Jellyfish outbreaks are severely exacerbated by coastal eutrophication,overfishing,and aquaculture.Jellyfish proliferation has been shown closely connected with larval populations during the early stages of their life...Jellyfish outbreaks are severely exacerbated by coastal eutrophication,overfishing,and aquaculture.Jellyfish proliferation has been shown closely connected with larval populations during the early stages of their life cycle.However,the factors affecting larval populations have not been fully explored.The changes in metabolites during the transition from planula larvae to polyps were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer.In jellyfish planula larvae and polyps,lipids and lipid-like molecules are the most abundant metabolites,followed by organic acids and their derivatives,organic heterocyclic compounds,and organic oxygen compounds.In comparison with planula larvae,13 metabolites were significantly increased while 212 were significantly decreased.Most of these metabolites are involved in lipid metabolism,amino acids metabolism,and nucleotide metabolism.Furthermore,during the jellyfish planula larvae metamorphosis and settlement,five differentially expressed metabolites were identified as candidate metabolites that facilitate larvae attachment and metamorphosis,including glycerol lactate pyruvate,N-stearoyl asparagine,4-methyl-umbelliferyl-N-acetyl-chitobiose,levetiracetam,and 4-amino-1-[(2 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-sulfanyloxolan-2-yl]pyrimidin-2-one.This study identified the metabolites and helped understand the metabolic mechanisms underlying the attachment and metamorphosis of jellyfish larvae,which expands our knowledge of jellyfish blooming at the early life stage.展开更多
Aurelia coerulea polyp is an important stage in the outbreaks of this species.To test the combined effects of salinity and temperature on the survival and asexual reproduction of polyps,we maintained 864 polyps at var...Aurelia coerulea polyp is an important stage in the outbreaks of this species.To test the combined effects of salinity and temperature on the survival and asexual reproduction of polyps,we maintained 864 polyps at various salinities(15,25,33,and 40)and temperatures(9,12,15,18,21,and 24℃).Polyps could mostly survive in all treatment combinations except in salinity 15 treatments with low temperatures(9-15℃).Budding occurred at all temperatures(9-24℃),while strobilation only occurred at the low temperatures(9-15℃).The range of 12-15℃was suitable for strobilation and ephyrae release.The optimal range of salinity for asexual reproduction was 25-33.Low(15)or high(40)salinity could significantly reduce the numbers of new buds or ephyrae,and low salinity of 15 retarded and even prevented strobilation at low temperatures.The optimal treatment for budding and strobilation was 21℃-salinity 25 and 12℃-salinity 33,respectively.Salinity had less of an impact than temperature on asexual reproduction,except for the polyps in high or low osmotic pressure conditions.展开更多
Mass occurrences of moon jellyfish have been observed in coastal waters. Strobilation directly determines the initial population size of adult jellyfish, but energy distribution during the strobilation process is not ...Mass occurrences of moon jellyfish have been observed in coastal waters. Strobilation directly determines the initial population size of adult jellyfish, but energy distribution during the strobilation process is not well understood. In this study, strobilation was induced in polyp of Aurelia coerulea by elevating temperature. The different stages in the strobilation process, including polyp budding, strobilation and body growth, were investigated at six temperature levels(8, 10, 13, 15, 17 and 19°C) and five food supply levels(0, 30, 60, 100 and 150 μg C/L). The results showed that the duration of strobilation preparation stage(SP) remarkably decreased with increasing temperature. Food level positively af fected the production of buds and ephyrae and the body growth of parent polyps. Of the six temperatures tested, 13°C was optimal for strobilation. At 13°C, strobilation activity was enhanced, and this treatment resulted in the greatest energy distribution, highest ephyrae production and longest duration of strobilation stage(SS). Polyps tended to allocate 6.58%–20.49% carbon to buds with sufficient food supply regardless of temperature. The body growth of parent polyps was highest at lower temperatures and higher food levels. This study is the first to provide information on carbon-based energy distribution strategy in the polyp strobilation process. We concluded that budding reproduction is a lower-risk strategy for A. coerulea polyps to increase populations. Even during strobilation season, polyps prioritize budding, but at the optimal strobilation temperature, polyps utilize a portion of the energy stored for budding to release ephyrae. The body carbon content of parent polyps may be considered as strategic energy reserves, which could help to support budding activities and strobilation during harsh conditions.展开更多
The moon jellyfi sh Aurelia spp.is a worldwide distributed scyphozoan species that seasonally blooms in coastal waters.Although the strobilation is directly responsible for the scale of jellyfi sh bloom,the underlying...The moon jellyfi sh Aurelia spp.is a worldwide distributed scyphozoan species that seasonally blooms in coastal waters.Although the strobilation is directly responsible for the scale of jellyfi sh bloom,the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown.We exposed Aurelia coerulea polyps to 18 bioactive substances to test their ability to induce strobilation at the natural typically non-strobilation temperature of 21°C.Results revealed that A.coerulea polyps responded in four types.Type I—no change for estradiol,folic acid,iodine,retinoic acid,serotonin hydrochloride,and vitamin A.We suggested that 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine and N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid could not induce strobilation,since the percent of strobilated polyps in these two substances treatments was 3.3%and 1%,respectively.Type II—polyp body elongation for 3,5-diiodo-Ltyrosine,indole-3-acetic acid,L-dopamine,and noradrenaline treatments.Type III—transverse constrictions for L-thyroxine,progesterone,and melatonin treatments.Finally,Type IV—complete strobilation for 5-methoxy-2-methylindole,acetylcholine chloride,and indomethacin treatments,where the pre-strobilation periods were 2,4,and 2 days,and the mean numbers of ephyrae released per strobila were 4.7,5.7,and 5.7,respectively.The results reveal that indole derivatives,which contained methoxy or methyl pharmacophore,were the common strobilation inducer in the genus Aurelia.Iodinated organic compounds,catecholamine,acetylcholine chloride,and retinoic acid are species-specifi c strobilation inducer.Therefore,A.coerulea strobilation is regulated by neuronal and endocrine processes.Our fi ndings provide clues in understanding the mechanism of strobilation and contribute to developing specifi c strobilation antagonists in controlling moon jellyfi sh blooms.展开更多
Dietary studies of polyps and ephyrae are important to understand the formation and magnitude of jellyfish blooms and provide important insights into the marine food web.However,the diet of polyps and ephyrae in situ ...Dietary studies of polyps and ephyrae are important to understand the formation and magnitude of jellyfish blooms and provide important insights into the marine food web.However,the diet of polyps and ephyrae in situ is largely unknown.Here,prey species of the polyps and ephyrae of the moon jellyfish Aurelia coerulea in situ were identified using high-throughput DNA sequencing techniques.The results show that A.coerulea polyps and ephyrae consume a variety of prey items.The polyps consume both planktonic and benthic prey,including hydromedusae,copepods,ciliates,polychaetes,stauromedusae,and phytoplankton.A.coerulea ephyrae mainly feed on copepods and hydromedusae.Gelatinous zooplankton,including Rathkea octopunctata and Sarsia tubulosa,were frequently found as part of the diet of A.coerulea polyps and ephyrae.The utilization of highthroughput sequencing technique is a useful tool for studying the diet of polyps and ephyrae in the field,complementing the traditional techniques towards a better understanding of the complex role of gelatinous animals in marine ecosystems.展开更多
The viability and biological activity of Absidia coerulea in compressed or supercritical CO2 and C2H4 were studied. The specific activity of Absidia coerulea in 7.5MPa CO2 and C2H4 at 306K can reach to 23% and 75% r...The viability and biological activity of Absidia coerulea in compressed or supercritical CO2 and C2H4 were studied. The specific activity of Absidia coerulea in 7.5MPa CO2 and C2H4 at 306K can reach to 23% and 75% respectively, leading to the feasibility of using supercritical C2H4 as an alternative to the organic solvent in the hydroxylation of Reichsterin’s substance acetate.展开更多
石膏样毛癣菌是导致家兔皮肤真菌病的主要病菌之一,它传播迅速,难以治愈,复发率高,给养兔产业造成了巨大的经济损失。本文对藏药A c. M的抗石膏样毛癣病药效进行了初步探索,并与常见的抗真菌中西药的药效进行了对比,结果表明A c. M对于...石膏样毛癣菌是导致家兔皮肤真菌病的主要病菌之一,它传播迅速,难以治愈,复发率高,给养兔产业造成了巨大的经济损失。本文对藏药A c. M的抗石膏样毛癣病药效进行了初步探索,并与常见的抗真菌中西药的药效进行了对比,结果表明A c. M对于石膏样毛癣病有较好的抑制作用。展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)-Shandong Joint Fund(No.U 2106208)the NSFC(No.41976147)the Doctoral Fund of Yantai University(No.2222017)。
文摘Jellyfish outbreaks are severely exacerbated by coastal eutrophication,overfishing,and aquaculture.Jellyfish proliferation has been shown closely connected with larval populations during the early stages of their life cycle.However,the factors affecting larval populations have not been fully explored.The changes in metabolites during the transition from planula larvae to polyps were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer.In jellyfish planula larvae and polyps,lipids and lipid-like molecules are the most abundant metabolites,followed by organic acids and their derivatives,organic heterocyclic compounds,and organic oxygen compounds.In comparison with planula larvae,13 metabolites were significantly increased while 212 were significantly decreased.Most of these metabolites are involved in lipid metabolism,amino acids metabolism,and nucleotide metabolism.Furthermore,during the jellyfish planula larvae metamorphosis and settlement,five differentially expressed metabolites were identified as candidate metabolites that facilitate larvae attachment and metamorphosis,including glycerol lactate pyruvate,N-stearoyl asparagine,4-methyl-umbelliferyl-N-acetyl-chitobiose,levetiracetam,and 4-amino-1-[(2 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-sulfanyloxolan-2-yl]pyrimidin-2-one.This study identified the metabolites and helped understand the metabolic mechanisms underlying the attachment and metamorphosis of jellyfish larvae,which expands our knowledge of jellyfish blooming at the early life stage.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFC1404402)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of the Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(No.2016ASKJ02)the Basic Scientific Foundation of Guangxi Institute of Public Welfare Scientific Research(No.2019GMRC03)
文摘Aurelia coerulea polyp is an important stage in the outbreaks of this species.To test the combined effects of salinity and temperature on the survival and asexual reproduction of polyps,we maintained 864 polyps at various salinities(15,25,33,and 40)and temperatures(9,12,15,18,21,and 24℃).Polyps could mostly survive in all treatment combinations except in salinity 15 treatments with low temperatures(9-15℃).Budding occurred at all temperatures(9-24℃),while strobilation only occurred at the low temperatures(9-15℃).The range of 12-15℃was suitable for strobilation and ephyrae release.The optimal range of salinity for asexual reproduction was 25-33.Low(15)or high(40)salinity could significantly reduce the numbers of new buds or ephyrae,and low salinity of 15 retarded and even prevented strobilation at low temperatures.The optimal treatment for budding and strobilation was 21℃-salinity 25 and 12℃-salinity 33,respectively.Salinity had less of an impact than temperature on asexual reproduction,except for the polyps in high or low osmotic pressure conditions.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFC1404400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41606127,41506144)the Aoshan Science and Technology Innovation Program of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(No.2016ASKJ02-2)
文摘Mass occurrences of moon jellyfish have been observed in coastal waters. Strobilation directly determines the initial population size of adult jellyfish, but energy distribution during the strobilation process is not well understood. In this study, strobilation was induced in polyp of Aurelia coerulea by elevating temperature. The different stages in the strobilation process, including polyp budding, strobilation and body growth, were investigated at six temperature levels(8, 10, 13, 15, 17 and 19°C) and five food supply levels(0, 30, 60, 100 and 150 μg C/L). The results showed that the duration of strobilation preparation stage(SP) remarkably decreased with increasing temperature. Food level positively af fected the production of buds and ephyrae and the body growth of parent polyps. Of the six temperatures tested, 13°C was optimal for strobilation. At 13°C, strobilation activity was enhanced, and this treatment resulted in the greatest energy distribution, highest ephyrae production and longest duration of strobilation stage(SS). Polyps tended to allocate 6.58%–20.49% carbon to buds with sufficient food supply regardless of temperature. The body growth of parent polyps was highest at lower temperatures and higher food levels. This study is the first to provide information on carbon-based energy distribution strategy in the polyp strobilation process. We concluded that budding reproduction is a lower-risk strategy for A. coerulea polyps to increase populations. Even during strobilation season, polyps prioritize budding, but at the optimal strobilation temperature, polyps utilize a portion of the energy stored for budding to release ephyrae. The body carbon content of parent polyps may be considered as strategic energy reserves, which could help to support budding activities and strobilation during harsh conditions.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFC1404401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41606127,41976135)the Youth Talent Support Program of the Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science,Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)(No.LMEESYTSP-2018-01-10)。
文摘The moon jellyfi sh Aurelia spp.is a worldwide distributed scyphozoan species that seasonally blooms in coastal waters.Although the strobilation is directly responsible for the scale of jellyfi sh bloom,the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown.We exposed Aurelia coerulea polyps to 18 bioactive substances to test their ability to induce strobilation at the natural typically non-strobilation temperature of 21°C.Results revealed that A.coerulea polyps responded in four types.Type I—no change for estradiol,folic acid,iodine,retinoic acid,serotonin hydrochloride,and vitamin A.We suggested that 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine and N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid could not induce strobilation,since the percent of strobilated polyps in these two substances treatments was 3.3%and 1%,respectively.Type II—polyp body elongation for 3,5-diiodo-Ltyrosine,indole-3-acetic acid,L-dopamine,and noradrenaline treatments.Type III—transverse constrictions for L-thyroxine,progesterone,and melatonin treatments.Finally,Type IV—complete strobilation for 5-methoxy-2-methylindole,acetylcholine chloride,and indomethacin treatments,where the pre-strobilation periods were 2,4,and 2 days,and the mean numbers of ephyrae released per strobila were 4.7,5.7,and 5.7,respectively.The results reveal that indole derivatives,which contained methoxy or methyl pharmacophore,were the common strobilation inducer in the genus Aurelia.Iodinated organic compounds,catecholamine,acetylcholine chloride,and retinoic acid are species-specifi c strobilation inducer.Therefore,A.coerulea strobilation is regulated by neuronal and endocrine processes.Our fi ndings provide clues in understanding the mechanism of strobilation and contribute to developing specifi c strobilation antagonists in controlling moon jellyfi sh blooms.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2018YFC1406501the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.XDA23050301+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41876138the Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.YJKYYQ20180047the Key Research and Development Program of Yantai under contract No.2018ZHGY073。
文摘Dietary studies of polyps and ephyrae are important to understand the formation and magnitude of jellyfish blooms and provide important insights into the marine food web.However,the diet of polyps and ephyrae in situ is largely unknown.Here,prey species of the polyps and ephyrae of the moon jellyfish Aurelia coerulea in situ were identified using high-throughput DNA sequencing techniques.The results show that A.coerulea polyps and ephyrae consume a variety of prey items.The polyps consume both planktonic and benthic prey,including hydromedusae,copepods,ciliates,polychaetes,stauromedusae,and phytoplankton.A.coerulea ephyrae mainly feed on copepods and hydromedusae.Gelatinous zooplankton,including Rathkea octopunctata and Sarsia tubulosa,were frequently found as part of the diet of A.coerulea polyps and ephyrae.The utilization of highthroughput sequencing technique is a useful tool for studying the diet of polyps and ephyrae in the field,complementing the traditional techniques towards a better understanding of the complex role of gelatinous animals in marine ecosystems.
基金support from the NNSFC(No.20076033,20176041)is greatly acknowledged
文摘The viability and biological activity of Absidia coerulea in compressed or supercritical CO2 and C2H4 were studied. The specific activity of Absidia coerulea in 7.5MPa CO2 and C2H4 at 306K can reach to 23% and 75% respectively, leading to the feasibility of using supercritical C2H4 as an alternative to the organic solvent in the hydroxylation of Reichsterin’s substance acetate.
