To enhance power flow regulation in scenarios involving large-scale renewable energy transmission via high-voltage direct current(HVDC)links and multi-infeed DC systems in load-center regions,this paper proposes a hyb...To enhance power flow regulation in scenarios involving large-scale renewable energy transmission via high-voltage direct current(HVDC)links and multi-infeed DC systems in load-center regions,this paper proposes a hybrid modular multilevel converter–capacitor-commutated line-commutated converter(MMC-CLCC)HVDC transmission system and its corresponding control strategy.First,the system topology is constructed,and a submodule configuration method for the MMC—combining full-bridge submodules(FBSMs)and half-bridge submodules(HBSMs)—is proposed to enable direct power flow reversal.Second,a hierarchical control strategy is introduced,includingMMCvoltage control,CLCC current control,and a coordinationmechanism,along with the derivation of the hybrid system’s power flow reversal characteristics.Third,leveraging the CLCC’s fast current regulation and theMMC’s negative voltage control capability,a coordinated power flow reversal control strategy is developed.Finally,an 800 kV MMC-CLCC hybrid HVDC system is modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC to validate the power flow reversal performance under a high proportion of full-bridge submodule configuration.Results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy enables rapid(1-s transition)and smooth switching of bidirectional power flow without modifying the structure of primary equipment:the transient fluctuation ofDC voltage from the rated value(UdcN)to themaximumreverse voltage(-kUdcN)is less than 5%;the DC current strictly follows the preset characteristic curve with a deviation of≤3%;the active power reverses continuously,and the system maintains stable operation throughout the reversal process.展开更多
During the reform era, Chinese cities witnessed dramatic institutional transformation and spatial restructuring in general and profound change of commuting patterns in particular. Using household surveys collected in ...During the reform era, Chinese cities witnessed dramatic institutional transformation and spatial restructuring in general and profound change of commuting patterns in particular. Using household surveys collected in Guangzhou, China, in 2001, 2005 and 2010, excess commuting measurements are estimated. Excess commuting shows an overall trend of increasing during 1990–1999, and then declining during 2000–2010. We argue that deepening marketization of the jobs and housing sectors has induced spatial separation of jobs and housing. In other words, institutional transition and urban spatial restructuring are underpinning the changes of commuting patterns in Chinese cities. Excess commuting has strong relationship with individual socio-demographic status, which is by and large due to the increasing flexibilities of jobs and housing location choices enjoyed by urban residents. The findings call for considerations on balancing jobs-housing in making public policies relevant to urban development in general, and land use and transportation in particular.展开更多
As the transport sector is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, the effect of urbanization on transport CO2 emissions in developing cities has become a key issue under global climate change. Examining the case ...As the transport sector is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, the effect of urbanization on transport CO2 emissions in developing cities has become a key issue under global climate change. Examining the case of Xi＇an, this paper aims to explore the spatial distribution of commuting CO2 emissions and influencing factors in the new, urban industry zones and city centers considering Xi＇an＇s transition from a monocentric to a polycentric city in the process of urbanization. Based on household survey data from 1501 respondents, there are obvious differences in commuting CO2 emissions between new industry zones and city centers： City centers feature lower household emissions of 2.86 kg CO2 per week, whereas new industry zones generally have higher household emissions of 3.20 kg CO2 per week. Contrary to previous research results, not all new industry zones have high levels of CO2 emissions; with the rapid development of various types of industries, even a minimum level of household emissions of 2.53 kg CO2 per week is possible. The uneven distribution of commuting CO2 emissions is not uniformly affected by spatial parameters such as job-housing balance, residential density, employment density, and land use diversity. Optimum combination of the spatial parameters and travel pattern along with corresponding transport infrastructure construction may be an appropriate path to reduction and control of emissions from commuting.展开更多
The middle class in metropolitan Chinese cities has become an important social group. With the rapid development of urbanization and constant advancement of suburbanization, the middle class has increasingly come to i...The middle class in metropolitan Chinese cities has become an important social group. With the rapid development of urbanization and constant advancement of suburbanization, the middle class has increasingly come to influence city traffic. Research into middle-class commuting activities thus has practical significance for improving traffic congestion and reducing the commuting burden in metropolitan cities. Based on a dataset formed by 816 completed surveys, this paper analyzes the commuting mode, time and distance of middle-class residents in Guangzhou City using the descriptive statistical method. The results indicate that private cars are the main commuting mode, followed by public transport. Meanwhile, middle-class residents mainly undertake medium-short time and medium-short distance commuting. The study subsequently uses multilevel logistic regression and multiple linear regression models to analyze the factors that influence commuting mode choice, time and distance. The gender, age, number of family cars, housing source and jobs-housing balance are the most important factors influencing commuting mode choice; housing, population density, jobs-housing balance and commuting mode significantly affect commuting time; and transport accessibility, jobs-housing balance and commuting mode are the notable factors affecting commuting distance. Finally, this paper analyzes what is affecting the commuting activities of middle-class residents and determines the differences in commuting activity characteristics and influence factors between middle-class and ordinary residents. Policy suggestions to improve urban planning and urban management are also proposed.展开更多
The commuting graph of an arbitrary ring R, denoted by Г（R）, is a graph whose vertices are all non-central elements of R, and two distinct vertices a and b are adjacent if and only if ab = ba. In this paper, we inv...The commuting graph of an arbitrary ring R, denoted by Г（R）, is a graph whose vertices are all non-central elements of R, and two distinct vertices a and b are adjacent if and only if ab = ba. In this paper, we investigate the connectivity and the diameter of Г（ZnS3）. We show that Г（ZnS3） is connected if and only if n is not a prime number. If Г（ZnS3） is connected then diam（Г（ZnS3）） = 3, while ifГ（ZnS3） is disconnected then every connected component of Г（ZnS3） must be a complete graph with same size, and we completely determine the vertice set of every connected component.展开更多
Around two thirds of the Swedish rural areas experienced positive net migration during the period 2003-2005. This paper examines the development in the Swedish rural areas from the perspective of the ＂new rurality＂ ...Around two thirds of the Swedish rural areas experienced positive net migration during the period 2003-2005. This paper examines the development in the Swedish rural areas from the perspective of the ＂new rurality＂ or the new rural economic order with regard to migratory movements. The paper analyzes determinants of net migration to rural areas in general and to different types of regions, and the impacts of in-migration on rural labor markets, self-employment and other socio-economic conditions. The determinants of the migration pattern were mainly the size of adjacent local and regional centers, income and education levels that all had positive impacts, while commuting distance and unemployment rate had contrary effects. In comparison with the original inhabitants, the newcomers had lower incomes, a lower employment ratio and a lower degree of entrepreneurial activities, but higher education levels. These differences might be explained by the age differences between stayers （older） and in-migrants （younger）. This indicates that the two groups were in different stages of their life cycles. One central conclusion drawn from the paper is that the effect of in-migration on the composition of the rural population is about the same in rural areas all over Sweden.展开更多
Economics literature has long overlooked an important economic phenomenon:Residents in large cities tend to save a smaller percentage of their disposable income than their peers in small and medium-sized cities.As an ...Economics literature has long overlooked an important economic phenomenon:Residents in large cities tend to save a smaller percentage of their disposable income than their peers in small and medium-sized cities.As an explanation for this phenomenon,this paper puts forth the hypothesis that:Residents in large cities purchase more services to increase their leisure time,which is reduced by longer commuting time than in small and medium-sized cities,thus lowering their household savings rate.We conducted an empirical study using panel data of China’s prefecture-level cities and urban household survey data,and employed an instrumental variable to address the endogeneity problem.The result confirmed the accuracy of the above hypothesis.In identifying the economic phenomenon and putting forth the hypothesis,this paper(i)creates a theoretical link between city size and household savings rate,which helps unravel the determinants of the urban household savings rate;(2)provides important implications for China’s policy-making on domestic consumption,urban populations,and industrial development.Priority should be given to developing large and medium-sized cities given the positive effects on domestic consumption and service sector development,and migrant labor shall not be barred from entering large and medium-sized cities to provide services to local residents.展开更多
In this paper, we prove a common fixed point theorem in Intuitionistic fuzzy metric space by using pointwise R-weak commutativity and reciprocal continuity of mappings satisfying contractive conditions.
A map φ on a Lie algebra g is called to be commuting if [φ(x), x] = 0 for all x ∈ g. Let L be a finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra over an algebraically closed field F of characteristic 0, P a parabolic subalgeb...A map φ on a Lie algebra g is called to be commuting if [φ(x), x] = 0 for all x ∈ g. Let L be a finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra over an algebraically closed field F of characteristic 0, P a parabolic subalgebra of L. In this paper, we prove that a linear mapφon P is commuting if and only if φ is a scalar multiplication map on P.展开更多
It has long been posited that rural areas can benefit from nearby urban agglomerations through commuting, and that their development could be a side product of urban growth, but the results from the sparsely populated...It has long been posited that rural areas can benefit from nearby urban agglomerations through commuting, and that their development could be a side product of urban growth, but the results from the sparsely populated regions have not been promising. In this study, we investigate the possibilities of rural-urban commuting to support rural development, and explore the spatial ex-tent of the working regions if jobs are concentrated in the regional centre as indicated by recent trends. Spread effects are simply operated by an economic possibility to rural-urban commuting determined by a sum of housing and commuting costs from disposable income. The results show that the population growth in city regions does not extend to distant rural areas. It, instead, leads to population losses in remote areas due to backwash effects as the low disposable incomes encourage especially low-income households to migrate from remote locations closer to the centre. The spread effects seem to work only in the limited rural areas located next to the urban core which encourages the support of remote rural areas through place-based policy.展开更多
Traffic accidents caused the most accidental deaths at work in Malaysia. The SOCSO （Social Security Organization） reported that the number of deaths due to commuting accidents was 760, nearly two times more than dea...Traffic accidents caused the most accidental deaths at work in Malaysia. The SOCSO （Social Security Organization） reported that the number of deaths due to commuting accidents was 760, nearly two times more than deaths caused by accidents that happened at the workplace （471 deaths）. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship of socio-demographic background and the risk exposure of the drivers during their work commuting trips. The study was based on compensation claims to SOCSO where data were extracted from ＂Form 21＂ provided by SOCSO. A total of 377 respondents were selected through systematic random sampling method from a list of SOCSO claimants. It was found that majority of the traffic accidents （83%） involved males and most of them （92.2%） were on motorcycles. Male drivers have an average driving experience of 10.7 years and 8.6 years for females. The estimation of the travelled distance for the sample from home to the workplace is 0.65-131 km. Mean accident occurrence time was 23 rain whilst mean distance was 11.6 km. The multiple regression analysis showed that the accident distance was affected by the age of driver, actual travel distance, travel objective and speed.展开更多
With the continuous promotion of the construction of child friendly cities,the school commuting space is an important component of the construction of child friendly roads.Based on the background of child friendly cit...With the continuous promotion of the construction of child friendly cities,the school commuting space is an important component of the construction of child friendly roads.Based on the background of child friendly cities,the commuting space of 11 primary and secondary schools in Bajiao Street is analyzed through literature analysis and field research methods.Firstly,the relevant literature on school commuting space is sorted out,and the characteristics of school commuting space are summarized,including transportation,landscape,culture,leisure,and security.Secondly,the characteristics of commuting space of primary and secondary schools in Bajiao Street are analyzed from three aspects:in front of the school gate,path space,and node space.This paper aims to provide reference and guidance for the future construction of children’s walking school commuting and promote the construction of a child friendly city.展开更多
In this paper,we first give the general forms of skew commuting maps and skew anti-commuting maps by the Peirce decomposition on a unital ring with a nontrivial idempotent,respectively,and then,as applications,we obta...In this paper,we first give the general forms of skew commuting maps and skew anti-commuting maps by the Peirce decomposition on a unital ring with a nontrivial idempotent,respectively,and then,as applications,we obtain the concrete characterizations of all nonadditive skew(anti-)commuting maps on some operator algebras.展开更多
Commuting road crashes are road traffic crashes that involve workers while travelling in the course of work.The more worker travels,the higher the probability of the occurrence of commuting road crashes.The aim of thi...Commuting road crashes are road traffic crashes that involve workers while travelling in the course of work.The more worker travels,the higher the probability of the occurrence of commuting road crashes.The aim of this study was to determine baseline sociodemographic,employment and injury and characteristics of injured workers who survived from commuting road crash.Eligible 200 workers who were involved in commuting road crash were identified and invited to be part of this study.Sociodemographic,employment and injury-related questions were distributed to identified and consented injured workers.Majority(79.5%)of the respondents were aged 25 years old or older,male(86.0%),married or divorced(63.5%),and attained secondary and below education level at secondary or below(66.0%).Most of the injured workers consisted of blue-collar workers(69%),had fracture injury(93.0%),and had injury to their lower limbs(48.5%).A higher percentage(63.5%)of injured workers had returned to work compared to those who were still not working(36.5%)after involved in commuting road crash.Commuting road crashes are common to blue collar workers as they are more prone to use motorcycles to commute due to cheaper price compare to other type of transportation such as car.展开更多
It is the matter for achievement of the low carbon transport system that the excessive use of private vehicles can be controlled appropriately.Not only improvement of service level of modes except private vehicle,but ...It is the matter for achievement of the low carbon transport system that the excessive use of private vehicles can be controlled appropriately.Not only improvement of service level of modes except private vehicle,but also consciousness for environmental problem of individual trip maker is important for eco-commuting promotion.On the other hand,consciousness for environment would be changed by influence of other person.Accordingly,it is aimed in the study that the structure of decision-making process for modal shift to the eco-commuting mode in the local city is described considering environmental consciousness and social interaction.For the purpose,the consciousness for the environment problem and the travel behavior of the commuter at the suburban area in the local city are investigated by the questionnaire survey.The covariance structure about the eco-consciousness is analyzed with the database of the questionnaire survey by structural equation modeling.As the result,it can be confirmed with the structural equation model that the individual environmental consciousness is strongly related with the intention of self-sacrifice and is influenced with the local interaction of the individual connections.On the other hand,the intention of modal shift for the commuting mode is analyzed with the database of the questionnaire survey.It can be found out that the environmental consciousness is not statistically significant for commuting mode choice with the present poor level of service of public transport.However,the intention of self-sacrifice for the prevention of the global warming is statistically confirmed as the factor of modal shift with the operation of eco-commuting bus service with the RP/SP integrated estimation method.As the result,the multi-agent simulation system with social interaction model for eco consciousness is developed to measure the effect of the eco-commuting promotion.For the purpose,the carbon dioxide emission is estimated based on traffic demand and road network condition in the traffic environment model.On the other hand,the relation between agents is defined based on the small world network.The proposed multi-agent simulation is applied to measure the effect of the eco-commuting promotion such as improvement of level of service on the public transport or education of eco-consciousness.The effect of the promotion plan can be observed with the proposed multi-agent system.Finally,it can be concluded that the proposed multi-agent simulation with social interaction for eco-consciousness is useful for planning of eco-commuting promotion.展开更多
Let G be a generalized matrix algebra over a commutative ring R and Z（G） be the center of G. Suppose that F, T ：G→G are two co-commuting R-linear mappings, i.e., F（x）x = xT（x） for all x ∈ G. In this note, we ...Let G be a generalized matrix algebra over a commutative ring R and Z（G） be the center of G. Suppose that F, T ：G→G are two co-commuting R-linear mappings, i.e., F（x）x = xT（x） for all x ∈ G. In this note, we study the question of when co-commuting mappings on G are proper.展开更多
The Sylow graph of a finite group originates from recent investigations on certain classes of groups, defined in terms of normalizers of Sylow subgroups. The connectivity of this graph has been proved only last year w...The Sylow graph of a finite group originates from recent investigations on certain classes of groups, defined in terms of normalizers of Sylow subgroups. The connectivity of this graph has been proved only last year with the use of the classification of finite simple groups (CFSG). A series of interesting questions arise naturally. First of all, it is not clear whether it is possible to avoid CFSG or not. On the other hand, what happens for infinite groups? Since the status of knowledge of the non-commuting graph and of the prime graph is satisfactory, is it possible to find relations between these two graphs and the Sylow graph? In the present note we make the point of the situation and formulate the above questions in appropriate way.展开更多
基金supported by Science and Technology Project of the headquarters of the State Grid Corporation of China(No.5500-202324492A-3-2-ZN).
文摘To enhance power flow regulation in scenarios involving large-scale renewable energy transmission via high-voltage direct current(HVDC)links and multi-infeed DC systems in load-center regions,this paper proposes a hybrid modular multilevel converter–capacitor-commutated line-commutated converter(MMC-CLCC)HVDC transmission system and its corresponding control strategy.First,the system topology is constructed,and a submodule configuration method for the MMC—combining full-bridge submodules(FBSMs)and half-bridge submodules(HBSMs)—is proposed to enable direct power flow reversal.Second,a hierarchical control strategy is introduced,includingMMCvoltage control,CLCC current control,and a coordinationmechanism,along with the derivation of the hybrid system’s power flow reversal characteristics.Third,leveraging the CLCC’s fast current regulation and theMMC’s negative voltage control capability,a coordinated power flow reversal control strategy is developed.Finally,an 800 kV MMC-CLCC hybrid HVDC system is modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC to validate the power flow reversal performance under a high proportion of full-bridge submodule configuration.Results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy enables rapid(1-s transition)and smooth switching of bidirectional power flow without modifying the structure of primary equipment:the transient fluctuation ofDC voltage from the rated value(UdcN)to themaximumreverse voltage(-kUdcN)is less than 5%;the DC current strictly follows the preset characteristic curve with a deviation of≤3%;the active power reverses continuously,and the system maintains stable operation throughout the reversal process.
基金Under the auspices of Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Sciences Project(No.09YJC840016)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41001088)National Basic Research Program of China(No.2014CB460614)
文摘During the reform era, Chinese cities witnessed dramatic institutional transformation and spatial restructuring in general and profound change of commuting patterns in particular. Using household surveys collected in Guangzhou, China, in 2001, 2005 and 2010, excess commuting measurements are estimated. Excess commuting shows an overall trend of increasing during 1990–1999, and then declining during 2000–2010. We argue that deepening marketization of the jobs and housing sectors has induced spatial separation of jobs and housing. In other words, institutional transition and urban spatial restructuring are underpinning the changes of commuting patterns in Chinese cities. Excess commuting has strong relationship with individual socio-demographic status, which is by and large due to the increasing flexibilities of jobs and housing location choices enjoyed by urban residents. The findings call for considerations on balancing jobs-housing in making public policies relevant to urban development in general, and land use and transportation in particular.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51178055)Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research(1094801)
文摘As the transport sector is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, the effect of urbanization on transport CO2 emissions in developing cities has become a key issue under global climate change. Examining the case of Xi＇an, this paper aims to explore the spatial distribution of commuting CO2 emissions and influencing factors in the new, urban industry zones and city centers considering Xi＇an＇s transition from a monocentric to a polycentric city in the process of urbanization. Based on household survey data from 1501 respondents, there are obvious differences in commuting CO2 emissions between new industry zones and city centers： City centers feature lower household emissions of 2.86 kg CO2 per week, whereas new industry zones generally have higher household emissions of 3.20 kg CO2 per week. Contrary to previous research results, not all new industry zones have high levels of CO2 emissions; with the rapid development of various types of industries, even a minimum level of household emissions of 2.53 kg CO2 per week is possible. The uneven distribution of commuting CO2 emissions is not uniformly affected by spatial parameters such as job-housing balance, residential density, employment density, and land use diversity. Optimum combination of the spatial parameters and travel pattern along with corresponding transport infrastructure construction may be an appropriate path to reduction and control of emissions from commuting.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41271182)
文摘The middle class in metropolitan Chinese cities has become an important social group. With the rapid development of urbanization and constant advancement of suburbanization, the middle class has increasingly come to influence city traffic. Research into middle-class commuting activities thus has practical significance for improving traffic congestion and reducing the commuting burden in metropolitan cities. Based on a dataset formed by 816 completed surveys, this paper analyzes the commuting mode, time and distance of middle-class residents in Guangzhou City using the descriptive statistical method. The results indicate that private cars are the main commuting mode, followed by public transport. Meanwhile, middle-class residents mainly undertake medium-short time and medium-short distance commuting. The study subsequently uses multilevel logistic regression and multiple linear regression models to analyze the factors that influence commuting mode choice, time and distance. The gender, age, number of family cars, housing source and jobs-housing balance are the most important factors influencing commuting mode choice; housing, population density, jobs-housing balance and commuting mode significantly affect commuting time; and transport accessibility, jobs-housing balance and commuting mode are the notable factors affecting commuting distance. Finally, this paper analyzes what is affecting the commuting activities of middle-class residents and determines the differences in commuting activity characteristics and influence factors between middle-class and ordinary residents. Policy suggestions to improve urban planning and urban management are also proposed.
基金The NSF(10971024)of Chinathe Specialized Research Fund(200802860024)for the Doctoral Program of Higher Educationthe NSF(BK2010393)of Jiangsu Province
文摘The commuting graph of an arbitrary ring R, denoted by Г（R）, is a graph whose vertices are all non-central elements of R, and two distinct vertices a and b are adjacent if and only if ab = ba. In this paper, we investigate the connectivity and the diameter of Г（ZnS3）. We show that Г（ZnS3） is connected if and only if n is not a prime number. If Г（ZnS3） is connected then diam（Г（ZnS3）） = 3, while ifГ（ZnS3） is disconnected then every connected component of Г（ZnS3） must be a complete graph with same size, and we completely determine the vertice set of every connected component.
文摘Around two thirds of the Swedish rural areas experienced positive net migration during the period 2003-2005. This paper examines the development in the Swedish rural areas from the perspective of the ＂new rurality＂ or the new rural economic order with regard to migratory movements. The paper analyzes determinants of net migration to rural areas in general and to different types of regions, and the impacts of in-migration on rural labor markets, self-employment and other socio-economic conditions. The determinants of the migration pattern were mainly the size of adjacent local and regional centers, income and education levels that all had positive impacts, while commuting distance and unemployment rate had contrary effects. In comparison with the original inhabitants, the newcomers had lower incomes, a lower employment ratio and a lower degree of entrepreneurial activities, but higher education levels. These differences might be explained by the age differences between stayers （older） and in-migrants （younger）. This indicates that the two groups were in different stages of their life cycles. One central conclusion drawn from the paper is that the effect of in-migration on the composition of the rural population is about the same in rural areas all over Sweden.
基金This paper is a result of the major program of the Key Research Base for Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education“Structural Transition,Urban Development and China’s Economic Growth”(Grant No.17JJD790005)sponsorships from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant No.71841008,71833003,71863001)the Peak Program for Theoretical Economics at Fudan University。
文摘Economics literature has long overlooked an important economic phenomenon:Residents in large cities tend to save a smaller percentage of their disposable income than their peers in small and medium-sized cities.As an explanation for this phenomenon,this paper puts forth the hypothesis that:Residents in large cities purchase more services to increase their leisure time,which is reduced by longer commuting time than in small and medium-sized cities,thus lowering their household savings rate.We conducted an empirical study using panel data of China’s prefecture-level cities and urban household survey data,and employed an instrumental variable to address the endogeneity problem.The result confirmed the accuracy of the above hypothesis.In identifying the economic phenomenon and putting forth the hypothesis,this paper(i)creates a theoretical link between city size and household savings rate,which helps unravel the determinants of the urban household savings rate;(2)provides important implications for China’s policy-making on domestic consumption,urban populations,and industrial development.Priority should be given to developing large and medium-sized cities given the positive effects on domestic consumption and service sector development,and migrant labor shall not be barred from entering large and medium-sized cities to provide services to local residents.
文摘In this paper, we prove a common fixed point theorem in Intuitionistic fuzzy metric space by using pointwise R-weak commutativity and reciprocal continuity of mappings satisfying contractive conditions.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China（Ill01084） Supported by the Fujian Province Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A map φ on a Lie algebra g is called to be commuting if [φ(x), x] = 0 for all x ∈ g. Let L be a finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra over an algebraically closed field F of characteristic 0, P a parabolic subalgebra of L. In this paper, we prove that a linear mapφon P is commuting if and only if φ is a scalar multiplication map on P.
文摘It has long been posited that rural areas can benefit from nearby urban agglomerations through commuting, and that their development could be a side product of urban growth, but the results from the sparsely populated regions have not been promising. In this study, we investigate the possibilities of rural-urban commuting to support rural development, and explore the spatial ex-tent of the working regions if jobs are concentrated in the regional centre as indicated by recent trends. Spread effects are simply operated by an economic possibility to rural-urban commuting determined by a sum of housing and commuting costs from disposable income. The results show that the population growth in city regions does not extend to distant rural areas. It, instead, leads to population losses in remote areas due to backwash effects as the low disposable incomes encourage especially low-income households to migrate from remote locations closer to the centre. The spread effects seem to work only in the limited rural areas located next to the urban core which encourages the support of remote rural areas through place-based policy.
文摘Traffic accidents caused the most accidental deaths at work in Malaysia. The SOCSO （Social Security Organization） reported that the number of deaths due to commuting accidents was 760, nearly two times more than deaths caused by accidents that happened at the workplace （471 deaths）. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship of socio-demographic background and the risk exposure of the drivers during their work commuting trips. The study was based on compensation claims to SOCSO where data were extracted from ＂Form 21＂ provided by SOCSO. A total of 377 respondents were selected through systematic random sampling method from a list of SOCSO claimants. It was found that majority of the traffic accidents （83%） involved males and most of them （92.2%） were on motorcycles. Male drivers have an average driving experience of 10.7 years and 8.6 years for females. The estimation of the travelled distance for the sample from home to the workplace is 0.65-131 km. Mean accident occurrence time was 23 rain whilst mean distance was 11.6 km. The multiple regression analysis showed that the accident distance was affected by the age of driver, actual travel distance, travel objective and speed.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(51708004)Beijing Youth Teaching Elite Team Construction Project(108051360023XN261)North China University of Technology Yuyou Talent Training Program(215051360020XN160/009).
文摘With the continuous promotion of the construction of child friendly cities,the school commuting space is an important component of the construction of child friendly roads.Based on the background of child friendly cities,the commuting space of 11 primary and secondary schools in Bajiao Street is analyzed through literature analysis and field research methods.Firstly,the relevant literature on school commuting space is sorted out,and the characteristics of school commuting space are summarized,including transportation,landscape,culture,leisure,and security.Secondly,the characteristics of commuting space of primary and secondary schools in Bajiao Street are analyzed from three aspects:in front of the school gate,path space,and node space.This paper aims to provide reference and guidance for the future construction of children’s walking school commuting and promote the construction of a child friendly city.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.12171290,12301152)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (No.202203021222018)。
文摘In this paper,we first give the general forms of skew commuting maps and skew anti-commuting maps by the Peirce decomposition on a unital ring with a nontrivial idempotent,respectively,and then,as applications,we obtain the concrete characterizations of all nonadditive skew(anti-)commuting maps on some operator algebras.
基金This research was supported via seed funding from the Social Security Organization(SOCSO),Malaysia.
文摘Commuting road crashes are road traffic crashes that involve workers while travelling in the course of work.The more worker travels,the higher the probability of the occurrence of commuting road crashes.The aim of this study was to determine baseline sociodemographic,employment and injury and characteristics of injured workers who survived from commuting road crash.Eligible 200 workers who were involved in commuting road crash were identified and invited to be part of this study.Sociodemographic,employment and injury-related questions were distributed to identified and consented injured workers.Majority(79.5%)of the respondents were aged 25 years old or older,male(86.0%),married or divorced(63.5%),and attained secondary and below education level at secondary or below(66.0%).Most of the injured workers consisted of blue-collar workers(69%),had fracture injury(93.0%),and had injury to their lower limbs(48.5%).A higher percentage(63.5%)of injured workers had returned to work compared to those who were still not working(36.5%)after involved in commuting road crash.Commuting road crashes are common to blue collar workers as they are more prone to use motorcycles to commute due to cheaper price compare to other type of transportation such as car.
基金The research is granted by Japanese Ministry of Education as a part of Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research,No.(C)22560533.The author records here warmest appreciation to the Resident Conference for Environment of Tokushima Prefecture for collecting the data in the field of actual travel behavior on the social experiment.
文摘It is the matter for achievement of the low carbon transport system that the excessive use of private vehicles can be controlled appropriately.Not only improvement of service level of modes except private vehicle,but also consciousness for environmental problem of individual trip maker is important for eco-commuting promotion.On the other hand,consciousness for environment would be changed by influence of other person.Accordingly,it is aimed in the study that the structure of decision-making process for modal shift to the eco-commuting mode in the local city is described considering environmental consciousness and social interaction.For the purpose,the consciousness for the environment problem and the travel behavior of the commuter at the suburban area in the local city are investigated by the questionnaire survey.The covariance structure about the eco-consciousness is analyzed with the database of the questionnaire survey by structural equation modeling.As the result,it can be confirmed with the structural equation model that the individual environmental consciousness is strongly related with the intention of self-sacrifice and is influenced with the local interaction of the individual connections.On the other hand,the intention of modal shift for the commuting mode is analyzed with the database of the questionnaire survey.It can be found out that the environmental consciousness is not statistically significant for commuting mode choice with the present poor level of service of public transport.However,the intention of self-sacrifice for the prevention of the global warming is statistically confirmed as the factor of modal shift with the operation of eco-commuting bus service with the RP/SP integrated estimation method.As the result,the multi-agent simulation system with social interaction model for eco consciousness is developed to measure the effect of the eco-commuting promotion.For the purpose,the carbon dioxide emission is estimated based on traffic demand and road network condition in the traffic environment model.On the other hand,the relation between agents is defined based on the small world network.The proposed multi-agent simulation is applied to measure the effect of the eco-commuting promotion such as improvement of level of service on the public transport or education of eco-consciousness.The effect of the promotion plan can be observed with the proposed multi-agent system.Finally,it can be concluded that the proposed multi-agent simulation with social interaction for eco-consciousness is useful for planning of eco-commuting promotion.
文摘Let G be a generalized matrix algebra over a commutative ring R and Z（G） be the center of G. Suppose that F, T ：G→G are two co-commuting R-linear mappings, i.e., F（x）x = xT（x） for all x ∈ G. In this note, we study the question of when co-commuting mappings on G are proper.
文摘The Sylow graph of a finite group originates from recent investigations on certain classes of groups, defined in terms of normalizers of Sylow subgroups. The connectivity of this graph has been proved only last year with the use of the classification of finite simple groups (CFSG). A series of interesting questions arise naturally. First of all, it is not clear whether it is possible to avoid CFSG or not. On the other hand, what happens for infinite groups? Since the status of knowledge of the non-commuting graph and of the prime graph is satisfactory, is it possible to find relations between these two graphs and the Sylow graph? In the present note we make the point of the situation and formulate the above questions in appropriate way.
