Most multimodal multi-objective evolutionary algorithms(MMEAs)aim to find all global Pareto optimal sets(PSs)for a multimodal multi-objective optimization problem(MMOP).However,in real-world problems,decision makers(D...Most multimodal multi-objective evolutionary algorithms(MMEAs)aim to find all global Pareto optimal sets(PSs)for a multimodal multi-objective optimization problem(MMOP).However,in real-world problems,decision makers(DMs)may be also interested in local PSs.Also,searching for both global and local PSs is more general in view of dealing with MMOPs,which can be seen as generalized MMOPs.Moreover,most state-of-theart MMEAs exhibit poor convergence on high-dimension MMOPs and are unable to deal with constrained MMOPs.To address the above issues,we present a novel multimodal multiobjective coevolutionary algorithm(Co MMEA)to better produce both global and local PSs,and simultaneously,to improve the convergence performance in dealing with high-dimension MMOPs.Specifically,the Co MMEA introduces two archives to the search process,and coevolves them simultaneously through effective knowledge transfer.The convergence archive assists the Co MMEA to quickly approach the Pareto optimal front.The knowledge of the converged solutions is then transferred to the diversity archive which utilizes the local convergence indicator and the-dominance-based method to obtain global and local PSs effectively.Experimental results show that Co MMEA is competitive compared to seven state-of-the-art MMEAs on fifty-four complex MMOPs.展开更多
Space-based Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast(ADS-B)technology can eliminate the blind spots of terrestrial ADS-B systems because of its global coverage capability.However,the space-based ADS-B system faces n...Space-based Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast(ADS-B)technology can eliminate the blind spots of terrestrial ADS-B systems because of its global coverage capability.However,the space-based ADS-B system faces new problems such as extremely low Signal-toNoise Ratio(SNR)and serious co-channel interference,which result in long update intervals.To minimize the position message update interval at an update probability of 95%with full coverage constraint,this paper presents an optimization model of digital multi-beamforming for space-based ADS-B.Then,a coevolution method DECCG_A&A is proposed to enhance the optimization efficiency by using an improved adaptive grouping strategy.The strategy is based on the locations of uncovered areas and the aircraft density under the coverage of each beam.Simulation results show that the update interval can be effectively controlled to be below 8 seconds compared with other existing methods,and DECCG_A&A is superior in convergence to the Genetic Algorithm(GA)as well as the coevolution algorithms using other grouping strategies.Overall,the proposed optimization model and method can significantly reduce the update interval,thus improving the surveillance performance of space-based ADS-B for air traffic control.展开更多
Coevolution can be seen as the interdependency between evolutionary histories. In the context of protein evolution, functional correlation proteins are ever-present coordinated evolutionary characters without disrupti...Coevolution can be seen as the interdependency between evolutionary histories. In the context of protein evolution, functional correlation proteins are ever-present coordinated evolutionary characters without disruption of organismal integrity. As to complex system, there are two forms of protein-protein interactions in vivo, which refer to inter-complex interaction and intra-complex interaction. In this paper, we studied the difference of coevolution characters between inter-complex interaction and intra-complex interaction using ＂Mirror tree＂ method on the respiratory chain （RC） proteins. We divided the correlation coefficients of every pairwise RC proteins into two groups corresponding to the binary protein--protein interaction in intra-complex and the binary protein--protein interaction in inter-complex, respectively. A dramatical discrepancy is detected between the coevolution characters of the two sets of protein interactions （Wilcoxon test, p-value = 4.4 × 10 6）. Our finding reveals some critical information on coevolutionary study and assists the mechanical investigation of protein-protein interaction. Furthermore, the results also provide some unique clue for supramolecular organization of protein complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane. More detailed binding sites map and genome information of nuclear encoded RC proteins will be extraordinary valuable for the further mitochondria dynamics study.展开更多
A comprehensive compilation and systematic analysis of known early and middle Permian brachiopod faunas shows that the early Permian brachiopod faunas comprise three realms,six regions,and eleven provinces,while those...A comprehensive compilation and systematic analysis of known early and middle Permian brachiopod faunas shows that the early Permian brachiopod faunas comprise three realms,six regions,and eleven provinces,while those of the middle Permian comprise three realms,four regions,and eight provinces.A comparison and analysis of brachiopod faunal patterns reveal a coevolution between global brachiopod paleobiogeography and tectonopaleogeography during the early-middle Permian.Although temperature/latitude is the main factor controlling the formation of three realms,tectonopaleogeographic factors determine the temperature/latitude in which the continents were located.The'continental barrier'of Pangea,as a'central axis'continent,divided the three realms into six regions,which indicates that the formation of biogeographic regions was controlled mainly by the tectonopaleogeographic factors.The evolution of tectonopaleogeography was sometimes a long-term process,so that the biogeographic regions(or provinces)controlled by tectonopaleogeography displayed relative stability.Shifts in the nature of biogeographic provinces(e.g.,from cool water to warm water,and vice versa),extensions or narrowing of geographical ranges,and recombinations of some provinces were all related to regional tectonic evolution.The study of the coevolution between brachiopod paleobiogeography and tectonopaleogeography not only accounts for the formation mechanisms of brachiopod paleobiogeographic patterns during the early-middle Permian,but also provides evidences for the locations and configurations of oceans and plates(blocks)during this period.展开更多
Male signaling influences both female choice and male-male competition. Although male signaling characteristics and female preferences have been shown to coevolve in many species, few studies have examined whether mal...Male signaling influences both female choice and male-male competition. Although male signaling characteristics and female preferences have been shown to coevolve in many species, few studies have examined whether male signal characteristics and male receiver responses related to male-male competition also coevolve. The present study tested the hypothesis that male and female signal receiver preferences may coevolve in parallel for flogs in the genus Babina by comparing the acoustic structure of male advertisement calls of four closely related and geographically isolated Babina species. Then we assessed the behavioral responses of both male and female B. daunchina （Emei music frog） to male call playbacks from each of the four species. The results support the hypothesis that male and female signal receiver preferences have coevolved in this species. Specifically, both male and female B. daunchina respond strongly to the heterospecific calls of B. hainanensis, suggesting that preexisting biases exist in both females and males. Both male and female individuals showed a slight response to the calls of B. adenopleura while no response was evoked by the calls ofB. lini. The manifestation of similar response profiles in male and female B. daunchina to the calls of the four species support the idea that male and female signal receiver preferences evolved in parallel and that the origin of these receiver biases reflects adaptations dependent on the same neural and cognitive systems in both sexes.展开更多
Due to the turbulent external business environment, the complexity of internal relations of the organization and the emergence of subversive IT roles, the business-IT alignment(BITA)has become increasingly difficult. ...Due to the turbulent external business environment, the complexity of internal relations of the organization and the emergence of subversive IT roles, the business-IT alignment(BITA)has become increasingly difficult. The unsuccessful realization of BITA will lead to the waste of organizational resources, the reduction of return on investment and eventually the loss of competitive advantage. In recent years, coevolution has received widespread attention due to its ability to describe the dynamic relationship between IT and business. Multiple principles such as quickening learning action loops and adopt suitable organizing principles for achieving business and IT coevolution(BITC) are obtained. However, the continuous BITC is still hard to be achieved because of the lack of complete BITC management. This paper focuses on the management process of the BITC and how to perform it gradually. A coevolution framework combines the enterprise architecture(EA) approach with the coevolution analysis is proposed, which contains the design of EA, the sensing and governance of the misalignment and the procedure of the EA misalignment prevention.The steps for the governance and prevention of misalignment are discussed in particular. Through comparison with the principles,characteristics and methods of coevolution in the literature, the proposed framework is evaluated. The results show that the proposed framework is effective for BITC implementation.展开更多
Sexual deception involves the mimicry of another species＇ sexual signals in order to exploit behavioural routines linked to those signals. Known sexually deceptive systems use visual, acoustic or olfactory mimicry to...Sexual deception involves the mimicry of another species＇ sexual signals in order to exploit behavioural routines linked to those signals. Known sexually deceptive systems use visual, acoustic or olfactory mimicry to exploit insects for preda- tion, cleptoparasitism and pollination. It is predicted that where sexual deception inflicts a cost on the receiver, a coevolutionary arms race could result in the evolution of discriminating receivers and increasingly refined mimicry. We constructed a conceptual model to understand the importance of trade-offs in the coevolution of sexually deceptive mimic and receiver. Four components examined were： the cost of mimicry, the cost to receiver for being fooled, the density of mimics and the relative magnitude of a mimicry-independent component of fitness. The model predicts that the exploitation of non-discriminating receivers by accurate signal mimicry will evolve as an evolutionary stable strategy under a wide range of the parameter space explored. This is due to the difficulty in minimising the costs of being fooled without incurring the cost of falsely rejecting real mating opportunities. In the model, the evolution of deception is impeded when mimicry imposes substantial costs for both sides of the arms race. Olfac- tory signals that are potentially cheap to produce are therefore likely to be more vulnerable to exploitation than expensive visual ornaments展开更多
The brown-headed cowbird(hereafter cowbird)is an avian brood parasite that produces an egg dissimilar to those produced by the majority of its diverse host community.The cowbird’s generic egg may result from a Jack-o...The brown-headed cowbird(hereafter cowbird)is an avian brood parasite that produces an egg dissimilar to those produced by the majority of its diverse host community.The cowbird’s generic egg may result from a Jack-of-all-trades strategy;however,the evolutionary mechanisms that select for their generic eggs are unclear.Here we propose that the cowbird’s eggshell phenotypes have evolved via diffuse coevolution,which results from community-level selective pressures,rather than via pairwise coevolution that occurs between a particular host species and its brood parasite.Under diffuse coevolution the cowbird’s host community,with varying eggshell phenotypes and recognition abilities,would select for a cowbird eggshell phenotype intermediate to those of its host community.This selection is exerted by hosts that reject cowbird eggs,rather than those that accept them;therefore,we expect cowbird eggshell colors can be approximated by both the phenotypes and rejection abilities of their host community.Here we use eggshell reflectance data from 43 host species to demonstrate that the cowbird eggshell phenotypes are reasonably predicted(within 2 just noticeable differences)by the eggshell phenotypes and rejection rates of their hosts.These findings suggest that cowbird eggshell phenotypes,and potentially those of other some generalist parasites,may evolve via diffuse coevolution.Importantly,this research provides insight into the underlying evolutionary processes that explain observed phenotypic variation and provides a framework for studying selection on both specialist and generalist parasites’traits.展开更多
A central tenet of coevolutionary theory,including theory of the coevolutionary relationship between brood parasites and their hosts,is that temporal and spatial patterns may reveal important information about ecologi...A central tenet of coevolutionary theory,including theory of the coevolutionary relationship between brood parasites and their hosts,is that temporal and spatial patterns may reveal important information about ecological and evolutionary dynamics.For instance,level of genetic structure of populations provides important information about the role of genetics and gene ow in determining local patterns of selection on hosts due to parasitism(i.e.,egg rejection) and on parasites due to selection by hosts(i.e.,egg mimicry).Furthermore,abiotic(i.e.,climatic conditions) and biotic(phenotypic characteristics of animals) factors that also vary spatially may directly or indirectly a ect populations of hosts and brood parasites and,therefore,their interaction.By reviewing the literature,we found considerable evidence for an e ect of the spatially and temporally structured abiotic environment on the phenotype of both parasite and host eggs and the degree of mimicry.Moreover,we found examples suggesting that speci c life history characteristics of hosts that vary geographically and/or temporally may a ect the probability of initial colonization of a new host species and the direction and the speed of coevolution.We provide an exhaustive review of studies investigating temporal and spatial patterns of the interaction between brood parasites and their hosts.Such temporal and spatial trends in parasite and host traits are,together with genetic information on rejection and signi cant e ects of gene ow,consistent with coevolutionary dynamics.However,gene ow and changes in the temporal and spatial patterns of abundance of both parasites and hosts may result in frequent cases of counter-intuitive relationships between the phenotype of the parasite and that of the host(i.e.,poor or no mimicry),which may suggest limits to the degree of adaptation.We provide a list of scienti c questions in need of further investigation,concluding that studies of brood parasites and their hosts may play a central role in testing the geographic theory of coevolution and several alternative hypotheses.展开更多
The mutually antagonistic processes producing adaptations and counter-adaptations in avian brood parasites and their hosts provide a model system for the study of coevolution;this topic has long been an area of focus ...The mutually antagonistic processes producing adaptations and counter-adaptations in avian brood parasites and their hosts provide a model system for the study of coevolution;this topic has long been an area of focus in ornithology and evolutionary biology.Although there is an extensive body of literature dealing with avian brood parasitism,few empirical studies have considered the effects of the coevolutionary processes associated with brood parasitism on the acoustic characteristics of parent–offspring communication.Under the strong selection pressures associated with brood parasitism,parasitic birds may,for instance,produce deceptive songs.The host may in turn evolve the ability to recognize these sounds as deceptive.At present,the mechanisms underlying the different competitive strategies employed by hosts and parasitic birds remain unclear.Here,we reviewed previous studies that investigated acoustic traits in scenarios of brood parasitism,highlighting possible adaptive functions.Using a meta-analysis,we identified no heterogeneity among studies of begging call adaptations in parasitic nestlings.However,our results may have been affected by the small number of applicable papers available for analysis.Our meta-analysis also suggested that studies of acoustic communication and transmission in adult hosts were highly heterogenous,suggesting that research methods were inconsistent among studies.Finally,we identified knowledge gaps and proposed several lines of future research.展开更多
Common Cuckoos(Cuculus canorus) parasitize nests of small passerines.e Cuckoo chicks cause the death of their nest-mates when evicting eggs or nestlings from the nests;consequently,hosts su er from a high loss of repr...Common Cuckoos(Cuculus canorus) parasitize nests of small passerines.e Cuckoo chicks cause the death of their nest-mates when evicting eggs or nestlings from the nests;consequently,hosts su er from a high loss of reproduction.Host adaptations against parasitism,e.g.,by egg discrimination behavior,and cuckoo counter-adaptations to hosts,e.g.,by mimetic eggs,are often regarded as a result of the arms race between the two interacting species.In Hungary Great Reed Warblers(Acrocephalus arundinaceus) are the main hosts of cuckoos,su ering from heavy parasitism(ca.40-65%).e Oriental Reed Warbler(A.orientalis),formerly a subspecies of the Great Reed Warbler(A.a.orientalis),is also a highly parasitized host in Japan(25-40%).We compared main characteristics of Cuckoo parasitism in these two distant areas from the Western and Eastern Palearctic by comparing cuckoo egg mimicry.We measured color characteristics of host and parasitic eggs by spectrophotometer.Visual modeling revealed lower chromatic distances between Cuckoo and host eggs in Hungary than in Japan,but high variation both in host and Cuckoo eggs may cause matching problems in Hungary.Achromatic(brightness) di erence between host and Cuckoo eggs were lower in Japan than in Hungary,and it proved to be the most important factor a ecting egg rejection.Hosts rejected Cuckoo eggs at similar frequencies(37% and 35% in Hungary and Japan,respectively).Host adaptation,i.e.,egg rejection behavior,seems to be preceding Cuckoo counter-adaptations to hosts in Japan.We suggest that the Cuckoo-Great/Oriental Reed Warbler relationships developed in alternative ways in Japan and Hungary,and they represent di erent stages of their arms race.展开更多
基金supported by the Open Project of Xiangjiang Laboratory(22XJ02003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62122093,72071205)。
文摘Most multimodal multi-objective evolutionary algorithms(MMEAs)aim to find all global Pareto optimal sets(PSs)for a multimodal multi-objective optimization problem(MMOP).However,in real-world problems,decision makers(DMs)may be also interested in local PSs.Also,searching for both global and local PSs is more general in view of dealing with MMOPs,which can be seen as generalized MMOPs.Moreover,most state-of-theart MMEAs exhibit poor convergence on high-dimension MMOPs and are unable to deal with constrained MMOPs.To address the above issues,we present a novel multimodal multiobjective coevolutionary algorithm(Co MMEA)to better produce both global and local PSs,and simultaneously,to improve the convergence performance in dealing with high-dimension MMOPs.Specifically,the Co MMEA introduces two archives to the search process,and coevolves them simultaneously through effective knowledge transfer.The convergence archive assists the Co MMEA to quickly approach the Pareto optimal front.The knowledge of the converged solutions is then transferred to the diversity archive which utilizes the local convergence indicator and the-dominance-based method to obtain global and local PSs effectively.Experimental results show that Co MMEA is competitive compared to seven state-of-the-art MMEAs on fifty-four complex MMOPs.
文摘Space-based Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast(ADS-B)technology can eliminate the blind spots of terrestrial ADS-B systems because of its global coverage capability.However,the space-based ADS-B system faces new problems such as extremely low Signal-toNoise Ratio(SNR)and serious co-channel interference,which result in long update intervals.To minimize the position message update interval at an update probability of 95%with full coverage constraint,this paper presents an optimization model of digital multi-beamforming for space-based ADS-B.Then,a coevolution method DECCG_A&A is proposed to enhance the optimization efficiency by using an improved adaptive grouping strategy.The strategy is based on the locations of uncovered areas and the aircraft density under the coverage of each beam.Simulation results show that the update interval can be effectively controlled to be below 8 seconds compared with other existing methods,and DECCG_A&A is superior in convergence to the Genetic Algorithm(GA)as well as the coevolution algorithms using other grouping strategies.Overall,the proposed optimization model and method can significantly reduce the update interval,thus improving the surveillance performance of space-based ADS-B for air traffic control.
基金supported by the grants from the National Science Foundation of China(No.31071163)the National Basic Research Program(973 Program)(No.2010CB126604)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China
文摘Coevolution can be seen as the interdependency between evolutionary histories. In the context of protein evolution, functional correlation proteins are ever-present coordinated evolutionary characters without disruption of organismal integrity. As to complex system, there are two forms of protein-protein interactions in vivo, which refer to inter-complex interaction and intra-complex interaction. In this paper, we studied the difference of coevolution characters between inter-complex interaction and intra-complex interaction using ＂Mirror tree＂ method on the respiratory chain （RC） proteins. We divided the correlation coefficients of every pairwise RC proteins into two groups corresponding to the binary protein--protein interaction in intra-complex and the binary protein--protein interaction in inter-complex, respectively. A dramatical discrepancy is detected between the coevolution characters of the two sets of protein interactions （Wilcoxon test, p-value = 4.4 × 10 6）. Our finding reveals some critical information on coevolutionary study and assists the mechanical investigation of protein-protein interaction. Furthermore, the results also provide some unique clue for supramolecular organization of protein complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane. More detailed binding sites map and genome information of nuclear encoded RC proteins will be extraordinary valuable for the further mitochondria dynamics study.
基金granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41372019)the Doctoral Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(No.20110061110051)
文摘A comprehensive compilation and systematic analysis of known early and middle Permian brachiopod faunas shows that the early Permian brachiopod faunas comprise three realms,six regions,and eleven provinces,while those of the middle Permian comprise three realms,four regions,and eight provinces.A comparison and analysis of brachiopod faunal patterns reveal a coevolution between global brachiopod paleobiogeography and tectonopaleogeography during the early-middle Permian.Although temperature/latitude is the main factor controlling the formation of three realms,tectonopaleogeographic factors determine the temperature/latitude in which the continents were located.The'continental barrier'of Pangea,as a'central axis'continent,divided the three realms into six regions,which indicates that the formation of biogeographic regions was controlled mainly by the tectonopaleogeographic factors.The evolution of tectonopaleogeography was sometimes a long-term process,so that the biogeographic regions(or provinces)controlled by tectonopaleogeography displayed relative stability.Shifts in the nature of biogeographic provinces(e.g.,from cool water to warm water,and vice versa),extensions or narrowing of geographical ranges,and recombinations of some provinces were all related to regional tectonic evolution.The study of the coevolution between brachiopod paleobiogeography and tectonopaleogeography not only accounts for the formation mechanisms of brachiopod paleobiogeographic patterns during the early-middle Permian,but also provides evidences for the locations and configurations of oceans and plates(blocks)during this period.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270042)Youth Professor Project of CIB(Y3B3011)+2 种基金Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y2C3011)Open Fund of the Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant and Animal Ecology(Hainan Normal University) to J.C.National Natural Science Foundation of China(31372217) to G.F.
文摘Male signaling influences both female choice and male-male competition. Although male signaling characteristics and female preferences have been shown to coevolve in many species, few studies have examined whether male signal characteristics and male receiver responses related to male-male competition also coevolve. The present study tested the hypothesis that male and female signal receiver preferences may coevolve in parallel for flogs in the genus Babina by comparing the acoustic structure of male advertisement calls of four closely related and geographically isolated Babina species. Then we assessed the behavioral responses of both male and female B. daunchina （Emei music frog） to male call playbacks from each of the four species. The results support the hypothesis that male and female signal receiver preferences have coevolved in this species. Specifically, both male and female B. daunchina respond strongly to the heterospecific calls of B. hainanensis, suggesting that preexisting biases exist in both females and males. Both male and female individuals showed a slight response to the calls of B. adenopleura while no response was evoked by the calls ofB. lini. The manifestation of similar response profiles in male and female B. daunchina to the calls of the four species support the idea that male and female signal receiver preferences evolved in parallel and that the origin of these receiver biases reflects adaptations dependent on the same neural and cognitive systems in both sexes.
文摘Due to the turbulent external business environment, the complexity of internal relations of the organization and the emergence of subversive IT roles, the business-IT alignment(BITA)has become increasingly difficult. The unsuccessful realization of BITA will lead to the waste of organizational resources, the reduction of return on investment and eventually the loss of competitive advantage. In recent years, coevolution has received widespread attention due to its ability to describe the dynamic relationship between IT and business. Multiple principles such as quickening learning action loops and adopt suitable organizing principles for achieving business and IT coevolution(BITC) are obtained. However, the continuous BITC is still hard to be achieved because of the lack of complete BITC management. This paper focuses on the management process of the BITC and how to perform it gradually. A coevolution framework combines the enterprise architecture(EA) approach with the coevolution analysis is proposed, which contains the design of EA, the sensing and governance of the misalignment and the procedure of the EA misalignment prevention.The steps for the governance and prevention of misalignment are discussed in particular. Through comparison with the principles,characteristics and methods of coevolution in the literature, the proposed framework is evaluated. The results show that the proposed framework is effective for BITC implementation.
文摘Sexual deception involves the mimicry of another species＇ sexual signals in order to exploit behavioural routines linked to those signals. Known sexually deceptive systems use visual, acoustic or olfactory mimicry to exploit insects for preda- tion, cleptoparasitism and pollination. It is predicted that where sexual deception inflicts a cost on the receiver, a coevolutionary arms race could result in the evolution of discriminating receivers and increasingly refined mimicry. We constructed a conceptual model to understand the importance of trade-offs in the coevolution of sexually deceptive mimic and receiver. Four components examined were： the cost of mimicry, the cost to receiver for being fooled, the density of mimics and the relative magnitude of a mimicry-independent component of fitness. The model predicts that the exploitation of non-discriminating receivers by accurate signal mimicry will evolve as an evolutionary stable strategy under a wide range of the parameter space explored. This is due to the difficulty in minimising the costs of being fooled without incurring the cost of falsely rejecting real mating opportunities. In the model, the evolution of deception is impeded when mimicry imposes substantial costs for both sides of the arms race. Olfac- tory signals that are potentially cheap to produce are therefore likely to be more vulnerable to exploitation than expensive visual ornaments
文摘The brown-headed cowbird(hereafter cowbird)is an avian brood parasite that produces an egg dissimilar to those produced by the majority of its diverse host community.The cowbird’s generic egg may result from a Jack-of-all-trades strategy;however,the evolutionary mechanisms that select for their generic eggs are unclear.Here we propose that the cowbird’s eggshell phenotypes have evolved via diffuse coevolution,which results from community-level selective pressures,rather than via pairwise coevolution that occurs between a particular host species and its brood parasite.Under diffuse coevolution the cowbird’s host community,with varying eggshell phenotypes and recognition abilities,would select for a cowbird eggshell phenotype intermediate to those of its host community.This selection is exerted by hosts that reject cowbird eggs,rather than those that accept them;therefore,we expect cowbird eggshell colors can be approximated by both the phenotypes and rejection abilities of their host community.Here we use eggshell reflectance data from 43 host species to demonstrate that the cowbird eggshell phenotypes are reasonably predicted(within 2 just noticeable differences)by the eggshell phenotypes and rejection rates of their hosts.These findings suggest that cowbird eggshell phenotypes,and potentially those of other some generalist parasites,may evolve via diffuse coevolution.Importantly,this research provides insight into the underlying evolutionary processes that explain observed phenotypic variation and provides a framework for studying selection on both specialist and generalist parasites’traits.
文摘A central tenet of coevolutionary theory,including theory of the coevolutionary relationship between brood parasites and their hosts,is that temporal and spatial patterns may reveal important information about ecological and evolutionary dynamics.For instance,level of genetic structure of populations provides important information about the role of genetics and gene ow in determining local patterns of selection on hosts due to parasitism(i.e.,egg rejection) and on parasites due to selection by hosts(i.e.,egg mimicry).Furthermore,abiotic(i.e.,climatic conditions) and biotic(phenotypic characteristics of animals) factors that also vary spatially may directly or indirectly a ect populations of hosts and brood parasites and,therefore,their interaction.By reviewing the literature,we found considerable evidence for an e ect of the spatially and temporally structured abiotic environment on the phenotype of both parasite and host eggs and the degree of mimicry.Moreover,we found examples suggesting that speci c life history characteristics of hosts that vary geographically and/or temporally may a ect the probability of initial colonization of a new host species and the direction and the speed of coevolution.We provide an exhaustive review of studies investigating temporal and spatial patterns of the interaction between brood parasites and their hosts.Such temporal and spatial trends in parasite and host traits are,together with genetic information on rejection and signi cant e ects of gene ow,consistent with coevolutionary dynamics.However,gene ow and changes in the temporal and spatial patterns of abundance of both parasites and hosts may result in frequent cases of counter-intuitive relationships between the phenotype of the parasite and that of the host(i.e.,poor or no mimicry),which may suggest limits to the degree of adaptation.We provide a list of scienti c questions in need of further investigation,concluding that studies of brood parasites and their hosts may play a central role in testing the geographic theory of coevolution and several alternative hypotheses.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31672303 to CY).
文摘The mutually antagonistic processes producing adaptations and counter-adaptations in avian brood parasites and their hosts provide a model system for the study of coevolution;this topic has long been an area of focus in ornithology and evolutionary biology.Although there is an extensive body of literature dealing with avian brood parasitism,few empirical studies have considered the effects of the coevolutionary processes associated with brood parasitism on the acoustic characteristics of parent–offspring communication.Under the strong selection pressures associated with brood parasitism,parasitic birds may,for instance,produce deceptive songs.The host may in turn evolve the ability to recognize these sounds as deceptive.At present,the mechanisms underlying the different competitive strategies employed by hosts and parasitic birds remain unclear.Here,we reviewed previous studies that investigated acoustic traits in scenarios of brood parasitism,highlighting possible adaptive functions.Using a meta-analysis,we identified no heterogeneity among studies of begging call adaptations in parasitic nestlings.However,our results may have been affected by the small number of applicable papers available for analysis.Our meta-analysis also suggested that studies of acoustic communication and transmission in adult hosts were highly heterogenous,suggesting that research methods were inconsistent among studies.Finally,we identified knowledge gaps and proposed several lines of future research.
基金supported by the bilateral project of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)the Hungarian Academy of Sciences to F.T. and C.M. 2003-2005+1 种基金by the Hungarian Scienti c Research Fund (OTKAgrant No.T35015,48397 and 83217) to C.M. e Duna-Ipoly and Kiskunság National Parks provided permissions for research
文摘Common Cuckoos(Cuculus canorus) parasitize nests of small passerines.e Cuckoo chicks cause the death of their nest-mates when evicting eggs or nestlings from the nests;consequently,hosts su er from a high loss of reproduction.Host adaptations against parasitism,e.g.,by egg discrimination behavior,and cuckoo counter-adaptations to hosts,e.g.,by mimetic eggs,are often regarded as a result of the arms race between the two interacting species.In Hungary Great Reed Warblers(Acrocephalus arundinaceus) are the main hosts of cuckoos,su ering from heavy parasitism(ca.40-65%).e Oriental Reed Warbler(A.orientalis),formerly a subspecies of the Great Reed Warbler(A.a.orientalis),is also a highly parasitized host in Japan(25-40%).We compared main characteristics of Cuckoo parasitism in these two distant areas from the Western and Eastern Palearctic by comparing cuckoo egg mimicry.We measured color characteristics of host and parasitic eggs by spectrophotometer.Visual modeling revealed lower chromatic distances between Cuckoo and host eggs in Hungary than in Japan,but high variation both in host and Cuckoo eggs may cause matching problems in Hungary.Achromatic(brightness) di erence between host and Cuckoo eggs were lower in Japan than in Hungary,and it proved to be the most important factor a ecting egg rejection.Hosts rejected Cuckoo eggs at similar frequencies(37% and 35% in Hungary and Japan,respectively).Host adaptation,i.e.,egg rejection behavior,seems to be preceding Cuckoo counter-adaptations to hosts in Japan.We suggest that the Cuckoo-Great/Oriental Reed Warbler relationships developed in alternative ways in Japan and Hungary,and they represent di erent stages of their arms race.
