For loops with UV divergences,assuming that the physical contributions of loops from UV regions are insignificant,a UV-free scheme method described by an equation is introduced to derive loop results without UV diverg...For loops with UV divergences,assuming that the physical contributions of loops from UV regions are insignificant,a UV-free scheme method described by an equation is introduced to derive loop results without UV divergences in the calculations,i.e.,a route of the analytic continuation T_(F)→T_(P)besides the traditional route∞-∞in the mathematical structure.This scheme provides a new perspective to an open question of the hierarchy problem of Higgs mass,i.e.,an alternative interpretation without fine-tuning within the standard model.展开更多
The enhanced mountain-to-plain convective storms in Beijing on 22 May 2021 were simulated using the highresolution Weather Research and Forecasting model,enabling detailed analyses of convective instability characteri...The enhanced mountain-to-plain convective storms in Beijing on 22 May 2021 were simulated using the highresolution Weather Research and Forecasting model,enabling detailed analyses of convective instability characteristics and underlying causes of stability variations.Generalized potential temperature outperformed traditional potential temperature and equivalent potential temperature in capturing instability variations associated with mid-level latent heating and near-surface evaporative cooling.Local instability variance was primarily governed by potential divergence and the advection of potential instability,with these factors exhibiting out-of-phase distributions.Prior to the onset of heavy precipitation,intense downdrafts transported unstable air from higher levels into more stable regions at lower levels,increasing local near-surface instability,which contributed to the formation of heavy precipitation.During the heavy precipitation stage,vertical divergence between slantwise updrafts and downdrafts in the lowmiddle stable layers led to destabilization,supporting sustained convective development within the precipitation area.At the leading edge of the heavy precipitation,instability enhancement was primarily driven by vertical advection,and less stable air in the lower levels was transported upward,enhancing instability at higher levels.展开更多
Hesitation analysis plays a crucial role in decision-making processes by capturing the intermediary position between supportive and opposing information.This study introduces a refined approach to addressing uncertain...Hesitation analysis plays a crucial role in decision-making processes by capturing the intermediary position between supportive and opposing information.This study introduces a refined approach to addressing uncertainty in decision-making,employing existing measures used in decision problems.Building on information theory,the Kullback–Leibler(KL)divergence is extended to incorporate additional insights,specifically by applying temporal data,as illustrated by time series data fromtwo datasets(e.g.,affirmative and dissent information).Cumulative hesitation provides quantifiable insights into the decision-making process.Accordingly,a modified KL divergence,which incorporates historical trends,is proposed,enabling dynamic updates using conditional probability.The efficacy of this enhanced KL divergence is validated through a case study predicting Korean election outcomes.Immediate and historical data are processed using direct hesitation calculations and accumulated temporal information.The computational example demonstrates that the proposed KL divergence yields favorable results compared to existing methods.展开更多
While interval-valued picture fuzzy sets(IvPFSs)provide a powerful tool for modeling uncertainty and ambiguity in various fields,existing divergence measures for IvPFSs remain limited and often produce counterintuitiv...While interval-valued picture fuzzy sets(IvPFSs)provide a powerful tool for modeling uncertainty and ambiguity in various fields,existing divergence measures for IvPFSs remain limited and often produce counterintuitive results.To address these shortcomings,this paper introduces two novel divergencemeasures for IvPFSs,inspired by the Jensen-Shannon divergence.The fundamental properties of the proposed measures-non-degeneracy,symmetry,triangular inequality,and boundedness-are rigorously proven.Comparative analyses with existing measures are conducted through specific cases and numerical examples,clearly demonstrating the advantages of our approach.Furthermore,we apply the new divergence measures to develop an enhanced interval-valued picture fuzzy TOPSIS method for risk assessment in construction projects,showing the practical applicability and effectiveness of our contributions.展开更多
A Bayesian network reconstruction method based on norm minimization is proposed to address the sparsity and iterative divergence issues in network reconstruction caused by noise and missing values.This method achieves...A Bayesian network reconstruction method based on norm minimization is proposed to address the sparsity and iterative divergence issues in network reconstruction caused by noise and missing values.This method achieves precise adjustment of the network structure by constructing a preliminary random network model and introducing small-world network characteristics and combines L1 norm minimization regularization techniques to control model complexity and optimize the inference process of variable dependencies.In the experiment of game network reconstruction,when the success rate of the L1 norm minimization model’s existence connection reconstruction reaches 100%,the minimum data required is about 40%,while the minimum data required for a sparse Bayesian learning network is about 45%.In terms of operational efficiency,the running time for minimizing the L1 normis basically maintained at 1.0 s,while the success rate of connection reconstruction increases significantly with an increase in data volume,reaching a maximum of 13.2 s.Meanwhile,in the case of a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB,the L1 model achieves a 100% success rate in the reconstruction of existing connections,while the sparse Bayesian network had the highest success rate of 90% in the reconstruction of non-existent connections.In the analysis of actual cases,the maximum lift and drop track of the research method is 0.08 m.The mean square error is 5.74 cm^(2).The results indicate that this norm minimization-based method has good performance in data efficiency and model stability,effectively reducing the impact of outliers on the reconstruction results to more accurately reflect the actual situation.展开更多
Objective:With Persicaria capitata as test materials,we compared and analyzed the chloroplast(cp)genome characteristics as well as their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history with related species of Pers...Objective:With Persicaria capitata as test materials,we compared and analyzed the chloroplast(cp)genome characteristics as well as their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history with related species of Persicaria nepalensis,Persicaria japonica,Persicaria chinensis,Persicaria filiformis,Persicaria perfoliata,Persicaria pubescens,Persicaria hnydropiper.Methods:The Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform was used for the first time for P.capitata cp genome sequencing.NOVOPlasty and CpGAVAS2 were used for assembly and annotation,and Codon W,DnaSP,and MISA were used to conduct a series of comparative genomic analyses between the plant and seven species of the same genus.A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood(ML)and neighbor-joining(NJ)methods,and divergence time was estimated using BEAST.Results:The total length of P.capitata cp genome was 158,821 bp,with a guanine and cytosine(GC)content of 38.0%,exhibiting a typical circular tetrad structure.The genome contains 127 annotated genes,including 82 protein-coding and 45 tRNA-encoding genes.The cp genome harbors simple sequence repeat(SSR)loci primarily composed of A/T.The conserved species structure of this genus is reinforced by the expansion and contraction of the inverted repeat(IR)region.The non-coding regions of the cp genomes exhibited significant differences among the genera.Six different mutation hotspots(psbK-psbI,atpI-rps2,petN-psbD,atpB-rbcL,cemA-petA,ndhI-ndhA-ycf1)were screened from the non-coding regions of genes with high nucleotide variability(pI).These hotspots were expected to define the phylogenetic species of Persicaria.Furthermore,phylogenetic analysis of Polygonaceae plants showed that P.capitata was more closely related to P.chinensis than P.nepalensis.Analysis of divergence time indicated that Polygonaceae originated in the Late Cretaceous(~180 Ma)and began to differentiate during the Middle Miocene.Persicaria differentiated~66.44 million years ago,during the Miocene.Conclusions:Our findings will serve as a scientific basis for further research on species identification and evolution,population genetics,and phylogenetic analysis of P.capitata.Further,we provide valuable information for understanding the origin and evolution of Persicaria in Polygonaceae and estimating the differentiation time of Persicaria and its population.展开更多
Uncertainty and ambiguity are pervasive in real-world intelligent systems,necessitating advanced mathematical frameworks for effective modeling and analysis.Fermatean fuzzy sets(FFSs),as a recent extension of classica...Uncertainty and ambiguity are pervasive in real-world intelligent systems,necessitating advanced mathematical frameworks for effective modeling and analysis.Fermatean fuzzy sets(FFSs),as a recent extension of classical fuzzy theory,provide enhanced flexibility for representing complex uncertainty.In this paper,we propose a unified parametric divergence operator for FFSs,which comprehensively captures the interplay among membership,nonmembership,and hesitation degrees.The proposed operator is rigorously analyzed with respect to key mathematical properties,including non-negativity,non-degeneracy,and symmetry.Notably,several well-known divergence operators,such as Jensen-Shannon divergence,Hellinger distance,andχ2-divergence,are shown to be special cases within our unified framework.Extensive experiments on pattern classification,hierarchical clustering,and multiattribute decision-making tasks demonstrate the competitive performance and stability of the proposed operator.These results confirm both the theoretical significance and practical value of our method for advanced fuzzy information processing in machine learning and intelligent decision-making.展开更多
This study introduces a novel distance measure(DM)for(p,q,r)-spherical fuzzy sets((p,q,to improve decision-making in complex and uncertain environments.Many existing distance measures eitherr)-SFSs)fail to satisfy ess...This study introduces a novel distance measure(DM)for(p,q,r)-spherical fuzzy sets((p,q,to improve decision-making in complex and uncertain environments.Many existing distance measures eitherr)-SFSs)fail to satisfy essential axiomatic properties or produce unintuitive outcomes.To address these limitations,we propose a new three-dimensional divergence-based DM that ensures mathematical consistency,enhances the discrimination of information,and adheres to the axiomatic framework of distance theory.Building on this foundation,we construct a multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)model that utilizes the proposed DM to evaluate and rank alternatives effectively.The applicability and robustness of the model are validated through a practical case study,demonstrating that it leads to more rational,consistent,and reliable decision outcomes compared to existing approaches.展开更多
As a practicing anatomic pathologist specialized in urologic pathology,a vast difference may be observed between what pathologists designate as neuroendocrine(or small cell)carcinoma of the prostate,and what clinician...As a practicing anatomic pathologist specialized in urologic pathology,a vast difference may be observed between what pathologists designate as neuroendocrine(or small cell)carcinoma of the prostate,and what clinicians or basic scientists define as such.展开更多
基金supported by the open project of the theoretical physics academic exchange platform of Chongqing University。
文摘For loops with UV divergences,assuming that the physical contributions of loops from UV regions are insignificant,a UV-free scheme method described by an equation is introduced to derive loop results without UV divergences in the calculations,i.e.,a route of the analytic continuation T_(F)→T_(P)besides the traditional route∞-∞in the mathematical structure.This scheme provides a new perspective to an open question of the hierarchy problem of Higgs mass,i.e.,an alternative interpretation without fine-tuning within the standard model.
基金funded by the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission [grant number Z221100005222012]the Department of Science and Technology of Hebei Province [grant number 22375404D]+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [grant number XDB0760303]the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant numbers U2233218 and 42275010]the Open Foundation of the Key Open Laboratory of Urban Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration [grant number LUM-2023-06]。
文摘The enhanced mountain-to-plain convective storms in Beijing on 22 May 2021 were simulated using the highresolution Weather Research and Forecasting model,enabling detailed analyses of convective instability characteristics and underlying causes of stability variations.Generalized potential temperature outperformed traditional potential temperature and equivalent potential temperature in capturing instability variations associated with mid-level latent heating and near-surface evaporative cooling.Local instability variance was primarily governed by potential divergence and the advection of potential instability,with these factors exhibiting out-of-phase distributions.Prior to the onset of heavy precipitation,intense downdrafts transported unstable air from higher levels into more stable regions at lower levels,increasing local near-surface instability,which contributed to the formation of heavy precipitation.During the heavy precipitation stage,vertical divergence between slantwise updrafts and downdrafts in the lowmiddle stable layers led to destabilization,supporting sustained convective development within the precipitation area.At the leading edge of the heavy precipitation,instability enhancement was primarily driven by vertical advection,and less stable air in the lower levels was transported upward,enhancing instability at higher levels.
基金Uzbekistan to China International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation:IL-8724053120-R11National Research Foundation of Korea:NRF-2025S1A5A2A01011466.
文摘Hesitation analysis plays a crucial role in decision-making processes by capturing the intermediary position between supportive and opposing information.This study introduces a refined approach to addressing uncertainty in decision-making,employing existing measures used in decision problems.Building on information theory,the Kullback–Leibler(KL)divergence is extended to incorporate additional insights,specifically by applying temporal data,as illustrated by time series data fromtwo datasets(e.g.,affirmative and dissent information).Cumulative hesitation provides quantifiable insights into the decision-making process.Accordingly,a modified KL divergence,which incorporates historical trends,is proposed,enabling dynamic updates using conditional probability.The efficacy of this enhanced KL divergence is validated through a case study predicting Korean election outcomes.Immediate and historical data are processed using direct hesitation calculations and accumulated temporal information.The computational example demonstrates that the proposed KL divergence yields favorable results compared to existing methods.
基金the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding this work through Small Research Project under grant number RGP1/141/46.
文摘While interval-valued picture fuzzy sets(IvPFSs)provide a powerful tool for modeling uncertainty and ambiguity in various fields,existing divergence measures for IvPFSs remain limited and often produce counterintuitive results.To address these shortcomings,this paper introduces two novel divergencemeasures for IvPFSs,inspired by the Jensen-Shannon divergence.The fundamental properties of the proposed measures-non-degeneracy,symmetry,triangular inequality,and boundedness-are rigorously proven.Comparative analyses with existing measures are conducted through specific cases and numerical examples,clearly demonstrating the advantages of our approach.Furthermore,we apply the new divergence measures to develop an enhanced interval-valued picture fuzzy TOPSIS method for risk assessment in construction projects,showing the practical applicability and effectiveness of our contributions.
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Developing Scheme of Jilin Province,China(No.20240101371JC)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62107008).
文摘A Bayesian network reconstruction method based on norm minimization is proposed to address the sparsity and iterative divergence issues in network reconstruction caused by noise and missing values.This method achieves precise adjustment of the network structure by constructing a preliminary random network model and introducing small-world network characteristics and combines L1 norm minimization regularization techniques to control model complexity and optimize the inference process of variable dependencies.In the experiment of game network reconstruction,when the success rate of the L1 norm minimization model’s existence connection reconstruction reaches 100%,the minimum data required is about 40%,while the minimum data required for a sparse Bayesian learning network is about 45%.In terms of operational efficiency,the running time for minimizing the L1 normis basically maintained at 1.0 s,while the success rate of connection reconstruction increases significantly with an increase in data volume,reaching a maximum of 13.2 s.Meanwhile,in the case of a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB,the L1 model achieves a 100% success rate in the reconstruction of existing connections,while the sparse Bayesian network had the highest success rate of 90% in the reconstruction of non-existent connections.In the analysis of actual cases,the maximum lift and drop track of the research method is 0.08 m.The mean square error is 5.74 cm^(2).The results indicate that this norm minimization-based method has good performance in data efficiency and model stability,effectively reducing the impact of outliers on the reconstruction results to more accurately reflect the actual situation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82060913).
文摘Objective:With Persicaria capitata as test materials,we compared and analyzed the chloroplast(cp)genome characteristics as well as their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history with related species of Persicaria nepalensis,Persicaria japonica,Persicaria chinensis,Persicaria filiformis,Persicaria perfoliata,Persicaria pubescens,Persicaria hnydropiper.Methods:The Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform was used for the first time for P.capitata cp genome sequencing.NOVOPlasty and CpGAVAS2 were used for assembly and annotation,and Codon W,DnaSP,and MISA were used to conduct a series of comparative genomic analyses between the plant and seven species of the same genus.A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood(ML)and neighbor-joining(NJ)methods,and divergence time was estimated using BEAST.Results:The total length of P.capitata cp genome was 158,821 bp,with a guanine and cytosine(GC)content of 38.0%,exhibiting a typical circular tetrad structure.The genome contains 127 annotated genes,including 82 protein-coding and 45 tRNA-encoding genes.The cp genome harbors simple sequence repeat(SSR)loci primarily composed of A/T.The conserved species structure of this genus is reinforced by the expansion and contraction of the inverted repeat(IR)region.The non-coding regions of the cp genomes exhibited significant differences among the genera.Six different mutation hotspots(psbK-psbI,atpI-rps2,petN-psbD,atpB-rbcL,cemA-petA,ndhI-ndhA-ycf1)were screened from the non-coding regions of genes with high nucleotide variability(pI).These hotspots were expected to define the phylogenetic species of Persicaria.Furthermore,phylogenetic analysis of Polygonaceae plants showed that P.capitata was more closely related to P.chinensis than P.nepalensis.Analysis of divergence time indicated that Polygonaceae originated in the Late Cretaceous(~180 Ma)and began to differentiate during the Middle Miocene.Persicaria differentiated~66.44 million years ago,during the Miocene.Conclusions:Our findings will serve as a scientific basis for further research on species identification and evolution,population genetics,and phylogenetic analysis of P.capitata.Further,we provide valuable information for understanding the origin and evolution of Persicaria in Polygonaceae and estimating the differentiation time of Persicaria and its population.
文摘Uncertainty and ambiguity are pervasive in real-world intelligent systems,necessitating advanced mathematical frameworks for effective modeling and analysis.Fermatean fuzzy sets(FFSs),as a recent extension of classical fuzzy theory,provide enhanced flexibility for representing complex uncertainty.In this paper,we propose a unified parametric divergence operator for FFSs,which comprehensively captures the interplay among membership,nonmembership,and hesitation degrees.The proposed operator is rigorously analyzed with respect to key mathematical properties,including non-negativity,non-degeneracy,and symmetry.Notably,several well-known divergence operators,such as Jensen-Shannon divergence,Hellinger distance,andχ2-divergence,are shown to be special cases within our unified framework.Extensive experiments on pattern classification,hierarchical clustering,and multiattribute decision-making tasks demonstrate the competitive performance and stability of the proposed operator.These results confirm both the theoretical significance and practical value of our method for advanced fuzzy information processing in machine learning and intelligent decision-making.
文摘This study introduces a novel distance measure(DM)for(p,q,r)-spherical fuzzy sets((p,q,to improve decision-making in complex and uncertain environments.Many existing distance measures eitherr)-SFSs)fail to satisfy essential axiomatic properties or produce unintuitive outcomes.To address these limitations,we propose a new three-dimensional divergence-based DM that ensures mathematical consistency,enhances the discrimination of information,and adheres to the axiomatic framework of distance theory.Building on this foundation,we construct a multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)model that utilizes the proposed DM to evaluate and rank alternatives effectively.The applicability and robustness of the model are validated through a practical case study,demonstrating that it leads to more rational,consistent,and reliable decision outcomes compared to existing approaches.
文摘As a practicing anatomic pathologist specialized in urologic pathology,a vast difference may be observed between what pathologists designate as neuroendocrine(or small cell)carcinoma of the prostate,and what clinicians or basic scientists define as such.
