This paper proposes a sub-critical nuclear energy system driven by fusion neutron source, FDS, which can be used to transmute long-lived radioactive wastes and to produce fissile nuclear fuel as a way for early applic...This paper proposes a sub-critical nuclear energy system driven by fusion neutron source, FDS, which can be used to transmute long-lived radioactive wastes and to produce fissile nuclear fuel as a way for early application of fusion technology. The necessity and feasibility to develop that system in China are illustrated on the basis of prediction of the demand of energy source in the first half of the 21th century, the status of current fission energy supply and the progress in fusion technology in the world. The characteristics of fusion neutron driver and the potential for transmutation of long-lived nuclear wastes and breeding of fissile nuclear fuel in a blanket are analyzed. A scenario of development steps is proposed.展开更多
The concept of the liquid Li17Pb83 and Helium gas dual-cooled Fuel Breeding Blanket (FBB) for the Fusion-Driven sub-critical System (FDS) is presented and analyzed. Taking self-sustaining tritium (TBR >1.05) and an...The concept of the liquid Li17Pb83 and Helium gas dual-cooled Fuel Breeding Blanket (FBB) for the Fusion-Driven sub-critical System (FDS) is presented and analyzed. Taking self-sustaining tritium (TBR >1.05) and annual output of 100 kg or more fissile 239Pu (FBR > 0.238) as objective parameters, and based on the three-dimensional Monte Carlo neutron-photon transport code MCNP/4A, a neutronics-optimizated calculation of different cases was carried out and the concept is proved feasible. In addition, the total breeding ratio ( BR = TBR + FBR ) is listed corresponding to different cases.展开更多
The implosion plasma drive fusion pellet of inertial confinement is a concept related to nuclear fusion,a process in which atomic nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei,releasing a large amount of energy in the process...The implosion plasma drive fusion pellet of inertial confinement is a concept related to nuclear fusion,a process in which atomic nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei,releasing a large amount of energy in the process.The implosion plasma drive fusion pellet is a potential fuel source for achieving controlled nuclear fusion.ICF(inertial confinement fusion)is a technique used to achieve fusion by compressing a small target containing fusion fuel to extremely high densities and temperatures using lasers or other methods.The implosion plasma drive fusion pellet concept involves using a small pellet of deuterium and tritium(two isotopes of hydrogen)as fusion fuel,and then rapidly heating and compressing it using a pulsed power system.The implosion process creates a high-pressure plasma that ignites the fusion reactions,releasing energy in the form of neutrons and charged particles.The resulting energy can be captured and used for power generation.This technology is still in the experimental stage,and significant research and development is required to make it commercially viable.However,it has the potential to provide a virtually limitless source of clean energy with no greenhouse gas emissions or long-term radioactive waste.Be that as it may,ICF has to get exact control of the implosion process,mitigate insecurities,and create modern materials and advances to resist the extraordinary conditions of the combined response.展开更多
In the 1970s,scientists began experimenting with powerful laser beams to compress and heat the hydrogen isotopes to the point of fusion,a technique called ICF(Inertial Confinement Fusion).In the“direct drive”approac...In the 1970s,scientists began experimenting with powerful laser beams to compress and heat the hydrogen isotopes to the point of fusion,a technique called ICF(Inertial Confinement Fusion).In the“direct drive”approach to ICF,powerful beams of laser light are focused on a small spherical pellet containing micrograms of deuterium and tritium.The rapid heating caused by the laser“driver”makes the outer layer of the target explode.In keeping with Isaac Newton’s Third Law“For every action,there is an equal and opposite reaction”,the remaining portion of the target is driven inwards in a rocket-like implosion,causing compression of the fuel inside the capsule and the formation of a shock wave,which further heats the fuel in the very center and results in a self-sustaining burn.The fusion burn propagates outward through the cooler,outer regions of the capsule much more rapidly than the capsule can expand.Instead of magnetic fields,the plasma is confined by the inertia of its own mass—hence the term inertial confinement fusion.A similar process can be observed on an astrophysical scale in stars and the terrestrial uber world,that have exhausted their nuclear fuel,hence inertially or gravitationally collapsing and generating a supernova explosion,where the results can easily be converted to induction of energy in control forms for a peaceful purpose(i.e.,inertial fusion reaction)by means of thermal physics and statistical mechanics behavior of an ideal Fermi gas,utilizing Fermi-Degeneracy and Thomas-Fermi theory.The fundamental understanding of thermal physics and statistical mechanics enables us to have a better understanding of Fermi-Degeneracy as well as Thomas-Fermi theory of ideal gas,which results in laser compressing matter to a super high density for purpose of producing thermonuclear energy in way of controlled form for peaceful shape and form i.e.CTR(Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction).In this short review,we have concentrated on Fundamental of State Equations by driving them as it was evaluated in book Statistical Mechanics written by Mayer,J.and Mayer,M.in this article.展开更多
Driving of the nuclear fusion reaction p+^(11)B3α+8.7 MeV under laboratory conditions by interaction between high-power laser pulses and matter has become a popular field of research,owing to its numerous potential a...Driving of the nuclear fusion reaction p+^(11)B3α+8.7 MeV under laboratory conditions by interaction between high-power laser pulses and matter has become a popular field of research,owing to its numerous potential applications:as an alternative to deuterium-tritium for fusion energy production,astrophysics studies,and alpha-particle generation for medical treatment.One possible scheme for laser-driven p-^(11)B reactions is to direct a beam of laser-accelerated protons onto a boron(B)sample(the so-called“pitcher-catcher”scheme).This technique has been successfully implemented on large high-energy lasers,yielding hundreds of joules per shot at low repetition.We present here a complementary approach,exploiting the high repetition rate of the VEGA III petawatt laser at CLPU(Spain),aiming at accumulating results from many interactions at much lower energy,to provide better control of the parameters and the statistics of the measurements.Despite a moderate energy per pulse,our experiment allowed exploration of the laser-driven fusion process with tens(up to hundreds)of laser shots.The experiment provided a clear signature of the reactions involved and of the fusion products,accumulated over many shots,leading to an improved optimization of the diagnostics for experimental campaigns of this type.In this paper,we discuss the effectiveness of laser-driven p-11B fusion in the pitcher-catcher scheme,at a high repetition rate,addressing the challenges of this experimental scheme and highlighting its critical aspects.Our proposed methodology allows evaluation of the performance of this scheme for laser-driven alpha particle production and can be adapted to high-repetition-rate laser facilities with higher energy and intensity.展开更多
The effect of the laser spot size on the neutron yield of table-top nuclear fusion from explosions of a femtosecond intense laser pulse heated deuterium clusters is investigated by using a simplified model, in which t...The effect of the laser spot size on the neutron yield of table-top nuclear fusion from explosions of a femtosecond intense laser pulse heated deuterium clusters is investigated by using a simplified model, in which the cluster size distribution and the energy attenuation of the laser as it propagates through the cluster jet are taken into account. It has been found that there exists a proper laser spot size for the maximum fusion neutron yield for a given laser pulse and a specific deuterium gas cluster jet. The proper spot size, which is dependent on the laser parameters and the cluster jet parameters, has been calculated and compared with the available experimental data. A reasonable agreement between the calculated results and the published experimental results is found.展开更多
A fundamental difference of very high intensity laser interaction with plasmas from solid targets appears with lasing at picosecond （ps） pulse durations in contrast to pulses of nanosec-onds （ns）. This can be seen...A fundamental difference of very high intensity laser interaction with plasmas from solid targets appears with lasing at picosecond （ps） pulse durations in contrast to pulses of nanosec-onds （ns）. This can be seen from the more than 10,000 times higher acceleration with ps pulse du-rations than with thermal pressure determined interaction. A ps pulse duration produces instantly acting high-efficiency nonlinear （ponderomotive） electrodynamic force dominated acceleration in contrast to heating with longer pulses. The ps pulses accelerate high-density plasma blocks. This can be used by a new scheme of side-on driven laser fusion with generating a flame ignition in uncompressed fusion fuel of solid density resulting in a reaction velocity of more than 2000 km/s for DT.展开更多
Fusion Process Model is a software process model to enhance the software development process. Fusion process model have five fundamental phases and one fusion process controller to control and co-ordinate the overall ...Fusion Process Model is a software process model to enhance the software development process. Fusion process model have five fundamental phases and one fusion process controller to control and co-ordinate the overall development process. Fusion Process Model uses 3C-Model to generalize the process of solving the problem in each phase. 3C-Model, which helps in implementing component based development approach and provides firmer control over the software development process. Because of the component driven approach, the risk associated with cost and time is limited to component only and ensure the overall quality of software system, reduce the development cost and time by considering the changing requirements of customer, risk assessment, identification, evaluation and composition of relative concerns at each phase of development process. We have implemented Fusion Process Model to the design of a real world information system and evaluated this implementation with the initial project estimation.展开更多
There are several software process models that have been proposed and are based on task involved in developing and maintaining software product. The large number of software projects not meeting their expectation in t...There are several software process models that have been proposed and are based on task involved in developing and maintaining software product. The large number of software projects not meeting their expectation in terms of functionality, cost, delivery schedule and effective project management appears to be lacking. In this paper, we present a new software fusion process model, which depicts the essential phases of a software project from initiate stage until the product is retired. Fusion is component based software process model, where each component implements a problem solving model. This approach reduces the risk associated with cost and time, as these risks will be limited to a component only and ensure the overall quality of software system by considering the changing requirements of customer, risk assessment, identification, evaluation and composition of relative concerns at each phase of development process.展开更多
文摘This paper proposes a sub-critical nuclear energy system driven by fusion neutron source, FDS, which can be used to transmute long-lived radioactive wastes and to produce fissile nuclear fuel as a way for early application of fusion technology. The necessity and feasibility to develop that system in China are illustrated on the basis of prediction of the demand of energy source in the first half of the 21th century, the status of current fission energy supply and the progress in fusion technology in the world. The characteristics of fusion neutron driver and the potential for transmutation of long-lived nuclear wastes and breeding of fissile nuclear fuel in a blanket are analyzed. A scenario of development steps is proposed.
基金This work was supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China No.10175068.
文摘The concept of the liquid Li17Pb83 and Helium gas dual-cooled Fuel Breeding Blanket (FBB) for the Fusion-Driven sub-critical System (FDS) is presented and analyzed. Taking self-sustaining tritium (TBR >1.05) and annual output of 100 kg or more fissile 239Pu (FBR > 0.238) as objective parameters, and based on the three-dimensional Monte Carlo neutron-photon transport code MCNP/4A, a neutronics-optimizated calculation of different cases was carried out and the concept is proved feasible. In addition, the total breeding ratio ( BR = TBR + FBR ) is listed corresponding to different cases.
文摘The implosion plasma drive fusion pellet of inertial confinement is a concept related to nuclear fusion,a process in which atomic nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei,releasing a large amount of energy in the process.The implosion plasma drive fusion pellet is a potential fuel source for achieving controlled nuclear fusion.ICF(inertial confinement fusion)is a technique used to achieve fusion by compressing a small target containing fusion fuel to extremely high densities and temperatures using lasers or other methods.The implosion plasma drive fusion pellet concept involves using a small pellet of deuterium and tritium(two isotopes of hydrogen)as fusion fuel,and then rapidly heating and compressing it using a pulsed power system.The implosion process creates a high-pressure plasma that ignites the fusion reactions,releasing energy in the form of neutrons and charged particles.The resulting energy can be captured and used for power generation.This technology is still in the experimental stage,and significant research and development is required to make it commercially viable.However,it has the potential to provide a virtually limitless source of clean energy with no greenhouse gas emissions or long-term radioactive waste.Be that as it may,ICF has to get exact control of the implosion process,mitigate insecurities,and create modern materials and advances to resist the extraordinary conditions of the combined response.
文摘In the 1970s,scientists began experimenting with powerful laser beams to compress and heat the hydrogen isotopes to the point of fusion,a technique called ICF(Inertial Confinement Fusion).In the“direct drive”approach to ICF,powerful beams of laser light are focused on a small spherical pellet containing micrograms of deuterium and tritium.The rapid heating caused by the laser“driver”makes the outer layer of the target explode.In keeping with Isaac Newton’s Third Law“For every action,there is an equal and opposite reaction”,the remaining portion of the target is driven inwards in a rocket-like implosion,causing compression of the fuel inside the capsule and the formation of a shock wave,which further heats the fuel in the very center and results in a self-sustaining burn.The fusion burn propagates outward through the cooler,outer regions of the capsule much more rapidly than the capsule can expand.Instead of magnetic fields,the plasma is confined by the inertia of its own mass—hence the term inertial confinement fusion.A similar process can be observed on an astrophysical scale in stars and the terrestrial uber world,that have exhausted their nuclear fuel,hence inertially or gravitationally collapsing and generating a supernova explosion,where the results can easily be converted to induction of energy in control forms for a peaceful purpose(i.e.,inertial fusion reaction)by means of thermal physics and statistical mechanics behavior of an ideal Fermi gas,utilizing Fermi-Degeneracy and Thomas-Fermi theory.The fundamental understanding of thermal physics and statistical mechanics enables us to have a better understanding of Fermi-Degeneracy as well as Thomas-Fermi theory of ideal gas,which results in laser compressing matter to a super high density for purpose of producing thermonuclear energy in way of controlled form for peaceful shape and form i.e.CTR(Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction).In this short review,we have concentrated on Fundamental of State Equations by driving them as it was evaluated in book Statistical Mechanics written by Mayer,J.and Mayer,M.in this article.
基金funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Program(Grant Agreement No.101052200-EUROfusion)funding from LASERLAB-EUROPE(Grant Agreement No.871124,European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program)+5 种基金supported in part by the United States Department of Energy under Grant No.DE-FG02-93ER40773We also acknowledge support from Grant No.PID2021-125389OA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER,UEby“ERDF A Way of Making Europe”by the European Union and Unidad de Investigación Consolidada of Junta de Castilla y León UIC 167supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.12375125the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe support of the Czech Science Foundation through Grant No.GACR24-11398S.
文摘Driving of the nuclear fusion reaction p+^(11)B3α+8.7 MeV under laboratory conditions by interaction between high-power laser pulses and matter has become a popular field of research,owing to its numerous potential applications:as an alternative to deuterium-tritium for fusion energy production,astrophysics studies,and alpha-particle generation for medical treatment.One possible scheme for laser-driven p-^(11)B reactions is to direct a beam of laser-accelerated protons onto a boron(B)sample(the so-called“pitcher-catcher”scheme).This technique has been successfully implemented on large high-energy lasers,yielding hundreds of joules per shot at low repetition.We present here a complementary approach,exploiting the high repetition rate of the VEGA III petawatt laser at CLPU(Spain),aiming at accumulating results from many interactions at much lower energy,to provide better control of the parameters and the statistics of the measurements.Despite a moderate energy per pulse,our experiment allowed exploration of the laser-driven fusion process with tens(up to hundreds)of laser shots.The experiment provided a clear signature of the reactions involved and of the fusion products,accumulated over many shots,leading to an improved optimization of the diagnostics for experimental campaigns of this type.In this paper,we discuss the effectiveness of laser-driven p-11B fusion in the pitcher-catcher scheme,at a high repetition rate,addressing the challenges of this experimental scheme and highlighting its critical aspects.Our proposed methodology allows evaluation of the performance of this scheme for laser-driven alpha particle production and can be adapted to high-repetition-rate laser facilities with higher energy and intensity.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No 2006CB806000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 10535070)
文摘The effect of the laser spot size on the neutron yield of table-top nuclear fusion from explosions of a femtosecond intense laser pulse heated deuterium clusters is investigated by using a simplified model, in which the cluster size distribution and the energy attenuation of the laser as it propagates through the cluster jet are taken into account. It has been found that there exists a proper laser spot size for the maximum fusion neutron yield for a given laser pulse and a specific deuterium gas cluster jet. The proper spot size, which is dependent on the laser parameters and the cluster jet parameters, has been calculated and compared with the available experimental data. A reasonable agreement between the calculated results and the published experimental results is found.
文摘A fundamental difference of very high intensity laser interaction with plasmas from solid targets appears with lasing at picosecond （ps） pulse durations in contrast to pulses of nanosec-onds （ns）. This can be seen from the more than 10,000 times higher acceleration with ps pulse du-rations than with thermal pressure determined interaction. A ps pulse duration produces instantly acting high-efficiency nonlinear （ponderomotive） electrodynamic force dominated acceleration in contrast to heating with longer pulses. The ps pulses accelerate high-density plasma blocks. This can be used by a new scheme of side-on driven laser fusion with generating a flame ignition in uncompressed fusion fuel of solid density resulting in a reaction velocity of more than 2000 km/s for DT.
文摘Fusion Process Model is a software process model to enhance the software development process. Fusion process model have five fundamental phases and one fusion process controller to control and co-ordinate the overall development process. Fusion Process Model uses 3C-Model to generalize the process of solving the problem in each phase. 3C-Model, which helps in implementing component based development approach and provides firmer control over the software development process. Because of the component driven approach, the risk associated with cost and time is limited to component only and ensure the overall quality of software system, reduce the development cost and time by considering the changing requirements of customer, risk assessment, identification, evaluation and composition of relative concerns at each phase of development process. We have implemented Fusion Process Model to the design of a real world information system and evaluated this implementation with the initial project estimation.
文摘There are several software process models that have been proposed and are based on task involved in developing and maintaining software product. The large number of software projects not meeting their expectation in terms of functionality, cost, delivery schedule and effective project management appears to be lacking. In this paper, we present a new software fusion process model, which depicts the essential phases of a software project from initiate stage until the product is retired. Fusion is component based software process model, where each component implements a problem solving model. This approach reduces the risk associated with cost and time, as these risks will be limited to a component only and ensure the overall quality of software system by considering the changing requirements of customer, risk assessment, identification, evaluation and composition of relative concerns at each phase of development process.
