The aim of this study is to design,build,and evaluate an indirect forced convection solar dryer adapted to semi-arid climate,such as that of Bechar situated in the west south region of Algeria.The tested drying system...The aim of this study is to design,build,and evaluate an indirect forced convection solar dryer adapted to semi-arid climate,such as that of Bechar situated in the west south region of Algeria.The tested drying system consists of a flat-plate solar collector,an insulated two-chamber drying unit,and an Arduino-controlled device that ensures uniformtemperature distribution and real-timemonitoring using DHT22 sensors.Drying testswere conducted on locally grown beet slices at air temperatures of 45℃,60℃,and 80℃,with a constant air velocity of 1.2 m/s and a mass flow rate of 0.0027 kg/s.The collector reached a maximum temperature of 65℃,with thermal efficiencies ranging from 20%to 35%.In these conditions,the drying times were cut down to 200–300 min,and the beet’s moisture content dropped to 0.47,0.27,and 0.24 g/g dry matter,respectively.The experimental data were fitted to several empirical models,including the logarithmic model.The modelled results showed strong agreement with the experimental ones(correlation coefficients r=0.9919–0.9989;standard errors SE=0.017–0.043;root-mean-square errors RMSE=0.016–0.027).The results demonstrate that the system operates efficiently and consistently,making it suitable for the sustainable drying of agricultural and medicinal products in arid climates.展开更多
The effect of a storage system on drying time and estimation of drying parameters of cocoa beans using an indirect solar dryer with a sensible heat energy storage system (stones which act as both absorber and heat sto...The effect of a storage system on drying time and estimation of drying parameters of cocoa beans using an indirect solar dryer with a sensible heat energy storage system (stones which act as both absorber and heat storage media) is the main subject of this article. This dryer, which uses stones as storage material and is made of wood and plywood, was used to dry a quantity of 5 kg of fermented cocoa beans. The drying parameters for the drying curves and the drying efficiency of cocoa beans were established and studied. The drying curves were modelled from semi-empirical models. The results showed that the moisture of cocoa beans decreased from 60% to 7% in wet basis. With a solar collector and drying efficiency of 40% and 34%, respectively. And this with a maximum average difference temperature between the drying air and the ambient temperature of 13.25˚C day or night. The best concordances are obtained with R2 values of 0.9983, 0.9843, 0.9813 and 0.9837 respectively from the models of Hii, Jena and Das, Demir et al. and Alibas.展开更多
This research focuses on developing innovative hybrid solar dryers that combine solar Photovoltaic(PV)and solar thermal systems for sustainable food preservation in Pakistan,addressing the country’s pressing issues o...This research focuses on developing innovative hybrid solar dryers that combine solar Photovoltaic(PV)and solar thermal systems for sustainable food preservation in Pakistan,addressing the country’s pressing issues of high post-harvest losses and unreliable energy sources.The proposed active hybrid solar dryer features a drying cabinet,two Direct Current(DC)fans for forced convection,and a resistive heating element powered by a 180 W solar PV panel.An energy-storing battery ensures continuous supply to the auxiliaries during periods of low solar irradiance,poor weather conditions,or nighttime.Tomatoes,a delicate and in-demand crop,were selected for experimentation due to their high perishability.Three experiments were conducted on the same prototype:natural convection direct solar dryer(NCDSD),forced convection direct solar dryer(FCDSD),and forced convection hybrid solar dryer(FCHSD).Each experiment began with 0.2 kg of tomatoes at 94%moisture content,achieving significant reductions:28.57%with NCDSD,16.667%with FCDSD,and 16.667%with FCHSD.The observed drying rates varied:1.161 kg/h for NCDSD,2.062 kg/h for FCDSD,and 2.8642 kg/h for FCHSD.This study presents a comparative analysis of efficiency,drying rate,and cost-effectiveness,alongside the system’s economic and environmental feasibility.展开更多
The design and development of solar dryers are crucial in regions with abundant solar energy,such as Bhopal,India,where seasonal variations significantly impact the efficiency of drying processes.The paper is focused ...The design and development of solar dryers are crucial in regions with abundant solar energy,such as Bhopal,India,where seasonal variations significantly impact the efficiency of drying processes.The paper is focused on employing a comprehensive mathematical model to predict the dryer’s performance in drying the materials such as banana slices.To enhance this model,Hyper Tuned Swarm Optimization with Gradient Tree(HT_SOGT)was utilized to accurately predict and determine the optimal size of the dryer dimensions considering various mathematical calculations for material drying.The predictive model considered the influence of seasonal fluctuations,ensuring an efficient drying process with an objective function to optimize the drying time of an average of 7 hrs throughout the year.Across all recorded ambient temperatures(ranging from 16.985○C to 31.4○C),the outlet temperature of the solar dryer is consistently higher,ranging from 39.085○C to 66.2○C.The results show that the optimized dryer design,based on HT_SOGT modelling,significantly improves drying efficiency of the materials across varying conditions,making it suitable for sustainable applications in agriculture and food processing industries in the Bhopal region.展开更多
The noise generated by high-speed hair dryers significantly affects user experience,with aerodynamic design playing a crucial role in controlling sound emissions.This study investigates the aerodynamic noise character...The noise generated by high-speed hair dryers significantly affects user experience,with aerodynamic design playing a crucial role in controlling sound emissions.This study investigates the aerodynamic noise characteristics of a commercial high-speed hair dryer through Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)analysis.The velocity field,streamline patterns,and vector distribution within the primary flow path and internal cavity were systematically examined.Results indicate that strong interactions between the wake flow generated by the guide vanes and the straight baffle in the rear flow path induce vortex structures near the outlet,which are primarily responsible for highfrequency noise.To address this,the guide vanes and rear flow path geometry were redesigned and optimized for improved acoustic and aerodynamic performance.Underrated operating conditions(28 V,20,000 rpm),the optimized configuration achieves a noise reduction of more than 2.2 dB while increasing outlet wind speed by over 9%.Moreover,the noise suppression effect becomes more pronounced at lower rotational speeds.展开更多
A multi functional wood dehumidification dryer has been developed recently. The dryer can carry out air dehumidification by using only one refrigeration system, in which heat supplying and moisture air are exhausted ...A multi functional wood dehumidification dryer has been developed recently. The dryer can carry out air dehumidification by using only one refrigeration system, in which heat supplying and moisture air are exhausted by changing the position of several air dampers. In this paper, the work principles and characteristics of the dehumidification dryer are introduced, and the testing results about the thermal engineering performance of the dehumidification dryer, as well as the experiment results of drying several species of lumbers are expounded.展开更多
Based on the demand of sintering/pelleting flue gas ultra-low emission,a semi-dry method using a spray dryer absorber (SDA) combined with O3 oxidation was proposed for simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO.Effects of O3 ...Based on the demand of sintering/pelleting flue gas ultra-low emission,a semi-dry method using a spray dryer absorber (SDA) combined with O3 oxidation was proposed for simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO.Effects of O3 injection site,O3/NO molar ratio,and spray tower temperature on the removal efficiencies were investigated.It was revealed that both desulfurization and denitrification efficiencies could reach to 85%under the conditions of setting O3 injection site inside of tower,O3/NO molar ratio 1.8,spray tower temperature 85°C,Ca/(S+2N) molar ratio 2.5 and slurry flow rate 300 m L/hr.CaSO3/Ca(OH)2 mixture slurry was used as absorbent to simulate operating conditions in iron and steel industry.The result shows that the addition of CaSO3 weakens both removal efficiencies.In addition,the reaction mechanism of simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO using SDA combined with O3 oxidation was proposed.展开更多
The particle deposition behaviour of skim milk, water and maltodextrin in the conical section of a pilot-scale spray dryer was predicted using simple correlations for particle depositions in pipes. The predicted parti...The particle deposition behaviour of skim milk, water and maltodextrin in the conical section of a pilot-scale spray dryer was predicted using simple correlations for particle depositions in pipes. The predicted particle deposition fluxes of these materials were then compared with the measured deposition fluxes. The predicted particle deposition regimes of the spray dryer were expected to be in the diffusional and mixed (diffusional and inertial) regimes, but the experimental results suggested that the particle deposition was mainly in the inertial regime. Therefore, using the pipe correlations for predicting deposition in a pilot-scale spray dryer suggests that they do not sufficiently represent the actual deposition behaviour. This outcome indicates that a further study of particle flow patterns needs to be carried out using numerical simulations (computational fluid dynamics, CFD) in view of the additional geometrical complexity of the spray dryer.展开更多
Background: Forest management decisions are based on expectations of future developments. For sound decisions it is essential to accurately predict the expected values in future developments and to account for their i...Background: Forest management decisions are based on expectations of future developments. For sound decisions it is essential to accurately predict the expected values in future developments and to account for their inherent uncertainty,for example the impact of climate change on forests. Changing climatic conditions affect forest productivity and alter the risk profile of forests and forest enterprises. Intensifying drought stress is seen as one major risk factor threatening forest management in the north German lowlands. Drought stress reduces tree growth and vitality and might even trigger mortality. But so far, it is not possible to quantify effects of a persistent dryer climate on forest productivity at a level suitable for forest management.Methods: We apply a well-established single-tree forest growth simulator to quantify the effect of persistent dryer climates on future forest productivity. We analyse the growth of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.), European beech(Fagus sylvatico L.) and oak(Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea(Matt.) Liebl.) in two forest regions in the north German lowlands for a time interval of 60 years until 2070. The growth response under three different climate projections is compared to a baseline scenario.Results: The results show clear differences in volume increment to persistent dryer climates between tree species. The findings exhibit regional differences and temporal trends. While mean annual increment at biological rotation age of Scots pine and oak predominantly benefits from the projected climate conditions until 2070, beech might suffer losses of up to 3 m^3·ha^(-1)yr^(-1) depending on climate scenario and region. However, in the projection period2051 to 2070 the uncertainty ranges comprise positive as well as negative climatic effects for all species.Conclusions: The projected changes in forest growth serve as quantitative contributions to provide decision support in the evaluation of, for example, species future site suitability and timber supply assessments. The analysis of productivity changes under persistent dryer climate complements the drought vulnerability assessment which is applied in practical forestry in northwestern Germany today. The projected species' productivity has strong implications for forest management and the inherent uncertainty needs to be accounted for.展开更多
Wall deposition occurs in spray dryers when dried or partially dried particles contact and adhere to the walls during operation, thus reducing the yield of product collected. Wall deposits also present a product conta...Wall deposition occurs in spray dryers when dried or partially dried particles contact and adhere to the walls during operation, thus reducing the yield of product collected. Wall deposits also present a product contamination risk and a fire or explosion risk when spray drying products that oxidize exothermically, such as milk powder. Re-entrainment is the resuspension of spray dryer wall deposits into the main gas stream for collection as product. Literature suggests that the process for re-entrainment of particles from spray dryer wall deposits is strongly dependent on particle size and gas velocity.展开更多
The study investigates drying characteristics of common species of fish in the tropics, catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) using a direct solar dryer. The drying process was carried ...The study investigates drying characteristics of common species of fish in the tropics, catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) using a direct solar dryer. The drying process was carried out during the dry and wet season under natural (0 m/s) and forced convective drying (1.5 m/s, 2.5 m/s, 3.5 m/s fan speed). Results obtained showed that the drying air attained by the dryer was satisfactory and the maximum temperature difference between the dryer and the ambient temperatures was 35°C. The moisture content of the dried samples was 13.97% for catfish and 13.35% for tilapia fish during dry season and during the wet season it was 15.68% for catfish and 14.9% for tilapia fish while for the open sun dried samples it was 21.7% for catfish and 17.0% for tilapia fish. Maximum drying efficiency of 74.3% was recorded for the dryer during dry season and the dried samples at 3.5 m/s fan speed were better in drying rates. The proximate compositions of the fish before and after drying were determined. There was significant difference in proximate composition before and after drying (P < 0.05) and no significant difference in proximate composition at fan speeds considered for both fish species (P < 0.05).展开更多
The quality of the drying process depends mainly on the efficient use of thermal energy.Sustainable systems based on solar energy takes a leading role in the drying of agro-products because of low operating cost.Howev...The quality of the drying process depends mainly on the efficient use of thermal energy.Sustainable systems based on solar energy takes a leading role in the drying of agro-products because of low operating cost.However,they are limited in use during off–sun periods.Biomass dryer is one of the simplest ways of drying because of its potential to dry products regardless of time and climate conditions.The other benefit is that crop residues could be used as fuel in these systems.However,the major limitation of the dryer is unequal drying because of poor airflow distribution in the drying medium,which can be improved by integrating some design changes in the dryer.This review analyses the two types of biomass dryers:industrial biomass dryers and small biomass dryers for food product,along with their efficiency.Further,studies on technical,sustainability and economic aspects are expected to provide a greater understanding of biomass drying.展开更多
The performance of an AflaSTOP dryer which utilises biomass energy for drying maize was investigated. The drying behaviour of maize grains in the dryer was also investigated using ten (10) thin-layer mathematical mode...The performance of an AflaSTOP dryer which utilises biomass energy for drying maize was investigated. The drying behaviour of maize grains in the dryer was also investigated using ten (10) thin-layer mathematical models. The models were compared based on coefficient of determination (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup>) and Root Mean Square Error (<em>RMSE</em>) values between experimental and predicted moisture ratios. At an average drying air temperature of 50<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C and drying air velocity of 2.5 m/s, maize at average moisture content (MC) of 17.5% (wb) was dried to an average MC of 11.5% (wb) in three (3) hours. The drying and thermal efficiency were calculated as 81.1% and 29.6% respectively. Overall, drying took place in the falling rate period. The Logistics model was best to describe the thin-layer drying kinetics of maize in the dryer with <em>R</em><sup>2</sup> value of 0.9902 and <em>RMSE</em> value of 0.04908.展开更多
This paper deals with the design, construction and performance evaluation procedure of a solar tunnel dryer in drying fish. A 12 meter long and 2 meter width half-circled tunnel was designed and constructed to dry abo...This paper deals with the design, construction and performance evaluation procedure of a solar tunnel dryer in drying fish. A 12 meter long and 2 meter width half-circled tunnel was designed and constructed to dry about 50-100 kg of freshly harvested fishes per batch. The half of the tunnel base was used as the flat plate air heating solar collector and the remaining half as a dryer. The drying air was forced from the collector region （north side） to the drying region （south side） of the half circled tunnel where the product is to be dried. The drying temperature could be easily raised by some 5-30 ℃ above the ambient temperature inside the tunnel at an air velocity of approximately 0.2 m/sec. The test was conducted with 51.5 kg freshly harvested sardines （hall-load） with initial moisture content of 66.5% （wet-basis） to analyze the performance of the dryer. The fishes were dried to a final average moisture content of 15.5% （wet-basis） within three days （30 hours）. It was possible to reach the moisture content level for safe storage within less than three days （30 hrs） with solar tunnel dryer and 7 days in open air natural sun drying. The improvement in the quality of fishes in terms of color, brightness, flavor, and taste and food value was distinctly recognized.展开更多
Though several maize varieties have been developed and introduced over the years in Ghana, farmers still face challenges of access to quality seed maize. Among the major constraint is lack of proper drying systems to ...Though several maize varieties have been developed and introduced over the years in Ghana, farmers still face challenges of access to quality seed maize. Among the major constraint is lack of proper drying systems to guarantee quality of seed produced. As in most parts of Africa, drying of maize in the open, on bare ground along shoulders of roads is still a common practice in Ghana. In this study, a 5-tonne capacity hybrid solar biomass dryer was developed for drying maize for seed and food/feed in Ghana. Effect of air temperature in the dryer on the physiological quality and germination of maize kernels was investigated. Maize grains were dried in the open sun simulating farmers practice and using the dryer at 4 varying levels (L1, L2, L3 and L4) with corresponding heights (0.6 m, 1.2 m, 1.8 m and 2.4 m, respectively) from the ground. Harvested maize at 22.8% moisture content was dried at the varying levels until reaching the final desired moisture content of 12.8% ± 0.2% (wb). Results showed that, air temperatures in the dryer increased in accordance with height with lowest mean temperature of 44.4°C ± 4.6°C recorded at L1 and mean maximum of 52.8°C ± 5.4°C at L4. Drying temperatures recorded at L1 - L3 and ambient had no significant effect (p < 0.05) on kernel damage and viability. Drying conditions at L1-L3 were considered optimum (<50°C) for kernel drying compared to the topmost tray, L4. Kernel stress crack index (multiple and checked) was therefore reduced on average by 14% while kernel germination increased by 33%. This satisfies the dryer’s potential to be used for commercial drying of maize grains for seed production for smallholder farmers in Ghana.展开更多
文摘The aim of this study is to design,build,and evaluate an indirect forced convection solar dryer adapted to semi-arid climate,such as that of Bechar situated in the west south region of Algeria.The tested drying system consists of a flat-plate solar collector,an insulated two-chamber drying unit,and an Arduino-controlled device that ensures uniformtemperature distribution and real-timemonitoring using DHT22 sensors.Drying testswere conducted on locally grown beet slices at air temperatures of 45℃,60℃,and 80℃,with a constant air velocity of 1.2 m/s and a mass flow rate of 0.0027 kg/s.The collector reached a maximum temperature of 65℃,with thermal efficiencies ranging from 20%to 35%.In these conditions,the drying times were cut down to 200–300 min,and the beet’s moisture content dropped to 0.47,0.27,and 0.24 g/g dry matter,respectively.The experimental data were fitted to several empirical models,including the logarithmic model.The modelled results showed strong agreement with the experimental ones(correlation coefficients r=0.9919–0.9989;standard errors SE=0.017–0.043;root-mean-square errors RMSE=0.016–0.027).The results demonstrate that the system operates efficiently and consistently,making it suitable for the sustainable drying of agricultural and medicinal products in arid climates.
文摘The effect of a storage system on drying time and estimation of drying parameters of cocoa beans using an indirect solar dryer with a sensible heat energy storage system (stones which act as both absorber and heat storage media) is the main subject of this article. This dryer, which uses stones as storage material and is made of wood and plywood, was used to dry a quantity of 5 kg of fermented cocoa beans. The drying parameters for the drying curves and the drying efficiency of cocoa beans were established and studied. The drying curves were modelled from semi-empirical models. The results showed that the moisture of cocoa beans decreased from 60% to 7% in wet basis. With a solar collector and drying efficiency of 40% and 34%, respectively. And this with a maximum average difference temperature between the drying air and the ambient temperature of 13.25˚C day or night. The best concordances are obtained with R2 values of 0.9983, 0.9843, 0.9813 and 0.9837 respectively from the models of Hii, Jena and Das, Demir et al. and Alibas.
基金supported by the Ignite National Technology fund,under National Grassroots Initiatives Program of ICT R&D(NIGRI),Project ID.NGIRI-2024-23901 of 2024.
文摘This research focuses on developing innovative hybrid solar dryers that combine solar Photovoltaic(PV)and solar thermal systems for sustainable food preservation in Pakistan,addressing the country’s pressing issues of high post-harvest losses and unreliable energy sources.The proposed active hybrid solar dryer features a drying cabinet,two Direct Current(DC)fans for forced convection,and a resistive heating element powered by a 180 W solar PV panel.An energy-storing battery ensures continuous supply to the auxiliaries during periods of low solar irradiance,poor weather conditions,or nighttime.Tomatoes,a delicate and in-demand crop,were selected for experimentation due to their high perishability.Three experiments were conducted on the same prototype:natural convection direct solar dryer(NCDSD),forced convection direct solar dryer(FCDSD),and forced convection hybrid solar dryer(FCHSD).Each experiment began with 0.2 kg of tomatoes at 94%moisture content,achieving significant reductions:28.57%with NCDSD,16.667%with FCDSD,and 16.667%with FCHSD.The observed drying rates varied:1.161 kg/h for NCDSD,2.062 kg/h for FCDSD,and 2.8642 kg/h for FCHSD.This study presents a comparative analysis of efficiency,drying rate,and cost-effectiveness,alongside the system’s economic and environmental feasibility.
文摘The design and development of solar dryers are crucial in regions with abundant solar energy,such as Bhopal,India,where seasonal variations significantly impact the efficiency of drying processes.The paper is focused on employing a comprehensive mathematical model to predict the dryer’s performance in drying the materials such as banana slices.To enhance this model,Hyper Tuned Swarm Optimization with Gradient Tree(HT_SOGT)was utilized to accurately predict and determine the optimal size of the dryer dimensions considering various mathematical calculations for material drying.The predictive model considered the influence of seasonal fluctuations,ensuring an efficient drying process with an objective function to optimize the drying time of an average of 7 hrs throughout the year.Across all recorded ambient temperatures(ranging from 16.985○C to 31.4○C),the outlet temperature of the solar dryer is consistently higher,ranging from 39.085○C to 66.2○C.The results show that the optimized dryer design,based on HT_SOGT modelling,significantly improves drying efficiency of the materials across varying conditions,making it suitable for sustainable applications in agriculture and food processing industries in the Bhopal region.
基金supported by Research Project of Zhuhai City Polytechnic(Grant No.2024KYBS06)Education Research Project of Zhuhai City Polytechnic(Grant No.JY20250404).
文摘The noise generated by high-speed hair dryers significantly affects user experience,with aerodynamic design playing a crucial role in controlling sound emissions.This study investigates the aerodynamic noise characteristics of a commercial high-speed hair dryer through Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)analysis.The velocity field,streamline patterns,and vector distribution within the primary flow path and internal cavity were systematically examined.Results indicate that strong interactions between the wake flow generated by the guide vanes and the straight baffle in the rear flow path induce vortex structures near the outlet,which are primarily responsible for highfrequency noise.To address this,the guide vanes and rear flow path geometry were redesigned and optimized for improved acoustic and aerodynamic performance.Underrated operating conditions(28 V,20,000 rpm),the optimized configuration achieves a noise reduction of more than 2.2 dB while increasing outlet wind speed by over 9%.Moreover,the noise suppression effect becomes more pronounced at lower rotational speeds.
文摘A multi functional wood dehumidification dryer has been developed recently. The dryer can carry out air dehumidification by using only one refrigeration system, in which heat supplying and moisture air are exhausted by changing the position of several air dampers. In this paper, the work principles and characteristics of the dehumidification dryer are introduced, and the testing results about the thermal engineering performance of the dehumidification dryer, as well as the experiment results of drying several species of lumbers are expounded.
基金supported by the Nationals Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2017YFC0210600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51978644)。
文摘Based on the demand of sintering/pelleting flue gas ultra-low emission,a semi-dry method using a spray dryer absorber (SDA) combined with O3 oxidation was proposed for simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO.Effects of O3 injection site,O3/NO molar ratio,and spray tower temperature on the removal efficiencies were investigated.It was revealed that both desulfurization and denitrification efficiencies could reach to 85%under the conditions of setting O3 injection site inside of tower,O3/NO molar ratio 1.8,spray tower temperature 85°C,Ca/(S+2N) molar ratio 2.5 and slurry flow rate 300 m L/hr.CaSO3/Ca(OH)2 mixture slurry was used as absorbent to simulate operating conditions in iron and steel industry.The result shows that the addition of CaSO3 weakens both removal efficiencies.In addition,the reaction mechanism of simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO using SDA combined with O3 oxidation was proposed.
文摘The particle deposition behaviour of skim milk, water and maltodextrin in the conical section of a pilot-scale spray dryer was predicted using simple correlations for particle depositions in pipes. The predicted particle deposition fluxes of these materials were then compared with the measured deposition fluxes. The predicted particle deposition regimes of the spray dryer were expected to be in the diffusional and mixed (diffusional and inertial) regimes, but the experimental results suggested that the particle deposition was mainly in the inertial regime. Therefore, using the pipe correlations for predicting deposition in a pilot-scale spray dryer suggests that they do not sufficiently represent the actual deposition behaviour. This outcome indicates that a further study of particle flow patterns needs to be carried out using numerical simulations (computational fluid dynamics, CFD) in view of the additional geometrical complexity of the spray dryer.
基金funded by the German Federal Ministry of Fducation and Research under research grant 033L029H and is part of the interdisciplinary research project"Sustainable land-use management in the North German lowlands"
文摘Background: Forest management decisions are based on expectations of future developments. For sound decisions it is essential to accurately predict the expected values in future developments and to account for their inherent uncertainty,for example the impact of climate change on forests. Changing climatic conditions affect forest productivity and alter the risk profile of forests and forest enterprises. Intensifying drought stress is seen as one major risk factor threatening forest management in the north German lowlands. Drought stress reduces tree growth and vitality and might even trigger mortality. But so far, it is not possible to quantify effects of a persistent dryer climate on forest productivity at a level suitable for forest management.Methods: We apply a well-established single-tree forest growth simulator to quantify the effect of persistent dryer climates on future forest productivity. We analyse the growth of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.), European beech(Fagus sylvatico L.) and oak(Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea(Matt.) Liebl.) in two forest regions in the north German lowlands for a time interval of 60 years until 2070. The growth response under three different climate projections is compared to a baseline scenario.Results: The results show clear differences in volume increment to persistent dryer climates between tree species. The findings exhibit regional differences and temporal trends. While mean annual increment at biological rotation age of Scots pine and oak predominantly benefits from the projected climate conditions until 2070, beech might suffer losses of up to 3 m^3·ha^(-1)yr^(-1) depending on climate scenario and region. However, in the projection period2051 to 2070 the uncertainty ranges comprise positive as well as negative climatic effects for all species.Conclusions: The projected changes in forest growth serve as quantitative contributions to provide decision support in the evaluation of, for example, species future site suitability and timber supply assessments. The analysis of productivity changes under persistent dryer climate complements the drought vulnerability assessment which is applied in practical forestry in northwestern Germany today. The projected species' productivity has strong implications for forest management and the inherent uncertainty needs to be accounted for.
文摘Wall deposition occurs in spray dryers when dried or partially dried particles contact and adhere to the walls during operation, thus reducing the yield of product collected. Wall deposits also present a product contamination risk and a fire or explosion risk when spray drying products that oxidize exothermically, such as milk powder. Re-entrainment is the resuspension of spray dryer wall deposits into the main gas stream for collection as product. Literature suggests that the process for re-entrainment of particles from spray dryer wall deposits is strongly dependent on particle size and gas velocity.
文摘The study investigates drying characteristics of common species of fish in the tropics, catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) using a direct solar dryer. The drying process was carried out during the dry and wet season under natural (0 m/s) and forced convective drying (1.5 m/s, 2.5 m/s, 3.5 m/s fan speed). Results obtained showed that the drying air attained by the dryer was satisfactory and the maximum temperature difference between the dryer and the ambient temperatures was 35°C. The moisture content of the dried samples was 13.97% for catfish and 13.35% for tilapia fish during dry season and during the wet season it was 15.68% for catfish and 14.9% for tilapia fish while for the open sun dried samples it was 21.7% for catfish and 17.0% for tilapia fish. Maximum drying efficiency of 74.3% was recorded for the dryer during dry season and the dried samples at 3.5 m/s fan speed were better in drying rates. The proximate compositions of the fish before and after drying were determined. There was significant difference in proximate composition before and after drying (P < 0.05) and no significant difference in proximate composition at fan speeds considered for both fish species (P < 0.05).
文摘The quality of the drying process depends mainly on the efficient use of thermal energy.Sustainable systems based on solar energy takes a leading role in the drying of agro-products because of low operating cost.However,they are limited in use during off–sun periods.Biomass dryer is one of the simplest ways of drying because of its potential to dry products regardless of time and climate conditions.The other benefit is that crop residues could be used as fuel in these systems.However,the major limitation of the dryer is unequal drying because of poor airflow distribution in the drying medium,which can be improved by integrating some design changes in the dryer.This review analyses the two types of biomass dryers:industrial biomass dryers and small biomass dryers for food product,along with their efficiency.Further,studies on technical,sustainability and economic aspects are expected to provide a greater understanding of biomass drying.
文摘The performance of an AflaSTOP dryer which utilises biomass energy for drying maize was investigated. The drying behaviour of maize grains in the dryer was also investigated using ten (10) thin-layer mathematical models. The models were compared based on coefficient of determination (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup>) and Root Mean Square Error (<em>RMSE</em>) values between experimental and predicted moisture ratios. At an average drying air temperature of 50<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C and drying air velocity of 2.5 m/s, maize at average moisture content (MC) of 17.5% (wb) was dried to an average MC of 11.5% (wb) in three (3) hours. The drying and thermal efficiency were calculated as 81.1% and 29.6% respectively. Overall, drying took place in the falling rate period. The Logistics model was best to describe the thin-layer drying kinetics of maize in the dryer with <em>R</em><sup>2</sup> value of 0.9902 and <em>RMSE</em> value of 0.04908.
文摘This paper deals with the design, construction and performance evaluation procedure of a solar tunnel dryer in drying fish. A 12 meter long and 2 meter width half-circled tunnel was designed and constructed to dry about 50-100 kg of freshly harvested fishes per batch. The half of the tunnel base was used as the flat plate air heating solar collector and the remaining half as a dryer. The drying air was forced from the collector region （north side） to the drying region （south side） of the half circled tunnel where the product is to be dried. The drying temperature could be easily raised by some 5-30 ℃ above the ambient temperature inside the tunnel at an air velocity of approximately 0.2 m/sec. The test was conducted with 51.5 kg freshly harvested sardines （hall-load） with initial moisture content of 66.5% （wet-basis） to analyze the performance of the dryer. The fishes were dried to a final average moisture content of 15.5% （wet-basis） within three days （30 hours）. It was possible to reach the moisture content level for safe storage within less than three days （30 hrs） with solar tunnel dryer and 7 days in open air natural sun drying. The improvement in the quality of fishes in terms of color, brightness, flavor, and taste and food value was distinctly recognized.
文摘Though several maize varieties have been developed and introduced over the years in Ghana, farmers still face challenges of access to quality seed maize. Among the major constraint is lack of proper drying systems to guarantee quality of seed produced. As in most parts of Africa, drying of maize in the open, on bare ground along shoulders of roads is still a common practice in Ghana. In this study, a 5-tonne capacity hybrid solar biomass dryer was developed for drying maize for seed and food/feed in Ghana. Effect of air temperature in the dryer on the physiological quality and germination of maize kernels was investigated. Maize grains were dried in the open sun simulating farmers practice and using the dryer at 4 varying levels (L1, L2, L3 and L4) with corresponding heights (0.6 m, 1.2 m, 1.8 m and 2.4 m, respectively) from the ground. Harvested maize at 22.8% moisture content was dried at the varying levels until reaching the final desired moisture content of 12.8% ± 0.2% (wb). Results showed that, air temperatures in the dryer increased in accordance with height with lowest mean temperature of 44.4°C ± 4.6°C recorded at L1 and mean maximum of 52.8°C ± 5.4°C at L4. Drying temperatures recorded at L1 - L3 and ambient had no significant effect (p < 0.05) on kernel damage and viability. Drying conditions at L1-L3 were considered optimum (<50°C) for kernel drying compared to the topmost tray, L4. Kernel stress crack index (multiple and checked) was therefore reduced on average by 14% while kernel germination increased by 33%. This satisfies the dryer’s potential to be used for commercial drying of maize grains for seed production for smallholder farmers in Ghana.
