Core flow experiment is an important means of simulation experiments to evaluate the effect of displacing agent, but conventionally the internal characteristics in the core cannot be intuitively observed, and then som...Core flow experiment is an important means of simulation experiments to evaluate the effect of displacing agent, but conventionally the internal characteristics in the core cannot be intuitively observed, and then some important information can not be directly acquired by experiments. In this paper, a visualization method was used to detect the water-flooding process by using an improved low field nuclear magnetic resonance imaging（MRI） device, and the images describing the distribution of oil and water were collected. The experimental results show that the distribution of oil and water can be visually detected in an appropriate range of core porosity, and the end effect in many mechanics experiments is found to exist also in natural core flow test, and the influence range is about 0.004 m from the end of a 0.05752 m length natural core. The results also indicate that MRI is an effective tool to study the real time fluid distribution in natural core.展开更多
The present study introduces the principles of enhanced heat transfer in the core flow to form an equivalent thermal boundary layer in the fully developed laminar tube flow, which consequently enlarges the temperature...The present study introduces the principles of enhanced heat transfer in the core flow to form an equivalent thermal boundary layer in the fully developed laminar tube flow, which consequently enlarges the temperature gradient of the fluid near the tube wall, and thereby enhances the heat transfer between the fluid and the tube wall. At the same time, the increase of flow resistance in the tube is not so obvious. Mechanism analysis and numerical calculation based on air and water have been carried out to verify the principle and method presented in this paper, which may bring positive effects to the design of heat exchanger with high heat transfer efficiency and low flow resistance.展开更多
The long wave stability of core-annular flow of power-law fluids with an axial pressure gradient is investigated at low Reynolds number. The interface between the two fluids is populated with an insoluble surfactant. ...The long wave stability of core-annular flow of power-law fluids with an axial pressure gradient is investigated at low Reynolds number. The interface between the two fluids is populated with an insoluble surfactant. The analytic solution for the growth rate of perturbation is obtained with long wave approximation. We are mainly concerned with the effects of shear-thinning/thickening property and interfacial surfactant on the flow stability. The results show that the influence of shear-thinning/thickening property accounts to the change of the capillary number. For a clean interface, the shear-thinning property enhances the capillary instability when the interface is close to the pipe wall. The converse is true when the interface is close to the pipe centerline. For shear-thickening fluids, the situation is reversed. When the interface is close to the pipe centerline, the capillary instability can be restrained due to the influence of surfactant. A parameter set can be found under which the flow is linearly stable.展开更多
The influence of core sand properties on flow dynamics was investigated synchronously with various core sands, transparent core-box and high-speed camera. To confirm whether the core shooting process has significant t...The influence of core sand properties on flow dynamics was investigated synchronously with various core sands, transparent core-box and high-speed camera. To confirm whether the core shooting process has significant turbulence, the flow pattern of sand particles in the shooting head and core box was reproduced with colored core sands. By incorporating the kinetic theory of granular flow(KTGF), kinetic-frictional constitutive correlation and turbulence model, a two-fluid model(TFM) was established to study the flow dynamics of the core shooting process. Two-fluid model(TFM) simulations were then performed and a areasonable agreement was achieved between the simulation and experimental results. Based on the experimental and simulation results, the effects of turbulence, sand density, sand diameter and binder ratio were analyzed in terms of filling process, sand volume fraction(αs) and sand velocity(Vs).展开更多
The equation of motion of sandwich beam with pyramidal lattice core in the supersonic flow considering geometric nonlinearity is formulated using Hamilton＇s principle. The piston theory is used to evaluate aerodynami...The equation of motion of sandwich beam with pyramidal lattice core in the supersonic flow considering geometric nonlinearity is formulated using Hamilton＇s principle. The piston theory is used to evaluate aerodynamic pressure. The structural aeroelastic properties are analyzed using frequency- and time-domain methods, and some interesting phenomena are observed. It is noted that the flutter of sandwich beam occurs under the coupling effect of low order modes. The critical flutter aerodynamic pressure of the sandwich beam is higher than that of the isotropic beam with the same weight, length and width. The influence of inclination angle of core truss on flutter characteristic is analyzed.展开更多
In the scenery of the oil industry, the remaining resources associated with light oils have an increasingly smaller share in the natural energy resources available to man, and in return the importance of resources ass...In the scenery of the oil industry, the remaining resources associated with light oils have an increasingly smaller share in the natural energy resources available to man, and in return the importance of resources associated with heavy oils has increased significantly. One of the drawbacks of this type of oil is associated with its low mobility due to the high viscosity in reservoir conditions, making the transport in pipelines very difficult, especially through pumping methods that require high powers. Thus, the development of new techniques and optimization of some existing technologies, aiming at the commercial use of heavy oil accumulations plays an important role. A viable technique that has been </span><span "="" style="line-height:1.5;">used is the core annular flow, in which small amounts of water are injected close to the pipe wall, lubricating the oil core, reducing friction and decreasing the pressure drop during the flow. In this sense, this work aims to perform, numerically, an energetic and hydrodynamic analysis of a heavy oil-water two-phase flow, using the core-flow technique, in curved pipes, in the Ansys CFX software. Results of the velocity, pressure, and volume fraction distribution of the involved phases are presented and analyzed. It was observed that the proposed mathematical model was able to accurately represent the analyzed phenomena and that a reduction factor in the pressure drop of 28.4 was obtained as compared to the heavy oil single-phase flow.展开更多
In comparison to a carbohydrate-rich breakfast, a nutritionally balanced breakfast reportedly leads to a higher core body temperature because of diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and also results in higher task perform...In comparison to a carbohydrate-rich breakfast, a nutritionally balanced breakfast reportedly leads to a higher core body temperature because of diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and also results in higher task performance. This study aimed to examine the relationships among the core body temperature, blood glucose level, cerebral blood flow, and cognitive performance when the core body temperature is raised to a similar extent as in DIT in the morning. This crossover study included 18 male participants who performed four sets of cognitive tests in the morning with four different foot baths and glucose intake conditions. In elevated body temperature (EBT) conditions, the core body temperature was increased by a foot bath at 42˚C or 39˚C, while in low body temperature (LBT) conditions, it was maintained at 35˚C by a foot bath;the participants received no glucose or two intakes of 20-g glucose for each thermal condition. In addition to the core body temperature measurement, the cerebral blood flow in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. Three blood collections were performed to measure the changes in blood glucose levels. The results revealed that in the EBT conditions, the core body temperature remained 0.3˚C - 0.5˚C higher than that at wake-up time, while the glucose intake conditions increased blood glucose levels which remained higher than those during fasting. No significant between-treatment difference was observed in the results of cognitive tests. However, the blood flow in the DLPFC increased during the second test period in the EBT/glucose and LBT/glucose conditions, whereas during the fourth test period, it increased solely in the EBT/glucose condition. Thus, in addition to the blood glucose level, an elevated core body temperature within the physiological range may be needed for long-term maintenance of the cerebral blood flow response.展开更多
Most current lattice Boltzmann （LBM） models suffer from the deficiency that their parameters have to be obtained by fitting experimental results. In this paper, we propose a new method that integrates the molecular ...Most current lattice Boltzmann （LBM） models suffer from the deficiency that their parameters have to be obtained by fitting experimental results. In this paper, we propose a new method that integrates the molecular dynamics （MD） simulation and LBM to avoid such defect. The basic idea is to first construct a molecular model based on the actual components of the rock-fluid system, then to compute the interaction force between the rock and the fluid of different densities through the MD simulation. This calculated rock-fluid interaction force, combined with the fluid-fluid force determined from the equation of state, is then used in LBM modeling. Without parameter fitting, this study presents a new systematic approach for pore-scale modeling of multi-phase flow. We have validated this ap- proach by simulating a two-phase separation process and gas-liquid-solid three-phase contact angle. Based on an actual X-ray CT image of a reservoir core, we applied our workflow to calculate the absolute permeability of the core, vapor-liquid H20 relative permeability, and capillary pressure curves.展开更多
People from different backgrounds may have various opinions and methods dealing with landscape ecology. As a basic ecology theory for decision making in land use planning and resource management, it should provide s...People from different backgrounds may have various opinions and methods dealing with landscape ecology. As a basic ecology theory for decision making in land use planning and resource management, it should provide sound scientific principles, which means some core concepts for landscape ecology need to be established. This paper attempts to introduce some core concepts for landscape ecology, with brief analysis, including: the integrity of landscape system and the heterogeneity of landscape elements; scale in landscape ecology; mosaics of landscape structure; spatial aggregation and spread of ecological flow; physical cultural nature of landscape; the irreversible and human dominated landscape evolution; the multi value of landscape.展开更多
Riser reactor is a key unit in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC), and it has important influences on increasing the yield coefficient of gas and oil. In this paper, the behaviors of gas-solid two-phase flow in the tr...Riser reactor is a key unit in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC), and it has important influences on increasing the yield coefficient of gas and oil. In this paper, the behaviors of gas-solid two-phase flow in the traditional y-type riser reactor are investigated by numerical simulation. The calculated particle concentration distribution is in good agreement with the experimental data, which verified the advanced models and calculating methods. The non-uniform distribution, such as core-annulus flow, may result in the unreasonable matching relationship of catalyst-to-oil ratio. An optimized riser with cuneal internals is proposed and the comparison of two different structures of riser reactor is presented. The comparison results show that the cuneal internals in the riser both can block effectively the slip down of the particles near wall region and weaken core-annulus flow structure due to the redistribution of particles. The results also prove that the particle concentration distribution becomes uniform along the axial and radial direction in the optimized riser by adding cuneal internals, which would be benefits for the catalytic cracking reactions.展开更多
<b>Background:</b> Because body temperature is such an important indicator and a basic requirement for all kinds of life, even tiny variances might induce undesired changes. This study looked at the influe...<b>Background:</b> Because body temperature is such an important indicator and a basic requirement for all kinds of life, even tiny variances might induce undesired changes. This study looked at the influence of FGFs sevoflurane anesthesia on heat preservation in patients undergoing open or laparoscopic digestive surgery. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Two hundred and forty adult patients (18 - 75 years) with an ASA of I-II were scheduled for open and laparoscopic digestive surgery: open surgery (Group O, n = 120 patients) and laparoscopic surgery (Group L, n = 120 patients). Each group was separated randomly into four subgroups (n = 30 patients) based on FGFs (0.7, 1, 1.5, or 2 L/min). Each patient’s HR, MBP, SpO<sub>2</sub>, FiO<sub>2</sub>, fluid infusion amount, urine volume, pre/post-Hb, surgery time, and nasopharyngeal temperatures were investigated and recorded every 15 min from 0 to 120 min. <b>Results:</b> Between groupings, there were no significant changes in demographic features. In 240 patients, the results of various FGFs (0.7, 1, 1.5, and 2 L/min), no statistically significant differences were found in core body temperature over time within each subgroup, with no statistically significant differences between the two (open and laparoscopic) (P > 0.05). <b>Conclusions:</b> The study concluded that FGFs (0.7, 1, 1.5, and 2 L/min) could be utilized safely in adult patients undergoing open or laparoscopic digestive surgery. FGFs (0.7, 1, 1.5, and 2 L/min) provide better body heat preservation during surgical operations.展开更多
A promising method is to use coring of high-inclination well to find ancient flow direction and orient tiny natural fractures in massive sandstone of sandy debris flow. Determination of ancient flow direction can redu...A promising method is to use coring of high-inclination well to find ancient flow direction and orient tiny natural fractures in massive sandstone of sandy debris flow. Determination of ancient flow direction can reduce the number of exploration wells, and orientation of natural fractures is of guiding significance to the deployment of water injection development well pattern. In Block X of Huaqing Oilfield, Ordos Basin, the cores of Chang 6<sub>3</sub> section were obtained from Well Y through 16 coring operations, with a total length of 105 m. Cores is oriented through drilling parameters, the number of cores, the angle between the core edge and horizontal bedding, the coincidence degree of core profile and directional flame structure. Therefore, the micro-fractures on the core are directional. The ancient flow directions of sandy debris flow were restored by load casting, groove casting, groove casting and imbricate structure. Our results show that the ancient flow directions of sandy debris flows were southwest, southeast, northwest, and west from bottom to top. The front of the Wuqi Delta is the main source of blocky sandstone with the best oil-bearing property. Affected by the topography of the lake bottom, the sandy debris flow turned locally in the northeast direction, and the sandy debris flow from this direction was formed. The NEE-SWW-trending fractures formed in the Yanshanian period are most developed in the Huaqing area, which should be considered in deploying the flooding well network. The north-south micro-fractures formed in the Himalayan period can improve the physical properties of tight sandstone, which is of great significance for tight sandstone reservoirs.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.50874071,51274136)the Chinese National Programs for High Technology Research and Development(Grant No.2008AA06Z201)+3 种基金the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project(Grant No.S30106)the Excellent Academic Leading Person Program of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Grant No.12XD1402500)the Shanghai Leading Talents Projectthe Key Program of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Grant No.12160500200)
文摘Core flow experiment is an important means of simulation experiments to evaluate the effect of displacing agent, but conventionally the internal characteristics in the core cannot be intuitively observed, and then some important information can not be directly acquired by experiments. In this paper, a visualization method was used to detect the water-flooding process by using an improved low field nuclear magnetic resonance imaging（MRI） device, and the images describing the distribution of oil and water were collected. The experimental results show that the distribution of oil and water can be visually detected in an appropriate range of core porosity, and the end effect in many mechanics experiments is found to exist also in natural core flow test, and the influence range is about 0.004 m from the end of a 0.05752 m length natural core. The results also indicate that MRI is an effective tool to study the real time fluid distribution in natural core.
基金Supported by the National Key Basic Research Development Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB206903)
文摘The present study introduces the principles of enhanced heat transfer in the core flow to form an equivalent thermal boundary layer in the fully developed laminar tube flow, which consequently enlarges the temperature gradient of the fluid near the tube wall, and thereby enhances the heat transfer between the fluid and the tube wall. At the same time, the increase of flow resistance in the tube is not so obvious. Mechanism analysis and numerical calculation based on air and water have been carried out to verify the principle and method presented in this paper, which may bring positive effects to the design of heat exchanger with high heat transfer efficiency and low flow resistance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10972115)
文摘The long wave stability of core-annular flow of power-law fluids with an axial pressure gradient is investigated at low Reynolds number. The interface between the two fluids is populated with an insoluble surfactant. The analytic solution for the growth rate of perturbation is obtained with long wave approximation. We are mainly concerned with the effects of shear-thinning/thickening property and interfacial surfactant on the flow stability. The results show that the influence of shear-thinning/thickening property accounts to the change of the capillary number. For a clean interface, the shear-thinning property enhances the capillary instability when the interface is close to the pipe wall. The converse is true when the interface is close to the pipe centerline. For shear-thickening fluids, the situation is reversed. When the interface is close to the pipe centerline, the capillary instability can be restrained due to the influence of surfactant. A parameter set can be found under which the flow is linearly stable.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Grant Number 51575304)the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant Number 2012ZX04012011)
文摘The influence of core sand properties on flow dynamics was investigated synchronously with various core sands, transparent core-box and high-speed camera. To confirm whether the core shooting process has significant turbulence, the flow pattern of sand particles in the shooting head and core box was reproduced with colored core sands. By incorporating the kinetic theory of granular flow(KTGF), kinetic-frictional constitutive correlation and turbulence model, a two-fluid model(TFM) was established to study the flow dynamics of the core shooting process. Two-fluid model(TFM) simulations were then performed and a areasonable agreement was achieved between the simulation and experimental results. Based on the experimental and simulation results, the effects of turbulence, sand density, sand diameter and binder ratio were analyzed in terms of filling process, sand volume fraction(αs) and sand velocity(Vs).
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11572007 and 11172084)
文摘The equation of motion of sandwich beam with pyramidal lattice core in the supersonic flow considering geometric nonlinearity is formulated using Hamilton＇s principle. The piston theory is used to evaluate aerodynamic pressure. The structural aeroelastic properties are analyzed using frequency- and time-domain methods, and some interesting phenomena are observed. It is noted that the flutter of sandwich beam occurs under the coupling effect of low order modes. The critical flutter aerodynamic pressure of the sandwich beam is higher than that of the isotropic beam with the same weight, length and width. The influence of inclination angle of core truss on flutter characteristic is analyzed.
文摘In the scenery of the oil industry, the remaining resources associated with light oils have an increasingly smaller share in the natural energy resources available to man, and in return the importance of resources associated with heavy oils has increased significantly. One of the drawbacks of this type of oil is associated with its low mobility due to the high viscosity in reservoir conditions, making the transport in pipelines very difficult, especially through pumping methods that require high powers. Thus, the development of new techniques and optimization of some existing technologies, aiming at the commercial use of heavy oil accumulations plays an important role. A viable technique that has been </span><span "="" style="line-height:1.5;">used is the core annular flow, in which small amounts of water are injected close to the pipe wall, lubricating the oil core, reducing friction and decreasing the pressure drop during the flow. In this sense, this work aims to perform, numerically, an energetic and hydrodynamic analysis of a heavy oil-water two-phase flow, using the core-flow technique, in curved pipes, in the Ansys CFX software. Results of the velocity, pressure, and volume fraction distribution of the involved phases are presented and analyzed. It was observed that the proposed mathematical model was able to accurately represent the analyzed phenomena and that a reduction factor in the pressure drop of 28.4 was obtained as compared to the heavy oil single-phase flow.
文摘In comparison to a carbohydrate-rich breakfast, a nutritionally balanced breakfast reportedly leads to a higher core body temperature because of diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and also results in higher task performance. This study aimed to examine the relationships among the core body temperature, blood glucose level, cerebral blood flow, and cognitive performance when the core body temperature is raised to a similar extent as in DIT in the morning. This crossover study included 18 male participants who performed four sets of cognitive tests in the morning with four different foot baths and glucose intake conditions. In elevated body temperature (EBT) conditions, the core body temperature was increased by a foot bath at 42˚C or 39˚C, while in low body temperature (LBT) conditions, it was maintained at 35˚C by a foot bath;the participants received no glucose or two intakes of 20-g glucose for each thermal condition. In addition to the core body temperature measurement, the cerebral blood flow in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. Three blood collections were performed to measure the changes in blood glucose levels. The results revealed that in the EBT conditions, the core body temperature remained 0.3˚C - 0.5˚C higher than that at wake-up time, while the glucose intake conditions increased blood glucose levels which remained higher than those during fasting. No significant between-treatment difference was observed in the results of cognitive tests. However, the blood flow in the DLPFC increased during the second test period in the EBT/glucose and LBT/glucose conditions, whereas during the fourth test period, it increased solely in the EBT/glucose condition. Thus, in addition to the blood glucose level, an elevated core body temperature within the physiological range may be needed for long-term maintenance of the cerebral blood flow response.
文摘Most current lattice Boltzmann （LBM） models suffer from the deficiency that their parameters have to be obtained by fitting experimental results. In this paper, we propose a new method that integrates the molecular dynamics （MD） simulation and LBM to avoid such defect. The basic idea is to first construct a molecular model based on the actual components of the rock-fluid system, then to compute the interaction force between the rock and the fluid of different densities through the MD simulation. This calculated rock-fluid interaction force, combined with the fluid-fluid force determined from the equation of state, is then used in LBM modeling. Without parameter fitting, this study presents a new systematic approach for pore-scale modeling of multi-phase flow. We have validated this ap- proach by simulating a two-phase separation process and gas-liquid-solid three-phase contact angle. Based on an actual X-ray CT image of a reservoir core, we applied our workflow to calculate the absolute permeability of the core, vapor-liquid H20 relative permeability, and capillary pressure curves.
文摘People from different backgrounds may have various opinions and methods dealing with landscape ecology. As a basic ecology theory for decision making in land use planning and resource management, it should provide sound scientific principles, which means some core concepts for landscape ecology need to be established. This paper attempts to introduce some core concepts for landscape ecology, with brief analysis, including: the integrity of landscape system and the heterogeneity of landscape elements; scale in landscape ecology; mosaics of landscape structure; spatial aggregation and spread of ecological flow; physical cultural nature of landscape; the irreversible and human dominated landscape evolution; the multi value of landscape.
文摘Riser reactor is a key unit in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC), and it has important influences on increasing the yield coefficient of gas and oil. In this paper, the behaviors of gas-solid two-phase flow in the traditional y-type riser reactor are investigated by numerical simulation. The calculated particle concentration distribution is in good agreement with the experimental data, which verified the advanced models and calculating methods. The non-uniform distribution, such as core-annulus flow, may result in the unreasonable matching relationship of catalyst-to-oil ratio. An optimized riser with cuneal internals is proposed and the comparison of two different structures of riser reactor is presented. The comparison results show that the cuneal internals in the riser both can block effectively the slip down of the particles near wall region and weaken core-annulus flow structure due to the redistribution of particles. The results also prove that the particle concentration distribution becomes uniform along the axial and radial direction in the optimized riser by adding cuneal internals, which would be benefits for the catalytic cracking reactions.
文摘<b>Background:</b> Because body temperature is such an important indicator and a basic requirement for all kinds of life, even tiny variances might induce undesired changes. This study looked at the influence of FGFs sevoflurane anesthesia on heat preservation in patients undergoing open or laparoscopic digestive surgery. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Two hundred and forty adult patients (18 - 75 years) with an ASA of I-II were scheduled for open and laparoscopic digestive surgery: open surgery (Group O, n = 120 patients) and laparoscopic surgery (Group L, n = 120 patients). Each group was separated randomly into four subgroups (n = 30 patients) based on FGFs (0.7, 1, 1.5, or 2 L/min). Each patient’s HR, MBP, SpO<sub>2</sub>, FiO<sub>2</sub>, fluid infusion amount, urine volume, pre/post-Hb, surgery time, and nasopharyngeal temperatures were investigated and recorded every 15 min from 0 to 120 min. <b>Results:</b> Between groupings, there were no significant changes in demographic features. In 240 patients, the results of various FGFs (0.7, 1, 1.5, and 2 L/min), no statistically significant differences were found in core body temperature over time within each subgroup, with no statistically significant differences between the two (open and laparoscopic) (P > 0.05). <b>Conclusions:</b> The study concluded that FGFs (0.7, 1, 1.5, and 2 L/min) could be utilized safely in adult patients undergoing open or laparoscopic digestive surgery. FGFs (0.7, 1, 1.5, and 2 L/min) provide better body heat preservation during surgical operations.
文摘A promising method is to use coring of high-inclination well to find ancient flow direction and orient tiny natural fractures in massive sandstone of sandy debris flow. Determination of ancient flow direction can reduce the number of exploration wells, and orientation of natural fractures is of guiding significance to the deployment of water injection development well pattern. In Block X of Huaqing Oilfield, Ordos Basin, the cores of Chang 6<sub>3</sub> section were obtained from Well Y through 16 coring operations, with a total length of 105 m. Cores is oriented through drilling parameters, the number of cores, the angle between the core edge and horizontal bedding, the coincidence degree of core profile and directional flame structure. Therefore, the micro-fractures on the core are directional. The ancient flow directions of sandy debris flow were restored by load casting, groove casting, groove casting and imbricate structure. Our results show that the ancient flow directions of sandy debris flows were southwest, southeast, northwest, and west from bottom to top. The front of the Wuqi Delta is the main source of blocky sandstone with the best oil-bearing property. Affected by the topography of the lake bottom, the sandy debris flow turned locally in the northeast direction, and the sandy debris flow from this direction was formed. The NEE-SWW-trending fractures formed in the Yanshanian period are most developed in the Huaqing area, which should be considered in deploying the flooding well network. The north-south micro-fractures formed in the Himalayan period can improve the physical properties of tight sandstone, which is of great significance for tight sandstone reservoirs.
