The fact that Morocco is an agricultural country and the large volume of biodegradable waste produced by the population make composting so important.The degradation of organic matter is facilitated by faunal and flora...The fact that Morocco is an agricultural country and the large volume of biodegradable waste produced by the population make composting so important.The degradation of organic matter is facilitated by faunal and floral macro and micro-organisms that act in different stages of maturation;studies on this fauna are quite rare both nationally and internationally.On a sample of two tons of household waste,we documented invertebrates that colonized compost heaps and then assessed the changes in the structure of the invertebrate population during the different phases.Our study revealed the presence of several zoological groups colonizing the compost heaps during the different composting phases;we noted the presence of:(1)Macroscopic invertebrates,in order of number of individuals:insect larvae,ants,earthworms,sowbugs,spiders,springtails,and millipedes,and(2)Microscopic invertebrates,the most abundant in terms of individuals:mites and nematodes.As for the order of appearance,we observed that insect larvae were the first to colonize the compost heap from the very first days of installation,followed by woodlice observed during the thermophilic phase and disappearing towards the end of the process.Earthworms were observed during the end of the thermophilic phase,while springtails were observed more during the cooling and maturation phases.Our study revealed the presence of a good quality of fauna during the composting process,which are indicators of good compost quality and play a major role in the circulation of nutrients,thus ensuring the provision of essential elements for plant nutrition.展开更多
[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the sterilization effects on Escherichia coli by adding bacterial inhibitor(CaCN2)during the process of cattle manure composting so as to provide a theoretical basis fo...[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the sterilization effects on Escherichia coli by adding bacterial inhibitor(CaCN2)during the process of cattle manure composting so as to provide a theoretical basis for cattle manure harmless treatment.[Method] Both experimental groups supplemented with 2.0% bacterial inhibitor and control groups without bacterial inhibitor were cultured under different temperatures(20,30,37,50,60 ℃)to determine the optimal composing temperature.Under 30 ℃,different bacterial inhibitor doses(0,2.0%,2.5%,3.0%)were added into the compost to obtain the optimal bacterial inhibitor addition dose.[Result] 30,50 and 60 ℃ were ideal temperatures for sterilization of E.coli.Under 30 ℃,E.coli couldn't be detected in 2.5% dose group and 3.0% dose group after culture for 48 h,demonstrating no less than 2.5% bacterial inhibitor should be added.[Conclusion] It has an important significance to enhance the sterilization effects on E.coli by adding CaCN2 into cattle manure compost especially in winter.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study change of the composition of cow dung compost by adding complex enzyme.[Method] 2.0% enzyme treatment group,1.5% enzyme treatment group and control group were set to analyze temperatur...[Objective] The aim was to study change of the composition of cow dung compost by adding complex enzyme.[Method] 2.0% enzyme treatment group,1.5% enzyme treatment group and control group were set to analyze temperature,moisture,pH value,crude fiber,TOC,TN,GI during composting.[Result] The results showed that adding complex enzymes could accelerate degradation of organic matter in pre-composting period.Crude fiber of 2.0%,.1.5% enzyme treatment group and control group decreased 49.6%,47% and 29.1% respectively,TOC decreased 41.7%,35.3% and 21.1%,TN decreased 32.6%,26.8% and 19.2%.2.0%,1.5% enzyme treatment groups could reach basic maturity degree at 30 d.[Conclusion] Composting cycle be shortened by adding complex enzymes,which was useful for maturity of cow dung compost.展开更多
[Objective] The purpose was to study the optimum composition ratio of compound substrate with spent mushroom compound （SMC） and cattle manure com- post （CMC） for the seedling growth of tomato, cucumber and waterme...[Objective] The purpose was to study the optimum composition ratio of compound substrate with spent mushroom compound （SMC） and cattle manure com- post （CMC） for the seedling growth of tomato, cucumber and watermelon. [Method] With internationally best formula substrate （turf：vermiculite=2：1） used for CK, SMC and CMC were matched according to different proportions to get different substrate whose physical and chemical nutrient properties and their effects on the growth of tomato, cucumber and watermelon were studied by means of plug seeding technolo- gy. [Result] The results showed that the bulk density, porosity and the pH of the compound substrates are all in the ideal condition. However, CMC increased the EC value and the pH of the compound substrates. Compound substrates with high ratio of CMC are not suitable for seedlings. [Conclusion] Tomato and watermelon seedlings grew well in the compost substrate with SMC：CMC=3：1 with no river sand. And the cucumber seedlings grew well in the compost substrate with SMC：CMC=2：1 with 5% volume river sand.展开更多
To study the effects of superphosphate（SP） on the NH_3 and greenhouse gas emissions,vegetable waste composting was performed for 27 days using 6 different treatments. In addition to the controls,five vegetable waste...To study the effects of superphosphate（SP） on the NH_3 and greenhouse gas emissions,vegetable waste composting was performed for 27 days using 6 different treatments. In addition to the controls,five vegetable waste mixtures（0.77m^3 each） were treated with different amounts of the SP additive, namely, 5%, 10%,15%, 20% and 25%. The ammonia volatilization loss and greenhouse gas emissions were measured during composting.Results indicated that the SP additive significantly decreased the ammonia volatilization and greenhouse gas emissions during vegetable waste composting. The additive reduced the total NH_3 emission by 4.0% to 16.7%. The total greenhouse gas emissions（CO_2-eq） of all treatments with SP additives were decreased by 10.2% to 20.8%, as compared with the controls. The NH_3 emission during vegetable waste composting had the highest contribution to the greenhouse effect caused by the four different gases.The amount of NH_3（CO_2-eq）from each treatment ranged from 59.90 to 81.58 kg/t; NH_3（CO_2-eq） accounted for 69% to 77% of the total emissions from the four gases. Therefore, SP is a cost-effective phosphorus-based fertilizer that can be used as an additive during vegetable waste composting to reduce the NH_3 and greenhouse gas emissions as well as to improve the value of compost as a fertilizer.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the adsorption properties of the adsorption tower filled with calcium superphosphate on ammonia volatilized with aer- ation. [Method] Adsorption tower filled with calcium su...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the adsorption properties of the adsorption tower filled with calcium superphosphate on ammonia volatilized with aer- ation. [Method] Adsorption tower filled with calcium superphosphate was adopted as experimental apparatus, which was constructed by poly vinyl chloride （PVC） circular tubes. With hartshorn as the source of ammonia volatilization, the effect of different ratios of height to diameter of the tower filled with equal amount of calcium super-phosphate on ammonia adsorption was investigated. In addition, adsorption tower with height-diameter ratio of 9.9 was selected to adsorb the ammonia emitted from the composting systems of pig manure and chicken manure with optimized and reg- ulated carbon-nitrogen ratio. [Result] Under certain volatilization rate, calcium super- phosphate particles in the adsorption tower could effectively adsorb the ammonia, and the adsorption efficiency was enhanced with the increase of height-diameter ra-tio, which could reach above 90% with height-diameter ratio of more than 1.1; the ammonia emitted from composting systems of pig manure and chicken manure with optimized and regulated carbon-nitrogen ratio could be completely absorbed using adsorption tower with height-diameter ratio of 9.9 filled with calcium superphosphate accounting for about 8% of the weight of composting materials. [Conclusion] Experi- mental results of this study provided reference for the application of adsorption tower filled with calcium superphosphate in the treatment of waste gas emitted from com- posting materials.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the bacterial communities in mushroom compost piles composed of rice straw, corn stover, and cow dung. Bacterial com- munities of samples at the beginning of composting, at the end of f...This study aimed to investigate the bacterial communities in mushroom compost piles composed of rice straw, corn stover, and cow dung. Bacterial com- munities of samples at the beginning of composting, at the end of fermentation phase I and II were collected and analyzed using Polymerase Chain Reaction-De- naturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） based on 16S rDNA universal primers from Escherichia coli. A total of 56 different clone sequences were obtained （GenBank accession number： KF630598-KF630653）. They were classified into seven phyla and 42 genera. Dominant microflora during composting belonged to phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, with the dominant genera of Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Thermomonospora, Thermasporomyces, Pseudomonas, and Cellvibrio. Bacterial diversity （Shannon index） analysis showed that bacterial species in com- post pile composed mainly of rice straw continuously increased during composting, while those in compost pile composed mainly of corn stover firstly increased and then reduced. Principal component analysis showed that corn stover compost sam- ples at the end of fermentation phase I and phase II were clustered into one group, suggesting that corn stover composted faster than anticipated. In general, rice straw compost has higher bacterial diversity but longer composting time period, while corn stover compost has lower bacterial diversity but shorter composting time period.展开更多
[Objective] In order to study the influence of bacteria and accessories of chicken manure compost.[Method] The experiment was conducted to investigate the changes of temperature,the quantification of Escherichia coli ...[Objective] In order to study the influence of bacteria and accessories of chicken manure compost.[Method] The experiment was conducted to investigate the changes of temperature,the quantification of Escherichia coli and the odor during chicken manure compost by adding sawdust,rice husk,yeast and lactic acid bacteria respectively.[Result] The results showed that：（1） The yeast group reached the highest fermentation temperature 67.6 ℃,which was 6.9 ℃ higher than that of lactic acid bacteria group,and the fermentation time of yeast group kept over 55 ℃for 16 days,which was 5 days longer than that of lactic acid bacteria group,both of which were better than that of control group（55.9 ℃,5 days）;（2）The highest fermentation temperature of sawdust group was 2.2 ℃ higher than that of rice husk group,and the fermentation time of sawdust group kept over 55 ℃ was 3 days longer than that of rice husk group;（3） The quantification of E.coli reduced from10^5 to 10^2per gram in both of the yeast group and the lactic acid bacteria group.The odor of the yeast group and the lactic acid bacteria group disappeared in the seventh day and the eighth day respectively.[Conclusion] The results showed that the adding of yeast and sawdust was the best condition for chicken manure composting in this experiment.展开更多
On site composting of organic household wastes is an economical and environmentally tiiendly way to manage municipal wastes. In this manuscript authors evaluated the importance of turning the wastes and of inoculating...On site composting of organic household wastes is an economical and environmentally tiiendly way to manage municipal wastes. In this manuscript authors evaluated the importance of turning the wastes and of inoculating microorganisms and worms in order to unprove the composting process at domestic scale. Four treatments （Control without turning- C-, Control with Turning- CT- inoculated Mountain Microorganism with turning- MM- and Worms without turning- W-） were tested in a random experiment with tour replicates. Sixteen composting bins were fed with 300 kg of organic wastes from a local street market. The process of compostnig lasted 13 weeks after which all the composts were sifted and submitted to a range of chemical, physical and biological analysis. According to the results MM slightly increased the initial temperature and enzymatic activiry. This investigation outcome don＇t provide of sufficient grounds for a precise recommendation about worms inoculation in compost bins. A decrease between 75% and 80% in the fresh weight of the organic waste was found in the first thirteen weeks after starting the composting process in all the treatments. The quality level of the compost was acceptable, with very low heavy metal content. Turn over helps to keep the product hygienic especially after the inoculation with MM microbial starts. In conclusion and according to the results of this investigation, the use of 320 L compost bins for the organic waste management is strongly advisable.展开更多
Polyethylene (PE) films with additives consisting mainly of oleic acid and ferrous ions were subjected to accelerated degradation at simulated composting temperatures.Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy a...Polyethylene (PE) films with additives consisting mainly of oleic acid and ferrous ions were subjected to accelerated degradation at simulated composting temperatures.Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and measurements of mechanical properties and viscosity average molecular weight,the degradation of the films was characterized and the degradation mechanism was discussed.The films containing additives with ferrous ions represent considerable decreases in molecular weight,and the carbonyl groups and hydroperoxides in the aging films show different trends of increase with the aging time.These results indicate that the ferrous ion plays an important role in the degradation of PE films and accelerates the degradation of PE.展开更多
The catalytic effects of the organic compounds of iron,tin and manganese on the degradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) at compost temperature are discussed.A series of samples were aged in a simulating compost...The catalytic effects of the organic compounds of iron,tin and manganese on the degradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) at compost temperature are discussed.A series of samples were aged in a simulating compost environment.The mechanical properties,viscosity average molecular weight (M η) of PE and hydroperoxide (POOH) concentration in the samples were measured.FT IR and DSC were also applied to characterize some samples.It was shown that the above mentioned metallic organic compounds can catalyze the degradation of LDPE efficiently.After 2 months aging,all samples with catalysts became fragile and the M η of the material decreased dramatically.Furthermore,the concentration of carbonyl and the degree of crystallinity of the material increased with the aging time.展开更多
Gaseous emission （N2O, CH4 and NH3） from composting can be an important source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas and air pollution. A laboratory scale orthogonal experiment was conducted to estimate the effects of C/N...Gaseous emission （N2O, CH4 and NH3） from composting can be an important source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas and air pollution. A laboratory scale orthogonal experiment was conducted to estimate the effects of C/N ratio, aeration rate and initial moisture content on gaseous emission during the composting of pig faeces from Chinese Ganqinfen system. The results showed that about 23.9% to 45.6% of total organic carbon （TOC） was lost in the form of CO2 and 0.8% to 7.5% of TOC emitted as CH4. Most of the nitrogen was lost in the form of NH3, which account for 9.6% to 32.4% of initial nitrogen. N20 was also an important way of nitrogen losses and 1.5% to 7.3% of initial total nitrogen was lost as it. Statistic analysis showed that the aeration rate is the most important factor which could affect the NH3 （p = 0.0189）, CH4 （p = 0.0113） and N20 （p = 0.0493） emissions significantly. Higher aeration rates reduce the CH4 emission but increase the NH3 and N20 losses. C/N ratio could affect the NH3 （p = 0.0442） and CH4 （p = 0.0246） emissions significantly, but not the N20. Lower C/N ratio caused higher NH3 and CH4 emissions. The initial moisture content can not influence the gaseous emission significantly. Most treatments were matured after 37 days, except a trial with high moisture content and a low C/N ratio.展开更多
The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues （VR） collected from markets of Tunis City with ...The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues （VR） collected from markets of Tunis City with residues of Posidonia oceanica （PoR）, collected from Tunis beaches. The accumulation in beaches （as well as their removal） constitutes a serious environmental problem in all Mediterranean countries particularly in Tunisia. Aerobic-thermophilic composting is the most reasonable way to profit highly-valuable content of organic matter in these wastes for agricultural purposes. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored during composting over 150 d. The most appropriate parameters were selected to establish the maturity degree. The main result of this research was the deduction of the following maturity criterion： （a） C/N ratio 〈 15; （b） NH4^＋-N 〈 400 mg/kg; （c） CO2-C 〈 2000 mg CO2-C/kg; （d） dehydrogenase activity 〈 1 mg TPF/g dry matter; （e） germination index （GI） 〉 80%. These five parameters, considered jointly are indicative of a high maturity degree and thus of a high-quality organic amendment which employed in a rational way, may improve soil fertility and soil quality. The mature compost was relatively rich in N （13.0 g/kg）, P （4.74 g/kg） and MgO （15.80 g/kg）. Thus composting definitively constitutes the most optimal option to exploit these wastes.展开更多
A laboratory scale experiment of composting in a forced aeration system using pig manure with cornstalks was carried out to investigate the effects of both phosphogypsum and dicyandiamide （DCD, C2 H4 N4 ） as additiv...A laboratory scale experiment of composting in a forced aeration system using pig manure with cornstalks was carried out to investigate the effects of both phosphogypsum and dicyandiamide （DCD, C2 H4 N4 ） as additives on gaseous emissions and compost quality. Besides a control, there were three amended treatments with different amounts of additives. The results indicated that the phosphogypsum addition at the rate of 10% of mixture dry weight decreased NH3 and CH4 emissions significantly during composting. The addition of DCD at the rate of 0.2% of mixture dry weight together with 10% of phosphogypsum further reduced the N20 emission by affecting the nitrification process. Reducing the phosphogypsum addition to 5% in the presence of 0.2% DCD moderately increased the NH3 emissions but not N20 emission. The additives increased the ammonium content and electrical conductivity significantly in the final compost. No adverse effect on organic matter degradation or the germination index of the compost was found in the amended treatments. It was recommended that phosphogypsum and DCD could be used in composting for the purpose of reducing NH3 , CH4 and N20 emissions.0ptimal conditions and dose of DCD additive during composting should be determined with different materials and composting systems in further study.展开更多
A 45-d laboratory experiment was conducted to compare the effect of four crop straws on the transformations of organic matter （OM） during composting of sewage sludge. The four crop straws included rape straw, wheat ...A 45-d laboratory experiment was conducted to compare the effect of four crop straws on the transformations of organic matter （OM） during composting of sewage sludge. The four crop straws included rape straw, wheat straw, maize straw and rice straw. The following parameters such as temperature, OM, humic-like substances （HS）, fulvic-like acids （FA） and humic-like acids （HA） were determined. The degradation of OM and the formation of HS and HA could be described well by the first-order kinetic model, while the FA content fluctuated during composting. The maximal degradation rates of OM in the compost piles added with rape straw, wheat straw, maize straw and rice straw were 34.7, 46.9, 54.7 and 52.8%, respectively, and the final contents of HS were 118, 128, 141 and 134 g kg-1, respectively, while the humification indices were higher in the compost piles added with maize straw and wheat straw than in those with rice straw and rape straw. The results indicate that a higher hemicellulose content and a lower C/N ratio in crop straw can result in a higher rate of OM degradation and higher contents of HS, while a higher content of lignin can lead to a higher polymerization degree of humic substances in compost piles. The final compost piles added with maize straw has the highest contents of OM, total nitrogen and humus substance as well as the highest values of polymerization degree, while compost piles with rape straw have the highest potassium content and those with rice straw have the highest pH values.展开更多
To inactivate the potentially pathogenic microorganisms and safely utilize vegetable waste compost, ultra-high temperatures(> 70°C) should be maintained during the composting without having an inhibitory effec...To inactivate the potentially pathogenic microorganisms and safely utilize vegetable waste compost, ultra-high temperatures(> 70°C) should be maintained during the composting without having an inhibitory effect on maturity. This study investigated the influence of bulk density(part 1) and easily-degraded organic matter content(EDOMC, part 2) on temperature evolution during vegetable waste composting: Part 1: corn straw with different particle sizes was used to achieve different bulk densities in the composting material(BD1–BD3); Part 2: partial or total substitution of the corn straw by corn starch was carried out to obtain different EDOMC(ED1–ED4). The composting experiments were conducted in a labscale reactor(1.75 kg material) and lasted for 30 d. Temperature and CO2 emission were recorded daily, and the organic matter, lignocellulose, microbial activity, germination index(GI) and C/N of the samples were measured at different stages. The highest temperature(65.7°C) in part 1 occurred in the treatment with the bulk density of 0.35 g/cm3, which also had the longest thermophilic phase. Bulk density was found to seriously influence the utilization efficiency of O2 and heat transfer through materials, rather than heat production from organic matter degradation. In experiment part 2, the highest temperature was obtained with EDOMC of 45%(71.4°C). Therefore, adjusting the bulk density to 0.35 g/cm3 and the easily-degraded organic matter content of the initial material to 45% was the best combination for reaching temperatures above 70°C during composting, with no inhibitory effect on the maturity of the compost product.展开更多
The potential toxicity risks from heavy metals depend on their chemical speciation. The four stages of the Tessier sequential extraction method were employed to investigate changes in heavy metal speciation （Cu, Zn, ...The potential toxicity risks from heavy metals depend on their chemical speciation. The four stages of the Tessier sequential extraction method were employed to investigate changes in heavy metal speciation （Cu, Zn, and Cd） of sewage sludge during forced aeration composting, and then to identify whether the composting process would reduce or enhance their toxicities. Throughout the composting process, the exchangeable, carbonate-bound, Fe-Mn oxide-bound, and organic matter-bound fractions of Cu were converted to the residual Cu fraction. The organic matter-bound Cu fraction greatly contributed to this transformation. Residual Zn fraction was transformed to the Fe-Mn oxide-bound and organic matter-bound fractions after composting. The residual Zn fraction was a major contributor to the organic matter-bound Zn fraction. The availability of Cu and Zn was reduced by composting such that the risk of heavy metal toxicity decreased with prolonged treatment times. Additionally, attention should be paid to the increased availability of Cd in sewage sludge after composting treatment.展开更多
Laboratory simulation studies and composting pilot study wereconducted to evaluate the capacity of three strains of fungi,indigenous fungus Fusarium sp. And Phanerochaete chrysosporium andCoriolus Versicolor, to remed...Laboratory simulation studies and composting pilot study wereconducted to evaluate the capacity of three strains of fungi,indigenous fungus Fusarium sp. And Phanerochaete chrysosporium andCoriolus Versicolor, to remediate petroleum-contaminated soils. Inlaboratory, the fungi were inoculated into a liquid Culture mediumand the petroleum-contaminated soil samples for incubation of 40 and50 days, respectively. In the 200-day pilot study, nutrient contentsand moisture were adjusted and maintained under aerobic Condition incomposting units using concrete container (118.5 cm×65.5 cm×12.5cm) designed specially For this study.展开更多
Pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse condition to investigate whether Cd and Pb uptake by rice could be reduced when it was rotated with oilseed rape and compost application.The results showed that the rice...Pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse condition to investigate whether Cd and Pb uptake by rice could be reduced when it was rotated with oilseed rape and compost application.The results showed that the rice grown after oilseed rape had significantly lower Cd and Pb concentrations in both straw and grains.Cd and Pb concentrations in the grains of the rice rotated with oilseed rape decreased by approximately 46-80% and 17-86%,respectively,although the Cd and Pb removal by oilseed rape ranged only from 2.39-3.67 and 0.032-0.13% of the total content in soil.Compost amendment also decreased the bioavailability of Cd and Pb in the soil and reduced Cd and Pb uptake by oilseed rapes and rice.The concentrations of Cd and Pb significantly decreased in the exchangeable and carbonate fractions and Pb concentration decreased in the organic matter and sulfide fractions in the contaminated soil after planting oilseed rapes.展开更多
文摘The fact that Morocco is an agricultural country and the large volume of biodegradable waste produced by the population make composting so important.The degradation of organic matter is facilitated by faunal and floral macro and micro-organisms that act in different stages of maturation;studies on this fauna are quite rare both nationally and internationally.On a sample of two tons of household waste,we documented invertebrates that colonized compost heaps and then assessed the changes in the structure of the invertebrate population during the different phases.Our study revealed the presence of several zoological groups colonizing the compost heaps during the different composting phases;we noted the presence of:(1)Macroscopic invertebrates,in order of number of individuals:insect larvae,ants,earthworms,sowbugs,spiders,springtails,and millipedes,and(2)Microscopic invertebrates,the most abundant in terms of individuals:mites and nematodes.As for the order of appearance,we observed that insect larvae were the first to colonize the compost heap from the very first days of installation,followed by woodlice observed during the thermophilic phase and disappearing towards the end of the process.Earthworms were observed during the end of the thermophilic phase,while springtails were observed more during the cooling and maturation phases.Our study revealed the presence of a good quality of fauna during the composting process,which are indicators of good compost quality and play a major role in the circulation of nutrients,thus ensuring the provision of essential elements for plant nutrition.
基金Supported by Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(200607010403)National Key Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs Funded by Ministry of Science&Technology of China(2006BAD04A15)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the sterilization effects on Escherichia coli by adding bacterial inhibitor(CaCN2)during the process of cattle manure composting so as to provide a theoretical basis for cattle manure harmless treatment.[Method] Both experimental groups supplemented with 2.0% bacterial inhibitor and control groups without bacterial inhibitor were cultured under different temperatures(20,30,37,50,60 ℃)to determine the optimal composing temperature.Under 30 ℃,different bacterial inhibitor doses(0,2.0%,2.5%,3.0%)were added into the compost to obtain the optimal bacterial inhibitor addition dose.[Result] 30,50 and 60 ℃ were ideal temperatures for sterilization of E.coli.Under 30 ℃,E.coli couldn't be detected in 2.5% dose group and 3.0% dose group after culture for 48 h,demonstrating no less than 2.5% bacterial inhibitor should be added.[Conclusion] It has an important significance to enhance the sterilization effects on E.coli by adding CaCN2 into cattle manure compost especially in winter.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Support Program"Key Technology Integration Research and Demonstration in the High-efficiency Production Mode of Farmland Cycle "(2007BAD89B16)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study change of the composition of cow dung compost by adding complex enzyme.[Method] 2.0% enzyme treatment group,1.5% enzyme treatment group and control group were set to analyze temperature,moisture,pH value,crude fiber,TOC,TN,GI during composting.[Result] The results showed that adding complex enzymes could accelerate degradation of organic matter in pre-composting period.Crude fiber of 2.0%,.1.5% enzyme treatment group and control group decreased 49.6%,47% and 29.1% respectively,TOC decreased 41.7%,35.3% and 21.1%,TN decreased 32.6%,26.8% and 19.2%.2.0%,1.5% enzyme treatment groups could reach basic maturity degree at 30 d.[Conclusion] Composting cycle be shortened by adding complex enzymes,which was useful for maturity of cow dung compost.
基金Supported by Non-profit Industrial Project of Agricultural Ministry--Research and Demonstration of Integrated and Assorted Technological System on Agricultural Clean Production and Recycling Use of Rural Waste(200903011)~~
文摘[Objective] The purpose was to study the optimum composition ratio of compound substrate with spent mushroom compound （SMC） and cattle manure com- post （CMC） for the seedling growth of tomato, cucumber and watermelon. [Method] With internationally best formula substrate （turf：vermiculite=2：1） used for CK, SMC and CMC were matched according to different proportions to get different substrate whose physical and chemical nutrient properties and their effects on the growth of tomato, cucumber and watermelon were studied by means of plug seeding technolo- gy. [Result] The results showed that the bulk density, porosity and the pH of the compound substrates are all in the ideal condition. However, CMC increased the EC value and the pH of the compound substrates. Compound substrates with high ratio of CMC are not suitable for seedlings. [Conclusion] Tomato and watermelon seedlings grew well in the compost substrate with SMC：CMC=3：1 with no river sand. And the cucumber seedlings grew well in the compost substrate with SMC：CMC=2：1 with 5% volume river sand.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201303089-2)Agricultural Eco-environment Protection Program of Ministry of Agriculture in 2014+1 种基金Key Agricultural Applied Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province in 2015Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2014QNM21)~~
文摘To study the effects of superphosphate（SP） on the NH_3 and greenhouse gas emissions,vegetable waste composting was performed for 27 days using 6 different treatments. In addition to the controls,five vegetable waste mixtures（0.77m^3 each） were treated with different amounts of the SP additive, namely, 5%, 10%,15%, 20% and 25%. The ammonia volatilization loss and greenhouse gas emissions were measured during composting.Results indicated that the SP additive significantly decreased the ammonia volatilization and greenhouse gas emissions during vegetable waste composting. The additive reduced the total NH_3 emission by 4.0% to 16.7%. The total greenhouse gas emissions（CO_2-eq） of all treatments with SP additives were decreased by 10.2% to 20.8%, as compared with the controls. The NH_3 emission during vegetable waste composting had the highest contribution to the greenhouse effect caused by the four different gases.The amount of NH_3（CO_2-eq）from each treatment ranged from 59.90 to 81.58 kg/t; NH_3（CO_2-eq） accounted for 69% to 77% of the total emissions from the four gases. Therefore, SP is a cost-effective phosphorus-based fertilizer that can be used as an additive during vegetable waste composting to reduce the NH_3 and greenhouse gas emissions as well as to improve the value of compost as a fertilizer.
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the adsorption properties of the adsorption tower filled with calcium superphosphate on ammonia volatilized with aer- ation. [Method] Adsorption tower filled with calcium superphosphate was adopted as experimental apparatus, which was constructed by poly vinyl chloride （PVC） circular tubes. With hartshorn as the source of ammonia volatilization, the effect of different ratios of height to diameter of the tower filled with equal amount of calcium super-phosphate on ammonia adsorption was investigated. In addition, adsorption tower with height-diameter ratio of 9.9 was selected to adsorb the ammonia emitted from the composting systems of pig manure and chicken manure with optimized and reg- ulated carbon-nitrogen ratio. [Result] Under certain volatilization rate, calcium super- phosphate particles in the adsorption tower could effectively adsorb the ammonia, and the adsorption efficiency was enhanced with the increase of height-diameter ra-tio, which could reach above 90% with height-diameter ratio of more than 1.1; the ammonia emitted from composting systems of pig manure and chicken manure with optimized and regulated carbon-nitrogen ratio could be completely absorbed using adsorption tower with height-diameter ratio of 9.9 filled with calcium superphosphate accounting for about 8% of the weight of composting materials. [Conclusion] Experi- mental results of this study provided reference for the application of adsorption tower filled with calcium superphosphate in the treatment of waste gas emitted from com- posting materials.
基金Supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period of China(2012BAD14B09)Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(PXM2013-014207-000096)Beijing Higher Education Young Elite Teacher Project(YETP1714)~~
文摘This study aimed to investigate the bacterial communities in mushroom compost piles composed of rice straw, corn stover, and cow dung. Bacterial com- munities of samples at the beginning of composting, at the end of fermentation phase I and II were collected and analyzed using Polymerase Chain Reaction-De- naturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） based on 16S rDNA universal primers from Escherichia coli. A total of 56 different clone sequences were obtained （GenBank accession number： KF630598-KF630653）. They were classified into seven phyla and 42 genera. Dominant microflora during composting belonged to phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, with the dominant genera of Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Thermomonospora, Thermasporomyces, Pseudomonas, and Cellvibrio. Bacterial diversity （Shannon index） analysis showed that bacterial species in com- post pile composed mainly of rice straw continuously increased during composting, while those in compost pile composed mainly of corn stover firstly increased and then reduced. Principal component analysis showed that corn stover compost sam- ples at the end of fermentation phase I and phase II were clustered into one group, suggesting that corn stover composted faster than anticipated. In general, rice straw compost has higher bacterial diversity but longer composting time period, while corn stover compost has lower bacterial diversity but shorter composting time period.
基金Supported by Ningxia Science and Technology Research Projects"The Carbon Balance Ecological Chicken Technology of Ningxia Desert Research"(KGZ101104)~~
文摘[Objective] In order to study the influence of bacteria and accessories of chicken manure compost.[Method] The experiment was conducted to investigate the changes of temperature,the quantification of Escherichia coli and the odor during chicken manure compost by adding sawdust,rice husk,yeast and lactic acid bacteria respectively.[Result] The results showed that：（1） The yeast group reached the highest fermentation temperature 67.6 ℃,which was 6.9 ℃ higher than that of lactic acid bacteria group,and the fermentation time of yeast group kept over 55 ℃for 16 days,which was 5 days longer than that of lactic acid bacteria group,both of which were better than that of control group（55.9 ℃,5 days）;（2）The highest fermentation temperature of sawdust group was 2.2 ℃ higher than that of rice husk group,and the fermentation time of sawdust group kept over 55 ℃ was 3 days longer than that of rice husk group;（3） The quantification of E.coli reduced from10^5 to 10^2per gram in both of the yeast group and the lactic acid bacteria group.The odor of the yeast group and the lactic acid bacteria group disappeared in the seventh day and the eighth day respectively.[Conclusion] The results showed that the adding of yeast and sawdust was the best condition for chicken manure composting in this experiment.
文摘On site composting of organic household wastes is an economical and environmentally tiiendly way to manage municipal wastes. In this manuscript authors evaluated the importance of turning the wastes and of inoculating microorganisms and worms in order to unprove the composting process at domestic scale. Four treatments （Control without turning- C-, Control with Turning- CT- inoculated Mountain Microorganism with turning- MM- and Worms without turning- W-） were tested in a random experiment with tour replicates. Sixteen composting bins were fed with 300 kg of organic wastes from a local street market. The process of compostnig lasted 13 weeks after which all the composts were sifted and submitted to a range of chemical, physical and biological analysis. According to the results MM slightly increased the initial temperature and enzymatic activiry. This investigation outcome don＇t provide of sufficient grounds for a precise recommendation about worms inoculation in compost bins. A decrease between 75% and 80% in the fresh weight of the organic waste was found in the first thirteen weeks after starting the composting process in all the treatments. The quality level of the compost was acceptable, with very low heavy metal content. Turn over helps to keep the product hygienic especially after the inoculation with MM microbial starts. In conclusion and according to the results of this investigation, the use of 320 L compost bins for the organic waste management is strongly advisable.
文摘Polyethylene (PE) films with additives consisting mainly of oleic acid and ferrous ions were subjected to accelerated degradation at simulated composting temperatures.Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and measurements of mechanical properties and viscosity average molecular weight,the degradation of the films was characterized and the degradation mechanism was discussed.The films containing additives with ferrous ions represent considerable decreases in molecular weight,and the carbonyl groups and hydroperoxides in the aging films show different trends of increase with the aging time.These results indicate that the ferrous ion plays an important role in the degradation of PE films and accelerates the degradation of PE.
文摘The catalytic effects of the organic compounds of iron,tin and manganese on the degradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) at compost temperature are discussed.A series of samples were aged in a simulating compost environment.The mechanical properties,viscosity average molecular weight (M η) of PE and hydroperoxide (POOH) concentration in the samples were measured.FT IR and DSC were also applied to characterize some samples.It was shown that the above mentioned metallic organic compounds can catalyze the degradation of LDPE efficiently.After 2 months aging,all samples with catalysts became fragile and the M η of the material decreased dramatically.Furthermore,the concentration of carbonyl and the degree of crystallinity of the material increased with the aging time.
基金part of the Sino-German cooperation project of the Recycling of Organic Residues from Agricultural and Municipal Residues in China (http://www.organicresidues.de) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40971177)
文摘Gaseous emission （N2O, CH4 and NH3） from composting can be an important source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas and air pollution. A laboratory scale orthogonal experiment was conducted to estimate the effects of C/N ratio, aeration rate and initial moisture content on gaseous emission during the composting of pig faeces from Chinese Ganqinfen system. The results showed that about 23.9% to 45.6% of total organic carbon （TOC） was lost in the form of CO2 and 0.8% to 7.5% of TOC emitted as CH4. Most of the nitrogen was lost in the form of NH3, which account for 9.6% to 32.4% of initial nitrogen. N20 was also an important way of nitrogen losses and 1.5% to 7.3% of initial total nitrogen was lost as it. Statistic analysis showed that the aeration rate is the most important factor which could affect the NH3 （p = 0.0189）, CH4 （p = 0.0113） and N20 （p = 0.0493） emissions significantly. Higher aeration rates reduce the CH4 emission but increase the NH3 and N20 losses. C/N ratio could affect the NH3 （p = 0.0442） and CH4 （p = 0.0246） emissions significantly, but not the N20. Lower C/N ratio caused higher NH3 and CH4 emissions. The initial moisture content can not influence the gaseous emission significantly. Most treatments were matured after 37 days, except a trial with high moisture content and a low C/N ratio.
基金The study is part of the 1999–2002 research program "Municipal solid waste treatment and compost agriculture application" which is supported jointly by the Tunisian Secretariat of Scientific Research and Technology
文摘The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues （VR） collected from markets of Tunis City with residues of Posidonia oceanica （PoR）, collected from Tunis beaches. The accumulation in beaches （as well as their removal） constitutes a serious environmental problem in all Mediterranean countries particularly in Tunisia. Aerobic-thermophilic composting is the most reasonable way to profit highly-valuable content of organic matter in these wastes for agricultural purposes. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored during composting over 150 d. The most appropriate parameters were selected to establish the maturity degree. The main result of this research was the deduction of the following maturity criterion： （a） C/N ratio 〈 15; （b） NH4^＋-N 〈 400 mg/kg; （c） CO2-C 〈 2000 mg CO2-C/kg; （d） dehydrogenase activity 〈 1 mg TPF/g dry matter; （e） germination index （GI） 〉 80%. These five parameters, considered jointly are indicative of a high maturity degree and thus of a high-quality organic amendment which employed in a rational way, may improve soil fertility and soil quality. The mature compost was relatively rich in N （13.0 g/kg）, P （4.74 g/kg） and MgO （15.80 g/kg）. Thus composting definitively constitutes the most optimal option to exploit these wastes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40971177)the National Key Technology R&D Program(No.2012BAD14B01,2012BAD14B03)+1 种基金the Sino-German Cooperation Project of Recycling of Organic Residues from Agricultural and Municipal Residues in China(No.BMBF,FKZ0330847)the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund
文摘A laboratory scale experiment of composting in a forced aeration system using pig manure with cornstalks was carried out to investigate the effects of both phosphogypsum and dicyandiamide （DCD, C2 H4 N4 ） as additives on gaseous emissions and compost quality. Besides a control, there were three amended treatments with different amounts of additives. The results indicated that the phosphogypsum addition at the rate of 10% of mixture dry weight decreased NH3 and CH4 emissions significantly during composting. The addition of DCD at the rate of 0.2% of mixture dry weight together with 10% of phosphogypsum further reduced the N20 emission by affecting the nitrification process. Reducing the phosphogypsum addition to 5% in the presence of 0.2% DCD moderately increased the NH3 emissions but not N20 emission. The additives increased the ammonium content and electrical conductivity significantly in the final compost. No adverse effect on organic matter degradation or the germination index of the compost was found in the amended treatments. It was recommended that phosphogypsum and DCD could be used in composting for the purpose of reducing NH3 , CH4 and N20 emissions.0ptimal conditions and dose of DCD additive during composting should be determined with different materials and composting systems in further study.
基金funded by the the Key Technologied R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2013BAJ11B03)the Science & Technology Commission of Chongqing, China (CSTC, 2008AC7013)
文摘A 45-d laboratory experiment was conducted to compare the effect of four crop straws on the transformations of organic matter （OM） during composting of sewage sludge. The four crop straws included rape straw, wheat straw, maize straw and rice straw. The following parameters such as temperature, OM, humic-like substances （HS）, fulvic-like acids （FA） and humic-like acids （HA） were determined. The degradation of OM and the formation of HS and HA could be described well by the first-order kinetic model, while the FA content fluctuated during composting. The maximal degradation rates of OM in the compost piles added with rape straw, wheat straw, maize straw and rice straw were 34.7, 46.9, 54.7 and 52.8%, respectively, and the final contents of HS were 118, 128, 141 and 134 g kg-1, respectively, while the humification indices were higher in the compost piles added with maize straw and wheat straw than in those with rice straw and rape straw. The results indicate that a higher hemicellulose content and a lower C/N ratio in crop straw can result in a higher rate of OM degradation and higher contents of HS, while a higher content of lignin can lead to a higher polymerization degree of humic substances in compost piles. The final compost piles added with maize straw has the highest contents of OM, total nitrogen and humus substance as well as the highest values of polymerization degree, while compost piles with rape straw have the highest potassium content and those with rice straw have the highest pH values.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Pillar Program in Rural Areas (No. 2013BAD20B01)China Special Fund for Agricultural Research in the Public Interest (No. 201303079)
文摘To inactivate the potentially pathogenic microorganisms and safely utilize vegetable waste compost, ultra-high temperatures(> 70°C) should be maintained during the composting without having an inhibitory effect on maturity. This study investigated the influence of bulk density(part 1) and easily-degraded organic matter content(EDOMC, part 2) on temperature evolution during vegetable waste composting: Part 1: corn straw with different particle sizes was used to achieve different bulk densities in the composting material(BD1–BD3); Part 2: partial or total substitution of the corn straw by corn starch was carried out to obtain different EDOMC(ED1–ED4). The composting experiments were conducted in a labscale reactor(1.75 kg material) and lasted for 30 d. Temperature and CO2 emission were recorded daily, and the organic matter, lignocellulose, microbial activity, germination index(GI) and C/N of the samples were measured at different stages. The highest temperature(65.7°C) in part 1 occurred in the treatment with the bulk density of 0.35 g/cm3, which also had the longest thermophilic phase. Bulk density was found to seriously influence the utilization efficiency of O2 and heat transfer through materials, rather than heat production from organic matter degradation. In experiment part 2, the highest temperature was obtained with EDOMC of 45%(71.4°C). Therefore, adjusting the bulk density to 0.35 g/cm3 and the easily-degraded organic matter content of the initial material to 45% was the best combination for reaching temperatures above 70°C during composting, with no inhibitory effect on the maturity of the compost product.
文摘The potential toxicity risks from heavy metals depend on their chemical speciation. The four stages of the Tessier sequential extraction method were employed to investigate changes in heavy metal speciation （Cu, Zn, and Cd） of sewage sludge during forced aeration composting, and then to identify whether the composting process would reduce or enhance their toxicities. Throughout the composting process, the exchangeable, carbonate-bound, Fe-Mn oxide-bound, and organic matter-bound fractions of Cu were converted to the residual Cu fraction. The organic matter-bound Cu fraction greatly contributed to this transformation. Residual Zn fraction was transformed to the Fe-Mn oxide-bound and organic matter-bound fractions after composting. The residual Zn fraction was a major contributor to the organic matter-bound Zn fraction. The availability of Cu and Zn was reduced by composting such that the risk of heavy metal toxicity decreased with prolonged treatment times. Additionally, attention should be paid to the increased availability of Cd in sewage sludge after composting treatment.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.49831070) the ChineseAcademy of Sciences(No.KZ951-B1-207-01-03).
文摘Laboratory simulation studies and composting pilot study wereconducted to evaluate the capacity of three strains of fungi,indigenous fungus Fusarium sp. And Phanerochaete chrysosporium andCoriolus Versicolor, to remediate petroleum-contaminated soils. Inlaboratory, the fungi were inoculated into a liquid Culture mediumand the petroleum-contaminated soil samples for incubation of 40 and50 days, respectively. In the 200-day pilot study, nutrient contentsand moisture were adjusted and maintained under aerobic Condition incomposting units using concrete container (118.5 cm×65.5 cm×12.5cm) designed specially For this study.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40971261)the Special Fund for Argo-Scientific Reserch in the Public Interest,China (200903015).
文摘Pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse condition to investigate whether Cd and Pb uptake by rice could be reduced when it was rotated with oilseed rape and compost application.The results showed that the rice grown after oilseed rape had significantly lower Cd and Pb concentrations in both straw and grains.Cd and Pb concentrations in the grains of the rice rotated with oilseed rape decreased by approximately 46-80% and 17-86%,respectively,although the Cd and Pb removal by oilseed rape ranged only from 2.39-3.67 and 0.032-0.13% of the total content in soil.Compost amendment also decreased the bioavailability of Cd and Pb in the soil and reduced Cd and Pb uptake by oilseed rapes and rice.The concentrations of Cd and Pb significantly decreased in the exchangeable and carbonate fractions and Pb concentration decreased in the organic matter and sulfide fractions in the contaminated soil after planting oilseed rapes.
