Based on the meteorological data of Langzhong from 1981 to 2016,a comprehensive comfort index model of tourism climate suitable for Langzhong is established by calculating the meteorological and climatic factors affec...Based on the meteorological data of Langzhong from 1981 to 2016,a comprehensive comfort index model of tourism climate suitable for Langzhong is established by calculating the meteorological and climatic factors affecting tourism in the ancient city of Langzhong.The model is used to evaluate the climate comprehensive comfort of Langzhong,and its grades and suitable tourism periods are divided.Based on the monthly index of passenger flow volume in the ancient city of Langzhong from 2013 to 2015,a mathematical model is established through OLS regression analysis to analyze the correlation between changes in monthly passenger flow volume in a year and the comprehensive comfort of tourism climate in the ancient city of Langzhong.The results show that the climate in Langzhong is suitable for tourism in spring and autumn.It is suitable for tourism from February to June and from September to December,of which it is most suitable for tourism from April to May and from September to October.It is less suitable for tourism in only January and from July to August,and there is no unsuitable period.The changes in monthly passenger flow volume in a year are mainly affected by the meteorology and climate.The changes of climate comprehensive comfort in various month have an extremely significant impact on passenger flow volume.The elastic coefficient of impact of climate comprehensive comfort index on the monthly index of passenger flow volume is 0.9614%.展开更多
This paper reviews some aspects of evaluation of climate simulation, including the ITCZ, the surface air temperature （SAT）, and the monsoon. A brief introduction of some recently proposed approaches in weather forec...This paper reviews some aspects of evaluation of climate simulation, including the ITCZ, the surface air temperature （SAT）, and the monsoon. A brief introduction of some recently proposed approaches in weather forecast verification is followed by a discussion on their possible application to evaluation of climate simulation. The authors suggest five strategies to extend the forecast verification methods to climate simulation evaluation regardless significant differences between the forecasts and climate simulations. It is argued that resolution, convection scheme, stratocumulus cloud cover, among other processes in the atmospheric general circulation model （AGCM） and the ocean-atmosphere feedback are the potential causes for the double ITCZ problem in coupled models and AGCM simulations, based on the system- and component-level evaluations as well as the downscaling strategies in some recent research. Evaluations of simulated SAT and monsoons suggest that both coupled models and AGCMs show good performance in representing the SAT evolution and its variability over the past century in terms of correlation and wavelet analysis but poor at reproducing rainfall, and in addition, the AGCM alone is not suitable for monsoon regions due to the lack of air-sea interactions.展开更多
In accordance with the canonical sources of the right of legal claim,the targets of judicial review,and the intensity of judicial review intervention policies,lawsuits that directly and indirectly activate the functio...In accordance with the canonical sources of the right of legal claim,the targets of judicial review,and the intensity of judicial review intervention policies,lawsuits that directly and indirectly activate the function of human rights protection amid climate risks can be divided into the following categories:climate change lawsuits based on international human rights law,climate change lawsuits based on the domestic constitution,and judicial review of administrative procedures.Due to the singularity of the legal status and force of international human rights law,its“direct applicability”and“explanatory applicability”limit its function in protecting human rights;Climate change lawsuits based on domestic constitutions have the identification of basic right of claim,the judgment of basic rights and function,and the scope of state obligations as the judgment process.Factors such as the difficulty in right typification caused by the integration of climate law and interests,the expansion of discretionary and administrative power in legislation under the context of risk prevention,and the functional boundary of the judicial system cause the dysfunction of the dichotomous review standard of positive rights and negative rights.Procedural rights represent an important dimension of climate-related human rights.With the standardization of administrative procedures on addressing climate risks,the courts are gradually reinforcing decision-making authorities’obligation of due diligence through judicial review of risk decision-making procedures,thus indirectly guaranteeing the realization of tangible human rights.展开更多
The evolution of daily synoptic weather patterns is the main driver of day-to-day weather change. These patterns are generally associated with changes in temperature, precipitation, etc., especially during extreme wea...The evolution of daily synoptic weather patterns is the main driver of day-to-day weather change. These patterns are generally associated with changes in temperature, precipitation, etc., especially during extreme weathers. Evaluating the ability of climate models to reproduce the frequency and intensity of daily synoptic patterns is essential for increasing confidence in future projections. In this study, we investigated the ability of 34 global climate models （GCMs） included in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） to simulate synoptic patterns over East Asia and their evolution features in winter and summer. Daily synoptic patterns in sea level pressure and their occurrence frequencies were identified by using an objective clustering algorithm, self-organizing maps （SOMs）. The evaluation consists of correlating the frequencies of these patterns in the 34 CMIP5 models with the frequencies in the NCEP reanalysis during the baseline period of 1980-1999. The results illustrated that most of these models were able to reproduce the synoptic patterns of the NCEP reanalysis. In addition, the frequencies of temporal sea level pressure （SLP） anomaly patterns were reproduced by most of the models over the baseline period, but the frequencies of spatial SLP anomaly patterns were only reproduced by a few GCMs. Overall, the models performed better in summer than in winter. Comprehensive evaluation shows that the four top-performing models for both winter and summer are bcc-csml-l-m, NorESM1-M, MRI-CGCM3, and CCSM4. They show good performance in simulating the daily synoptic patterns in SLP and in reproducing their occurrence frequencies. The results showed that the SOM was an effective tool for differentiating characteristics of synoptic circulation patterns and for evaluating the ability of climate models to simulate the frequency of daily synoptic patterns. The results can also help users to choose a better model for future climate projection and downscaling over East Asia.展开更多
We analysed nine simulations from dynamic downscaling to a horizontal resolution of approximately 25 km of three general circulation models (GCMs). These GCMs use three regional climate models (RCMs) that participated...We analysed nine simulations from dynamic downscaling to a horizontal resolution of approximately 25 km of three general circulation models (GCMs). These GCMs use three regional climate models (RCMs) that participated in the coordinated downscaling experiment (CORDEX-CORE). These simulations were compared to three datasets of reanalysis. The ERA5 for temperature at 2 metres and for precipitation, Climate Hazards Center InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) and African Rainfall Climatology from the Famine Early Warning System (FEWS-ARC) were used. To give an overview of these nine model experiments, we presented and compared the results of the latter with the reanalysis taken into account for the period 1983 - 2005. The results indicated that the nine models correctly reproduced the temperature and rainfall in West Africa during the historical period. In the Guinean coast region, REMO-NorESM1 and RegCM4-MPI-MR models well simulated precipitation and temperature during the historical period. In the Savannah region, RegCM4-NorESM1, CCLM5-MPI-LR, REMO-NorESM1, CCLM5-NorESM1 and CCLM5-HadGEM2 model gave best result. In the Sahel region, the RegCM4-HadGEM2 model gave a good correlation. Using the Taylor diagram in the historical period, all CORDEX-CORE RCMs had a strong relationship with temperature.展开更多
Developing reliable adaptation and mitigation strategies to combat climate change is necessary at regional and local scales. The present study analyses the ability of the multi-model ensemble (MME) composed of fourtee...Developing reliable adaptation and mitigation strategies to combat climate change is necessary at regional and local scales. The present study analyses the ability of the multi-model ensemble (MME) composed of fourteen (14) CORDEX-Africa simulations to capture characteristics of the mean temperature for the present day (1979-2005) and associated extremes over Côte d’Ivoire. For this end, the analysis uses the mean variables of the temperature (i.e., minimum temperature (TMIN), mean temperature (TMEAN) and maximum temperature (TMAX)) as well as associated extremes such as intra-period extreme temperature range (ETR), warm spell duration index (HWFI) and warm days index (TX90P) during January-February-March (JFM), April-May-June (AMJ), July-August-September (JAS) and October-November-December (OND) seasons. The results indicate that mean temperature variables (TMIN, TMEAN and TMAX) are underestimated by CORDEX MME in general, except TMEAN in the centre of Côte d’Ivoire. On the other hand, extreme temperature indices are overestimated over Côte d’Ivoire, except ETR in JAS with an underestimation of about 2˚C and TX90P during JAS in the southern part of the country in JFM, AMJ and OND with an underestimation varying between 1% to 4%. In addition, CORDEX MME and observational datasets (CPC and NCEP) have a significant correlation in simulating temperature variables (TMIN, TMEAN, TMIN), while this correlation is not significant in general for extreme temperature, except ETR and HWFI. Furthermore, extreme temperatures (TX90P and HWFI) are characterized by more important interannual variability in the observations CPC and NCEP for ETR. Moreover, mean temperature variables (TMIN, TMEAN, TMAX) show slight interannual variability with respect to the observations CPC and NCEP, which are characterized by the most variability. Overall, CORDEX MME outperforms the seasonal and spatial variability of the temperature and associated extremes over Côte d’Ivoire, although some biases in representing their magnitudes. Thus, the results of the present study will help take appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies against heatwaves and extreme temperature advent over Côte d’Ivoire as these climate extremes are projected to increase over the country.展开更多
Aerosol layer height(ALH)is an important but uncertain parameter for evaluating the impact of aerosols on weather and climate and for accurate atmospheric correction.This study aims to assess the potential for measuri...Aerosol layer height(ALH)is an important but uncertain parameter for evaluating the impact of aerosols on weather and climate and for accurate atmospheric correction.This study aims to assess the potential for measuring ALH by the Ocean Color Instrument(OCI)on NASA’s Plankton,Aerosol,Cloud,ocean Ecosystem satellite.OCI measures Earth-reflected solar spectrum including reflectance in the oxygen(O_(2))A and B absorption bands that are invaluable for determining ALH.We assessed the sensitivity and information contained therein in retrieving ALH over the ocean surface by using the radiative transfer simulation of OCI observations in the O_(2) bands.The capabilities were also demonstrated using hyperspectral data measured by the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument(TROPOMI),as spectrally convolved into the OCI bands.Our results indicate that(a)OCI observations in the O_(2) A band are sensitive to ALH,whereas those around the O_(2) B band have relatively reduced sensitivity;(b)the most pronounced sensitivity to ALH is found in the 762.5 nm(and 690 nm)around the oxygen A(and B)bands,which are selected for ALH retrievals in this study;and(c)the ALH retrieved from OCI proxy data is in good agreement with the aerosol profile probed by CALIOP lidar.Overall,the ALH retrievals for both smoke and dust events exhibit a root mean square error of 0.49 km and 0.31 km,respectively,for the smoke and dust cases,aligning with the uncertainties of ALH as measured from the concurrent TROPOMI and the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera instruments.Therefore,this study suggests from OCI observations that we can generate ALH products with a well-characterized uncertainty.The technique and results presented in this study are suitable to develop a simple but robust ALH algorithm for OCI observations when the data become available.展开更多
文摘Based on the meteorological data of Langzhong from 1981 to 2016,a comprehensive comfort index model of tourism climate suitable for Langzhong is established by calculating the meteorological and climatic factors affecting tourism in the ancient city of Langzhong.The model is used to evaluate the climate comprehensive comfort of Langzhong,and its grades and suitable tourism periods are divided.Based on the monthly index of passenger flow volume in the ancient city of Langzhong from 2013 to 2015,a mathematical model is established through OLS regression analysis to analyze the correlation between changes in monthly passenger flow volume in a year and the comprehensive comfort of tourism climate in the ancient city of Langzhong.The results show that the climate in Langzhong is suitable for tourism in spring and autumn.It is suitable for tourism from February to June and from September to December,of which it is most suitable for tourism from April to May and from September to October.It is less suitable for tourism in only January and from July to August,and there is no unsuitable period.The changes in monthly passenger flow volume in a year are mainly affected by the meteorology and climate.The changes of climate comprehensive comfort in various month have an extremely significant impact on passenger flow volume.The elastic coefficient of impact of climate comprehensive comfort index on the monthly index of passenger flow volume is 0.9614%.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, Grant No 2005CB321703) the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Innovation Research Group Fund (Grant No 40821092)
文摘This paper reviews some aspects of evaluation of climate simulation, including the ITCZ, the surface air temperature （SAT）, and the monsoon. A brief introduction of some recently proposed approaches in weather forecast verification is followed by a discussion on their possible application to evaluation of climate simulation. The authors suggest five strategies to extend the forecast verification methods to climate simulation evaluation regardless significant differences between the forecasts and climate simulations. It is argued that resolution, convection scheme, stratocumulus cloud cover, among other processes in the atmospheric general circulation model （AGCM） and the ocean-atmosphere feedback are the potential causes for the double ITCZ problem in coupled models and AGCM simulations, based on the system- and component-level evaluations as well as the downscaling strategies in some recent research. Evaluations of simulated SAT and monsoons suggest that both coupled models and AGCMs show good performance in representing the SAT evolution and its variability over the past century in terms of correlation and wavelet analysis but poor at reproducing rainfall, and in addition, the AGCM alone is not suitable for monsoon regions due to the lack of air-sea interactions.
文摘In accordance with the canonical sources of the right of legal claim,the targets of judicial review,and the intensity of judicial review intervention policies,lawsuits that directly and indirectly activate the function of human rights protection amid climate risks can be divided into the following categories:climate change lawsuits based on international human rights law,climate change lawsuits based on the domestic constitution,and judicial review of administrative procedures.Due to the singularity of the legal status and force of international human rights law,its“direct applicability”and“explanatory applicability”limit its function in protecting human rights;Climate change lawsuits based on domestic constitutions have the identification of basic right of claim,the judgment of basic rights and function,and the scope of state obligations as the judgment process.Factors such as the difficulty in right typification caused by the integration of climate law and interests,the expansion of discretionary and administrative power in legislation under the context of risk prevention,and the functional boundary of the judicial system cause the dysfunction of the dichotomous review standard of positive rights and negative rights.Procedural rights represent an important dimension of climate-related human rights.With the standardization of administrative procedures on addressing climate risks,the courts are gradually reinforcing decision-making authorities’obligation of due diligence through judicial review of risk decision-making procedures,thus indirectly guaranteeing the realization of tangible human rights.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41230528 and 41205162)National(Key)Basic Research and Development(973)Program of China(2012CB955204)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘The evolution of daily synoptic weather patterns is the main driver of day-to-day weather change. These patterns are generally associated with changes in temperature, precipitation, etc., especially during extreme weathers. Evaluating the ability of climate models to reproduce the frequency and intensity of daily synoptic patterns is essential for increasing confidence in future projections. In this study, we investigated the ability of 34 global climate models （GCMs） included in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） to simulate synoptic patterns over East Asia and their evolution features in winter and summer. Daily synoptic patterns in sea level pressure and their occurrence frequencies were identified by using an objective clustering algorithm, self-organizing maps （SOMs）. The evaluation consists of correlating the frequencies of these patterns in the 34 CMIP5 models with the frequencies in the NCEP reanalysis during the baseline period of 1980-1999. The results illustrated that most of these models were able to reproduce the synoptic patterns of the NCEP reanalysis. In addition, the frequencies of temporal sea level pressure （SLP） anomaly patterns were reproduced by most of the models over the baseline period, but the frequencies of spatial SLP anomaly patterns were only reproduced by a few GCMs. Overall, the models performed better in summer than in winter. Comprehensive evaluation shows that the four top-performing models for both winter and summer are bcc-csml-l-m, NorESM1-M, MRI-CGCM3, and CCSM4. They show good performance in simulating the daily synoptic patterns in SLP and in reproducing their occurrence frequencies. The results showed that the SOM was an effective tool for differentiating characteristics of synoptic circulation patterns and for evaluating the ability of climate models to simulate the frequency of daily synoptic patterns. The results can also help users to choose a better model for future climate projection and downscaling over East Asia.
文摘We analysed nine simulations from dynamic downscaling to a horizontal resolution of approximately 25 km of three general circulation models (GCMs). These GCMs use three regional climate models (RCMs) that participated in the coordinated downscaling experiment (CORDEX-CORE). These simulations were compared to three datasets of reanalysis. The ERA5 for temperature at 2 metres and for precipitation, Climate Hazards Center InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) and African Rainfall Climatology from the Famine Early Warning System (FEWS-ARC) were used. To give an overview of these nine model experiments, we presented and compared the results of the latter with the reanalysis taken into account for the period 1983 - 2005. The results indicated that the nine models correctly reproduced the temperature and rainfall in West Africa during the historical period. In the Guinean coast region, REMO-NorESM1 and RegCM4-MPI-MR models well simulated precipitation and temperature during the historical period. In the Savannah region, RegCM4-NorESM1, CCLM5-MPI-LR, REMO-NorESM1, CCLM5-NorESM1 and CCLM5-HadGEM2 model gave best result. In the Sahel region, the RegCM4-HadGEM2 model gave a good correlation. Using the Taylor diagram in the historical period, all CORDEX-CORE RCMs had a strong relationship with temperature.
文摘Developing reliable adaptation and mitigation strategies to combat climate change is necessary at regional and local scales. The present study analyses the ability of the multi-model ensemble (MME) composed of fourteen (14) CORDEX-Africa simulations to capture characteristics of the mean temperature for the present day (1979-2005) and associated extremes over Côte d’Ivoire. For this end, the analysis uses the mean variables of the temperature (i.e., minimum temperature (TMIN), mean temperature (TMEAN) and maximum temperature (TMAX)) as well as associated extremes such as intra-period extreme temperature range (ETR), warm spell duration index (HWFI) and warm days index (TX90P) during January-February-March (JFM), April-May-June (AMJ), July-August-September (JAS) and October-November-December (OND) seasons. The results indicate that mean temperature variables (TMIN, TMEAN and TMAX) are underestimated by CORDEX MME in general, except TMEAN in the centre of Côte d’Ivoire. On the other hand, extreme temperature indices are overestimated over Côte d’Ivoire, except ETR in JAS with an underestimation of about 2˚C and TX90P during JAS in the southern part of the country in JFM, AMJ and OND with an underestimation varying between 1% to 4%. In addition, CORDEX MME and observational datasets (CPC and NCEP) have a significant correlation in simulating temperature variables (TMIN, TMEAN, TMIN), while this correlation is not significant in general for extreme temperature, except ETR and HWFI. Furthermore, extreme temperatures (TX90P and HWFI) are characterized by more important interannual variability in the observations CPC and NCEP for ETR. Moreover, mean temperature variables (TMIN, TMEAN, TMAX) show slight interannual variability with respect to the observations CPC and NCEP, which are characterized by the most variability. Overall, CORDEX MME outperforms the seasonal and spatial variability of the temperature and associated extremes over Côte d’Ivoire, although some biases in representing their magnitudes. Thus, the results of the present study will help take appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies against heatwaves and extreme temperature advent over Côte d’Ivoire as these climate extremes are projected to increase over the country.
基金support of this study from the PACE Science Project Team and valuable interaction with the PACE Science and Application Science Teamsupport was received for the research,authorship,and/or publication of this article+2 种基金funded by the NASA Remote Sensing Theory program(Grant No.80NSSC20K1747)the DSCOVR program(Grant No.80NSSC22K0503)the UMBC START and CIDER awards.
文摘Aerosol layer height(ALH)is an important but uncertain parameter for evaluating the impact of aerosols on weather and climate and for accurate atmospheric correction.This study aims to assess the potential for measuring ALH by the Ocean Color Instrument(OCI)on NASA’s Plankton,Aerosol,Cloud,ocean Ecosystem satellite.OCI measures Earth-reflected solar spectrum including reflectance in the oxygen(O_(2))A and B absorption bands that are invaluable for determining ALH.We assessed the sensitivity and information contained therein in retrieving ALH over the ocean surface by using the radiative transfer simulation of OCI observations in the O_(2) bands.The capabilities were also demonstrated using hyperspectral data measured by the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument(TROPOMI),as spectrally convolved into the OCI bands.Our results indicate that(a)OCI observations in the O_(2) A band are sensitive to ALH,whereas those around the O_(2) B band have relatively reduced sensitivity;(b)the most pronounced sensitivity to ALH is found in the 762.5 nm(and 690 nm)around the oxygen A(and B)bands,which are selected for ALH retrievals in this study;and(c)the ALH retrieved from OCI proxy data is in good agreement with the aerosol profile probed by CALIOP lidar.Overall,the ALH retrievals for both smoke and dust events exhibit a root mean square error of 0.49 km and 0.31 km,respectively,for the smoke and dust cases,aligning with the uncertainties of ALH as measured from the concurrent TROPOMI and the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera instruments.Therefore,this study suggests from OCI observations that we can generate ALH products with a well-characterized uncertainty.The technique and results presented in this study are suitable to develop a simple but robust ALH algorithm for OCI observations when the data become available.
