This paper provides a review of methods of assessing a fragmentation weapon’s effectiveness against a point target or an area target with keeping the focus on the necessity of using the Carleton damage function with ...This paper provides a review of methods of assessing a fragmentation weapon’s effectiveness against a point target or an area target with keeping the focus on the necessity of using the Carleton damage function with the correct shape factor.First,cookie-cutter damage functions are redefined to preserve the shape factor of and to have the same lethal area as the corresponding Carleton damage function.Then,closed-form solutions of the effectiveness methods are obtained by using those cookie-cutter damage functions and the Carleton damage function.Finally,the closed-form solutions are applied to calculate the probability of damaging a point target and the expected fractional damage to an area target for several attack scenarios by using cookie-cutter damage functions and the Carleton damage functions with different shape factors.The comparison of the calculation results shows that using cookie-cutter damage functions or the Carleton damage function with a wrong shape factor results in quite significant differences from using the original Carleton damage function with a correct shape factor when weapon’s delivery error deviations are less than or comparable to the lengths of the lethal area and the aim point is far from a target.The effectiveness methods improved in this paper will be useful for mission planning utilizing the precision-guided munitions in circumstances where the collateral damage should be reduced.展开更多
Developing a regional damage function to quickly estimate direct economic losses(DELs) caused by heavy rain and floods is crucial for providing scientific supports in effective disaster response and risk reduction. Th...Developing a regional damage function to quickly estimate direct economic losses(DELs) caused by heavy rain and floods is crucial for providing scientific supports in effective disaster response and risk reduction. This study investigated the factors that influence regional rainfall-induced damage and developed a calibrated regional rainfall damage function(RDF) using data from the 2016 extreme rainfall event in Hebei Province, China. The analysis revealed that total precipitation, asset value exposure, per capita GDP, and historical geological disaster density at both the township and county levels significantly affect regional rainfall-induced damage. The coefficients of the calibrated RDF indicate that doubling the values of these factors leads to varying increases or decreases in rainfall-induced damage. Furthermore, the study demonstrated a spatial scale dependency in the coefficients of the RDF, with increased elasticity values for asset value exposure and per capita GDP at the county level compared to the township level. The findings emphasize the challenges of applying RDFs across multiple scales and highlight the importance of considering socioeconomic factors in assessing rainfall-induced damage. Despite the limitations and uncertainties of the RDF developed, this study contributes to our understanding of the relationship between physical and socioeconomic factors and rainfall-induced damage. Future research should prioritize enhancing exposure estimation and calibrating RDFs for various types of rainfall-induced disasters to improve model accuracy and performance.The study also acknowledges the variation in RDF performance across different physical environments, especially concerning geological disasters and slope stability.展开更多
The finding that adult neurogenesis occurs constitutively in the brain was a breakthrough in neuroscience and soon gained attention as a possible mechanism for neurorepair after brain damage. In a recent study we show...The finding that adult neurogenesis occurs constitutively in the brain was a breakthrough in neuroscience and soon gained attention as a possible mechanism for neurorepair after brain damage. In a recent study we show that the dentate gyrus （DG） reorganizes anatomically over neurons undergo maturation time after damage, while new and activate in response to a contextual fear memory recall （Aguilar-Arredondo and Zepeda, 2018）. These findings provide new evidence on the possible role of neurogenesis in cognitive recovery after brain injury.展开更多
Abstract We study the damage probability when M weapons are used against a unitary target. We use the Carleton damage function to model the distribution of damage probability caused by each weapon. The deviation of th...Abstract We study the damage probability when M weapons are used against a unitary target. We use the Carleton damage function to model the distribution of damage probability caused by each weapon. The deviation of the impact point from the aimpoint is attributed to both the dependent error and independent errors. The dependent error is one random variable affecting M weapons the same way while independent errors are associated with individual weapons and are independent of each other. We consider the case where the dependent error is significant, non-negligible relative to independent errors. We first derive an explicit exact solution for the damage probability caused by M weapons for any M. Based on the exact solution, we find the optimal aimpoint distribution of M weapons to maximize the damage probability in several cases where the aimpoint distribution is constrained geometrically with a few free parameters, including uniform distributions around a circle or around an ellipse. Then, we perform unconstrained optimization to obtain the overall optimal aimpoint distribution and the overall maximum damage probability, which is carried out for different values of M, up to 20 weapons. Finally, we derive a phenomenological approximate expression for the damage probability vs. M, the number of weapons, for the parameters studied here.展开更多
Soybean meal(SBM)prepared by soybean crushing is the most popular protein source in the poultry and livestock industries(Cai et al.,2015)due to its economic manufacture,high protein content,and good nutritional value....Soybean meal(SBM)prepared by soybean crushing is the most popular protein source in the poultry and livestock industries(Cai et al.,2015)due to its economic manufacture,high protein content,and good nutritional value.Despite these benefits,SBM contains various antigen proteins such as glycinin andβ-conglycinin,which account for approximately 70%of the total proteins of the SBM and reduce digestibility and damage intestinal function(Peng et al.,2018).展开更多
BACKGROUND The specific mechanism of diabetic nephropathy(DN)has not been fully elucidated,and more and more evidence shows that the development of DN is related to intestinal flora imbalance and micro-inflammatory st...BACKGROUND The specific mechanism of diabetic nephropathy(DN)has not been fully elucidated,and more and more evidence shows that the development of DN is related to intestinal flora imbalance and micro-inflammatory state process,and this mechanism urgently needs to be further clarified by relevant research.AIM To investigate the correlation between intestinal microbiota dysbiosis,low-grade inflammatory status,renal function impairment,and disease severity in older patients with DN,in order to provide a basis for the prevention and therapeutic intervention of DN.METHODS We enrolled 167 older patients with DN,diagnosed in the Department of Nephrology between June 2020 and June 2023.Eighty-five patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(without DN)were enrolled to serve as the control group.A one-year follow-up observation was conducted.We compared the differences in gut microbiota composition,levels of inflammatory markers,and renal function indicators between the two groups,and the characteristics of gut microbiota and the changing patterns of inflammatory markers across different stages of disease progression.RESULTS In the DN group,the Chao,Ace,and Shannon indices were significantly lower,while the Simpson index was significantly higher than the control group.The relative abundances of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium were significantly lower,whereas the relative abundances of Clostridium,Butyricimonas,Klebsiella,Enterococcus,Veillonella,and Megamonas were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).Estimated glomerular filtration rate was positively correlated with the Chao,Ace,and Shannon diversity indices of the gut microbiota,as well as with the relative abundances of Bacteroides,Bifidobacterium,and Akkermansia,and was negatively correlated with the relative abundances of Clostridium,Klebsiella,and Enterococcus(P<0.05).Logistic regression analysis indicated that lower Chao,Ace,and Shannon indices and higher Simpson index were associated with an increased risk of developing DN.After one year of follow-up,patients in the progression group exhibited a significantly greater decrease in Chao,Ace,and Shannon indices and a greater increase in Simpson index than the stable group.The reduction in the relative abundances of Bacteroides,Clostridium,Bifidobacterium,and Butyricimonas,as well as the increase in Klebsiella,Enterococcus,Veillonella,and Megamonas,were significantly more pronounced in the progression group than in the stable group(P<0.05).Regression analysis indicated that greater declines in Chao,Ace,and Shannon indices and Bacteroides relative abundance,along with greater increases in Simpson index and Enterococcus relative abundance,were associated with a more rapid decline in renal function.CONCLUSION The onset and progression of DN in older patients with diabetes are closely associated with gut microbiota composition.The more severe the dysbiosis,the lower the abundance of beneficial bacteria and the higher the abundance of harmful bacteria,leading to an increased risk of both DN occurrence and disease progression.展开更多
In this paper,a new method for determining the shell layout scheme is proposed,which can make the equipment damage data by the battlefield damage test resemble as close as possible the actual combat data.This method i...In this paper,a new method for determining the shell layout scheme is proposed,which can make the equipment damage data by the battlefield damage test resemble as close as possible the actual combat data.This method is based on the analysis of the impact point distribution and effective damage area of equipment.In order to obtain the position of the impact points,an impact point distribution model under artillery fire was established.Similarly,in order to obtain the effective damage area of equipment,the concepts of generalized damage area and task-based equipment functional damage probability were demonstrated,and the corresponding calculation model was established.Through case analysis,the shell layout scheme was effectively obtained,verifying the correctness of the proposed method.展开更多
Itis understood that grain boundary cavitation is one of the detrimental processes for thedegradation of materials that reduces the creep fatigue life at high temperatures. Anewdamagefunction based on a modelforthecr...Itis understood that grain boundary cavitation is one of the detrimental processes for thedegradation of materials that reduces the creep fatigue life at high temperatures. Anewdamagefunction based on a modelforthecreep fatiguelife prediction in termsof nucleationand growth ofgrain boundarycavitiesisproposed. Thisdamagefunctionisacombination ofthetermsrelated to the cavitational damagein thelife prediction equation and is generallyapplicabletothe materialsin which failureis controlled by the grain boundary cavitationaldamage. Thecreep fatiguedatafrom thepresentandotherinvestigationsareusedtocheckthevalidityofthe proposed function, and itisshown thattheysatisfythereliability of damagefunction. Additionally, using this damage function, one may realize that allthe Coffin Manson plotsatthevariouslevelsoftensileholdtimeandtemperatureunderstrain controlled creep fatiguetestscan be normalizedto makethe mastercurve.展开更多
At present about 60% of ecosystem has been damaged and degraded severely, resulting in enormous ecological loss globally. The essential cause is the irrational utilization of ecosystem by humankind, so it is tire key ...At present about 60% of ecosystem has been damaged and degraded severely, resulting in enormous ecological loss globally. The essential cause is the irrational utilization of ecosystem by humankind, so it is tire key to changing improper environmental performance of humankind so as to prevent ecosystem from being damaged The quantitative valuation on the loss of ecological damage is an effective tool to guide human eco-environmental performance. In this paper, the concepts related to the valuation on ecological damage cost are introduced,＂ uncertainties that might arise in the valuation on the loss of ecological damage such as area coverage of valuation, ecological damage quantity, borders of ecological damage cost and data support are analyzed and the valuation approaches for the loss of ecological damage are also discussed As a case study, the economic losses of ecological damage of forest in 2005 in China are valuated.展开更多
Since the classical element model cannot describe the nonlinear characteristics of rock during the entire compressive creep process,nonlinear elements and creep damage are generally introduced in the model to resolve ...Since the classical element model cannot describe the nonlinear characteristics of rock during the entire compressive creep process,nonlinear elements and creep damage are generally introduced in the model to resolve this issue.However,several previous studies have reckoned that creep damage in rock only occurs in the accelerated creep stage and is only described by the Weibull distribution.Nevertheless,the creep damage mechanism of rocks is still not clearly understood.In this study,a reasonable representation of the damage variables of solid materials is presented.Specifically,based on the Gurson damage model,the damage state functions reflecting the constant creep stage and accelerated creep stage of rock are established.Further,the one-dimensional and three-dimensional creep damage constitutive equations of rock are derived by modifying the Nishihara model.Finally,the creep-acoustic emission tests of phyllite under different confining pressures are conducted to examine the creep damage characteristics of phyllite.And the proposed constitutive model is verified by analyzing the results of creep tests performed on saturated phyllite.Overall,this study reveals the relationship between the creep characteristics of rocks and the corresponding damage evolution pattern,which bridges the gap between the traditional theory and the quantitative analysis of rock creep and its damage pattern.展开更多
Climate policies making are strongly impacted by the approach of damage evaluation.China is leading carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions in the world,and has agreed with Paris agreement to reduce CO2 emissions.China is also e...Climate policies making are strongly impacted by the approach of damage evaluation.China is leading carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions in the world,and has agreed with Paris agreement to reduce CO2 emissions.China is also expected to be negatively impacted by climate change.One of main concerns is how to assess and monetize the climate damage from country-specific level.This paper builds a model comprising two approaches of damage evaluation and assesses China's mitigation and adapt at ion responses by 2100 for both of no policy and Paris agreemen t policy.Tt has the following findings:First,the emissions pathway and nonfossil fuel consumption share of total energy consumption differs slightly between the two approaches of damage evaluation.Second,with the Burkes approach,the climate damage avoided by adaptation is increasingly higher than that by mitigation when investment in adaptation starts to be massively injected with faster increasing trend by 2045.Third,climate expenses should be invested more to address higher level of the climate damage evaluated by the Burkes approach than by the Mannes approach.Fourth,the main findings in this paper are robust in terms of uncertain ties in the parame ters of damage function.展开更多
1.Overview of Neurorestoratology The rapidlyemergingmedical discipline,Neurorestoratology aims to restore damaged or lost neural functions and/or structures,thereby improving the quality of life of patients suffering ...1.Overview of Neurorestoratology The rapidlyemergingmedical discipline,Neurorestoratology aims to restore damaged or lost neural functions and/or structures,thereby improving the quality of life of patients suffering fromneuropsychiatric/neurodegenerative and neurotraumatic disorders.1,2 Based on neuroanatomy and neural functions,Neurorestoratology is divided into five branches:(1)The central nervous system Neurorestoratology.(2)Peripheral nervous system Neurorestoratology.(3)Autonomic nervous system Neurorestoratology.(4)Psychiatric Neurorestoratology.(5)Higher brain function Neurorestoratology.展开更多
文摘This paper provides a review of methods of assessing a fragmentation weapon’s effectiveness against a point target or an area target with keeping the focus on the necessity of using the Carleton damage function with the correct shape factor.First,cookie-cutter damage functions are redefined to preserve the shape factor of and to have the same lethal area as the corresponding Carleton damage function.Then,closed-form solutions of the effectiveness methods are obtained by using those cookie-cutter damage functions and the Carleton damage function.Finally,the closed-form solutions are applied to calculate the probability of damaging a point target and the expected fractional damage to an area target for several attack scenarios by using cookie-cutter damage functions and the Carleton damage functions with different shape factors.The comparison of the calculation results shows that using cookie-cutter damage functions or the Carleton damage function with a wrong shape factor results in quite significant differences from using the original Carleton damage function with a correct shape factor when weapon’s delivery error deviations are less than or comparable to the lengths of the lethal area and the aim point is far from a target.The effectiveness methods improved in this paper will be useful for mission planning utilizing the precision-guided munitions in circumstances where the collateral damage should be reduced.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC3004404)the Key Research and Development Project of Science and Technology Department of Hebei Province(No.21375410D and No.22375421D).
文摘Developing a regional damage function to quickly estimate direct economic losses(DELs) caused by heavy rain and floods is crucial for providing scientific supports in effective disaster response and risk reduction. This study investigated the factors that influence regional rainfall-induced damage and developed a calibrated regional rainfall damage function(RDF) using data from the 2016 extreme rainfall event in Hebei Province, China. The analysis revealed that total precipitation, asset value exposure, per capita GDP, and historical geological disaster density at both the township and county levels significantly affect regional rainfall-induced damage. The coefficients of the calibrated RDF indicate that doubling the values of these factors leads to varying increases or decreases in rainfall-induced damage. Furthermore, the study demonstrated a spatial scale dependency in the coefficients of the RDF, with increased elasticity values for asset value exposure and per capita GDP at the county level compared to the township level. The findings emphasize the challenges of applying RDFs across multiple scales and highlight the importance of considering socioeconomic factors in assessing rainfall-induced damage. Despite the limitations and uncertainties of the RDF developed, this study contributes to our understanding of the relationship between physical and socioeconomic factors and rainfall-induced damage. Future research should prioritize enhancing exposure estimation and calibrating RDFs for various types of rainfall-induced disasters to improve model accuracy and performance.The study also acknowledges the variation in RDF performance across different physical environments, especially concerning geological disasters and slope stability.
基金supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología(CONACyT)282470(to AZ)
文摘The finding that adult neurogenesis occurs constitutively in the brain was a breakthrough in neuroscience and soon gained attention as a possible mechanism for neurorepair after brain damage. In a recent study we show that the dentate gyrus （DG） reorganizes anatomically over neurons undergo maturation time after damage, while new and activate in response to a contextual fear memory recall （Aguilar-Arredondo and Zepeda, 2018）. These findings provide new evidence on the possible role of neurogenesis in cognitive recovery after brain injury.
文摘Abstract We study the damage probability when M weapons are used against a unitary target. We use the Carleton damage function to model the distribution of damage probability caused by each weapon. The deviation of the impact point from the aimpoint is attributed to both the dependent error and independent errors. The dependent error is one random variable affecting M weapons the same way while independent errors are associated with individual weapons and are independent of each other. We consider the case where the dependent error is significant, non-negligible relative to independent errors. We first derive an explicit exact solution for the damage probability caused by M weapons for any M. Based on the exact solution, we find the optimal aimpoint distribution of M weapons to maximize the damage probability in several cases where the aimpoint distribution is constrained geometrically with a few free parameters, including uniform distributions around a circle or around an ellipse. Then, we perform unconstrained optimization to obtain the overall optimal aimpoint distribution and the overall maximum damage probability, which is carried out for different values of M, up to 20 weapons. Finally, we derive a phenomenological approximate expression for the damage probability vs. M, the number of weapons, for the parameters studied here.
基金supported by the Ten-thousand Talents Plan of Zhejiang Province(No.2022R52021)the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(No.2021C04016)the Pioneer and Leading Goose R&D Program of Zhejiang(No.2022C04020),China.
文摘Soybean meal(SBM)prepared by soybean crushing is the most popular protein source in the poultry and livestock industries(Cai et al.,2015)due to its economic manufacture,high protein content,and good nutritional value.Despite these benefits,SBM contains various antigen proteins such as glycinin andβ-conglycinin,which account for approximately 70%of the total proteins of the SBM and reduce digestibility and damage intestinal function(Peng et al.,2018).
文摘BACKGROUND The specific mechanism of diabetic nephropathy(DN)has not been fully elucidated,and more and more evidence shows that the development of DN is related to intestinal flora imbalance and micro-inflammatory state process,and this mechanism urgently needs to be further clarified by relevant research.AIM To investigate the correlation between intestinal microbiota dysbiosis,low-grade inflammatory status,renal function impairment,and disease severity in older patients with DN,in order to provide a basis for the prevention and therapeutic intervention of DN.METHODS We enrolled 167 older patients with DN,diagnosed in the Department of Nephrology between June 2020 and June 2023.Eighty-five patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(without DN)were enrolled to serve as the control group.A one-year follow-up observation was conducted.We compared the differences in gut microbiota composition,levels of inflammatory markers,and renal function indicators between the two groups,and the characteristics of gut microbiota and the changing patterns of inflammatory markers across different stages of disease progression.RESULTS In the DN group,the Chao,Ace,and Shannon indices were significantly lower,while the Simpson index was significantly higher than the control group.The relative abundances of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium were significantly lower,whereas the relative abundances of Clostridium,Butyricimonas,Klebsiella,Enterococcus,Veillonella,and Megamonas were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).Estimated glomerular filtration rate was positively correlated with the Chao,Ace,and Shannon diversity indices of the gut microbiota,as well as with the relative abundances of Bacteroides,Bifidobacterium,and Akkermansia,and was negatively correlated with the relative abundances of Clostridium,Klebsiella,and Enterococcus(P<0.05).Logistic regression analysis indicated that lower Chao,Ace,and Shannon indices and higher Simpson index were associated with an increased risk of developing DN.After one year of follow-up,patients in the progression group exhibited a significantly greater decrease in Chao,Ace,and Shannon indices and a greater increase in Simpson index than the stable group.The reduction in the relative abundances of Bacteroides,Clostridium,Bifidobacterium,and Butyricimonas,as well as the increase in Klebsiella,Enterococcus,Veillonella,and Megamonas,were significantly more pronounced in the progression group than in the stable group(P<0.05).Regression analysis indicated that greater declines in Chao,Ace,and Shannon indices and Bacteroides relative abundance,along with greater increases in Simpson index and Enterococcus relative abundance,were associated with a more rapid decline in renal function.CONCLUSION The onset and progression of DN in older patients with diabetes are closely associated with gut microbiota composition.The more severe the dysbiosis,the lower the abundance of beneficial bacteria and the higher the abundance of harmful bacteria,leading to an increased risk of both DN occurrence and disease progression.
基金Key projects of pre-research fund(No.9140A27040414JB34001).
文摘In this paper,a new method for determining the shell layout scheme is proposed,which can make the equipment damage data by the battlefield damage test resemble as close as possible the actual combat data.This method is based on the analysis of the impact point distribution and effective damage area of equipment.In order to obtain the position of the impact points,an impact point distribution model under artillery fire was established.Similarly,in order to obtain the effective damage area of equipment,the concepts of generalized damage area and task-based equipment functional damage probability were demonstrated,and the corresponding calculation model was established.Through case analysis,the shell layout scheme was effectively obtained,verifying the correctness of the proposed method.
文摘Itis understood that grain boundary cavitation is one of the detrimental processes for thedegradation of materials that reduces the creep fatigue life at high temperatures. Anewdamagefunction based on a modelforthecreep fatiguelife prediction in termsof nucleationand growth ofgrain boundarycavitiesisproposed. Thisdamagefunctionisacombination ofthetermsrelated to the cavitational damagein thelife prediction equation and is generallyapplicabletothe materialsin which failureis controlled by the grain boundary cavitationaldamage. Thecreep fatiguedatafrom thepresentandotherinvestigationsareusedtocheckthevalidityofthe proposed function, and itisshown thattheysatisfythereliability of damagefunction. Additionally, using this damage function, one may realize that allthe Coffin Manson plotsatthevariouslevelsoftensileholdtimeandtemperatureunderstrain controlled creep fatiguetestscan be normalizedto makethe mastercurve.
文摘At present about 60% of ecosystem has been damaged and degraded severely, resulting in enormous ecological loss globally. The essential cause is the irrational utilization of ecosystem by humankind, so it is tire key to changing improper environmental performance of humankind so as to prevent ecosystem from being damaged The quantitative valuation on the loss of ecological damage is an effective tool to guide human eco-environmental performance. In this paper, the concepts related to the valuation on ecological damage cost are introduced,＂ uncertainties that might arise in the valuation on the loss of ecological damage such as area coverage of valuation, ecological damage quantity, borders of ecological damage cost and data support are analyzed and the valuation approaches for the loss of ecological damage are also discussed As a case study, the economic losses of ecological damage of forest in 2005 in China are valuated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U19A20111 and 42130719)the State Key Laboratory of Geo-hazard Prevention and Geo-environment Protection Independent Research Project(Grant No.SKLGP2017Z001)。
文摘Since the classical element model cannot describe the nonlinear characteristics of rock during the entire compressive creep process,nonlinear elements and creep damage are generally introduced in the model to resolve this issue.However,several previous studies have reckoned that creep damage in rock only occurs in the accelerated creep stage and is only described by the Weibull distribution.Nevertheless,the creep damage mechanism of rocks is still not clearly understood.In this study,a reasonable representation of the damage variables of solid materials is presented.Specifically,based on the Gurson damage model,the damage state functions reflecting the constant creep stage and accelerated creep stage of rock are established.Further,the one-dimensional and three-dimensional creep damage constitutive equations of rock are derived by modifying the Nishihara model.Finally,the creep-acoustic emission tests of phyllite under different confining pressures are conducted to examine the creep damage characteristics of phyllite.And the proposed constitutive model is verified by analyzing the results of creep tests performed on saturated phyllite.Overall,this study reveals the relationship between the creep characteristics of rocks and the corresponding damage evolution pattern,which bridges the gap between the traditional theory and the quantitative analysis of rock creep and its damage pattern.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.71673019,71503242,71273253,71210005,71690245
文摘Climate policies making are strongly impacted by the approach of damage evaluation.China is leading carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions in the world,and has agreed with Paris agreement to reduce CO2 emissions.China is also expected to be negatively impacted by climate change.One of main concerns is how to assess and monetize the climate damage from country-specific level.This paper builds a model comprising two approaches of damage evaluation and assesses China's mitigation and adapt at ion responses by 2100 for both of no policy and Paris agreemen t policy.Tt has the following findings:First,the emissions pathway and nonfossil fuel consumption share of total energy consumption differs slightly between the two approaches of damage evaluation.Second,with the Burkes approach,the climate damage avoided by adaptation is increasingly higher than that by mitigation when investment in adaptation starts to be massively injected with faster increasing trend by 2045.Third,climate expenses should be invested more to address higher level of the climate damage evaluated by the Burkes approach than by the Mannes approach.Fourth,the main findings in this paper are robust in terms of uncertain ties in the parame ters of damage function.
文摘1.Overview of Neurorestoratology The rapidlyemergingmedical discipline,Neurorestoratology aims to restore damaged or lost neural functions and/or structures,thereby improving the quality of life of patients suffering fromneuropsychiatric/neurodegenerative and neurotraumatic disorders.1,2 Based on neuroanatomy and neural functions,Neurorestoratology is divided into five branches:(1)The central nervous system Neurorestoratology.(2)Peripheral nervous system Neurorestoratology.(3)Autonomic nervous system Neurorestoratology.(4)Psychiatric Neurorestoratology.(5)Higher brain function Neurorestoratology.
