacetime. Thus, ‘t Hooft used instead of D = 4 and then took at the end of an intricate and subtle computation the limit to obtain the result while avoiding various problems including the pole singularity at D = 4. Here and in contradistinction to the classical form of dimensional and renormalization we set and do not take the limit where and is the theoretically and experimentally well established Hardy’s generic quantum entanglement. At the end we see that the dark energy density is simply the ratio of and the smooth disentangled D = 4, i.e. (dark) = (4 -k)/4 = 3.8196011/4 = 0.9549150275. Consequently where we have ignored the fine structure details by rounding 21 + k to 21 and 22 + k to 22 in a manner not that much different from of the original form of dimensional regularization theory. The result is subsequently validated by another equally ingenious approach due mainly to E. Witten and his school of topological quantum field theory. We notice that in that theory the local degrees of freedom are zero. Therefore, we are dealing essentially with pure gravity where are the degrees of freedom and is the corresponding dimension. The results and the conclusion of the paper are summarized in Figure 1-3, Table 1 and Flow Chart 1.展开更多
We use a dual Einstein-Kaluza spacetime to calculate the exact energy density of dark energy and dark matter using a novel topological computation method. Starting from the said spacetime and ‘tHooft’s topological r...We use a dual Einstein-Kaluza spacetime to calculate the exact energy density of dark energy and dark matter using a novel topological computation method. Starting from the said spacetime and ‘tHooft’s topological renormalon as well as the corresponding symmetry group, we show how the zero set quantum particle and the empty set quantum wave interact with the vacuum and give rise to pure dark energy and pure dark matter all along with ordinary energy density of the cosmos. The consistency of the exact calculation and the accurate observations attests to the reality of ‘tHooft’s renormalon dark matter, pure dark energy and accelerated cosmic expansion.展开更多
Purpose-Until now,the algorithms used to compute an equilibrate route assignment do not return an integer solution.This disagreement constitutes a non-negligible drawback.In fact,it is shown in the literature that a f...Purpose-Until now,the algorithms used to compute an equilibrate route assignment do not return an integer solution.This disagreement constitutes a non-negligible drawback.In fact,it is shown in the literature that a fractional solution is not a good approximation of the integer one.The purpose of this paper is to find an integer route assignment.Design/methodology/approach-The static route assignment problem is modeled as an asymmetric network congestion game.Then,an algorithm inspired from ant supercolony behavior is constructed,in order to compute an approximation of the Pure Nash Equilibrium(PNE)of the considered game.Several variants of the algorithm,which differ by their initializing steps and/or the kind of the provided algorithm information,are proposed.Findings-An evaluation of these variants over different networks is conduced and the obtained results are encouraging.Indeed,the adaptation of ant supercolony behavior to solve the problem under consideration shows interesting results,since most of the algorithm’s variants returned high-quality approximation of PNE in more than 91 percent of the treated networks.Originality/value-The asymmetric network congestion game is used to model route assignment problem.An algorithm with several variants inspired from ant supercolony behavior is developed.Unlike the classical ant colony algorithms where there is one nest,herein,several nests are considered.The deposit pheromone of an ant from a given nest is useful for the ants of the other nests.展开更多
文摘We first introduce the concepts of absolutely E-pure modules and E-pure split modules. Then, we characterize the IF rings in terms of absolutely E-pure modules. The E-pure split modules are also characterized.
文摘针对时间分数阶慢扩散方程,提出一类并行差分方法——交替分段纯显-隐(pure alternative segment explicit-implicit,PASE-I)和交替分段纯隐-显(pure alternative segment implicit-explicit,PASI-E)差分方法。这类方法是将古典显式格式、古典隐式格式与交替分段技术相结合构造出的一类具有并行本性的差分方法。理论证明了PASE-I和PASI-E格式解的存在唯一性,采用傅里叶方法和数学归纳法证明了格式是无条件稳定且收敛的。数值试验表明:PASE-I格式和PASI-E格式具有明显的并行计算性质,为空间二阶、时间2-α阶收敛,并且在计算效率上相比串行的隐式格式有大幅度提高,本方法求解时间分数阶慢扩散方程是可行的。
文摘We utilize two different theories to prove that cosmic dark energy density is the complimentary Legendre transformation of ordinary energy and vice versa as given by E(dark) = mc2 (21/22) and E(ordinary) = mc2/22. The first theory used is based on G ‘t Hooft’s remarkably simple renormalization procedure in which a neat mathematical maneuver is introduced via the dimensionality of our four dimensional spacetime. Thus, ‘t Hooft used instead of D = 4 and then took at the end of an intricate and subtle computation the limit to obtain the result while avoiding various problems including the pole singularity at D = 4. Here and in contradistinction to the classical form of dimensional and renormalization we set and do not take the limit where and is the theoretically and experimentally well established Hardy’s generic quantum entanglement. At the end we see that the dark energy density is simply the ratio of and the smooth disentangled D = 4, i.e. (dark) = (4 -k)/4 = 3.8196011/4 = 0.9549150275. Consequently where we have ignored the fine structure details by rounding 21 + k to 21 and 22 + k to 22 in a manner not that much different from of the original form of dimensional regularization theory. The result is subsequently validated by another equally ingenious approach due mainly to E. Witten and his school of topological quantum field theory. We notice that in that theory the local degrees of freedom are zero. Therefore, we are dealing essentially with pure gravity where are the degrees of freedom and is the corresponding dimension. The results and the conclusion of the paper are summarized in Figure 1-3, Table 1 and Flow Chart 1.
文摘We use a dual Einstein-Kaluza spacetime to calculate the exact energy density of dark energy and dark matter using a novel topological computation method. Starting from the said spacetime and ‘tHooft’s topological renormalon as well as the corresponding symmetry group, we show how the zero set quantum particle and the empty set quantum wave interact with the vacuum and give rise to pure dark energy and pure dark matter all along with ordinary energy density of the cosmos. The consistency of the exact calculation and the accurate observations attests to the reality of ‘tHooft’s renormalon dark matter, pure dark energy and accelerated cosmic expansion.
文摘Purpose-Until now,the algorithms used to compute an equilibrate route assignment do not return an integer solution.This disagreement constitutes a non-negligible drawback.In fact,it is shown in the literature that a fractional solution is not a good approximation of the integer one.The purpose of this paper is to find an integer route assignment.Design/methodology/approach-The static route assignment problem is modeled as an asymmetric network congestion game.Then,an algorithm inspired from ant supercolony behavior is constructed,in order to compute an approximation of the Pure Nash Equilibrium(PNE)of the considered game.Several variants of the algorithm,which differ by their initializing steps and/or the kind of the provided algorithm information,are proposed.Findings-An evaluation of these variants over different networks is conduced and the obtained results are encouraging.Indeed,the adaptation of ant supercolony behavior to solve the problem under consideration shows interesting results,since most of the algorithm’s variants returned high-quality approximation of PNE in more than 91 percent of the treated networks.Originality/value-The asymmetric network congestion game is used to model route assignment problem.An algorithm with several variants inspired from ant supercolony behavior is developed.Unlike the classical ant colony algorithms where there is one nest,herein,several nests are considered.The deposit pheromone of an ant from a given nest is useful for the ants of the other nests.
