Birds underlie a predation-starvation risk,and foraging should show a diurnal/circadian pattern.Camera traps were used to study visitation patterns and discovery of a novel food source in woodland birds in SW Germany....Birds underlie a predation-starvation risk,and foraging should show a diurnal/circadian pattern.Camera traps were used to study visitation patterns and discovery of a novel food source in woodland birds in SW Germany.A total of 18 species occurred at feeders with nine of them being exploratory species.Great Tits(Parus major)discovered novel food sources first in most instances,and first discoveries occurred on average at 10:38,while it took 97 h for the first detection of the food source.Population size was correlated with discovery.The study supports the predation-starva-tion risk hypothesis with discovery of food sources in the morning.展开更多
1 Introduction Infrared camera traps have revolutionized wildlife tracking,offering invaluable insights into the lives of elusive and nocturnal creatures.Numerous mammal monitoring networks have been established,gener...1 Introduction Infrared camera traps have revolutionized wildlife tracking,offering invaluable insights into the lives of elusive and nocturnal creatures.Numerous mammal monitoring networks have been established,generating a vast amount of data each year(Xiao et al.2014;Li et al.2020;Cove et al.2021).展开更多
Camera traps serve as an important tool for monitoring species diversity. We used data from camera traps set for capturing snow leopards（Panthera uncia） in the Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve,Gansu Province,China,...Camera traps serve as an important tool for monitoring species diversity. We used data from camera traps set for capturing snow leopards（Panthera uncia） in the Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve,Gansu Province,China,to assess species richness with respect to mammal and birds species. We also assessed survey efficiency for species detection,and conducted an initial analysis of species interactions. The survey effort of 10,171 camera workdays yielded 2,868 suitable animal image events involving 17 mammal and 20 bird species. Among these,the dhole（Cuon alpinus） is considered to be Endangered,the snow leopard and white-lipped deer（Cervus albirostris） Vulnerable,and the Pallas＇ s cat（Feli smanul）,mountain weasel（Mustela altaica）,Himalayan griffon（Gyps himalayensis） and cinereous vulture（Aegypius monachus） Near Threatened under the IUCN red list. Fourteen species were also listed as key protected wild animals according to China national standards. Both the rarefaction curves and richness estimators suggested our sampling for mammal and pheasant species is sufficient,while more survey efforts are still needed to detect other bird species. With a focus on the dominant species Eurasian lynx（Lynx lynx）,occupancy models were used to estimate site use and detection probability for selected species,and to investigate predator-prey relationships between lynx on the one hand and woolly hare（Lepus oiostolus）,pika（Ochotona spp.）and Tibetan partridge（Perdix hodgsoniae） on the other. We give recommendations on how to increase efficiency in camera-based species inventory and biodiversity monitoring.展开更多
Nest predation is a critical driver of avian reproductive success,yet its response to urbanization remains controversial.Using infrared camera traps to monitor 133 artificial nests and 32 natural nests of the Spotted ...Nest predation is a critical driver of avian reproductive success,yet its response to urbanization remains controversial.Using infrared camera traps to monitor 133 artificial nests and 32 natural nests of the Spotted Dove(Spilopelia chinensis) along an urbanization gradient in Nanchang and Shangrao,China,from 2021 to 2023,we examined spatiotemporal variation in predation pressure.We deconstructed predation pressure into risk(nest fate and survival time) and pattern(predation frequency,predator size,and predator-nest interaction duration).We found that higher urbanization and better nest concealment significantly reduced predation risk.The composition of the predator community did not change along the urbanization gradient,suggesting that the reduced nest predation risk in cities is likely driven by behavioral factors,such as the availability of alternative food or human shield effect,rather than by the filtering of predator species.In contrast,predation patterns were primarily moderated by season.The off-peak breeding season was char acterized by more frequent but less severe predation events involving smaller predators and had shorter predator-nest interaction durations compared to the peak season.This seasonal shift opens a breeding window during the off-peak season,when lethal nest predation risk is reduced.The Spotted Dove's unique life-history traits enable it to capitalize on this opportunity by balancing environmental costs,enhancing its reproductive success and facilitating its colonization of urban environments.展开更多
野猫(Felis silvestris Schreber,1777)隶属于食肉目(Carnivora)猫科(Felidae)猫属(Felis),是一种广泛分布于欧亚非大陆的小型猫科动物(Yama‐guchi et al.,2004)。根据不同地理种群之间存在的形态特征和遗传差异,传统上认为野猫有3个亚...野猫(Felis silvestris Schreber,1777)隶属于食肉目(Carnivora)猫科(Felidae)猫属(Felis),是一种广泛分布于欧亚非大陆的小型猫科动物(Yama‐guchi et al.,2004)。根据不同地理种群之间存在的形态特征和遗传差异,传统上认为野猫有3个亚种,分别为野猫欧洲亚种(F.s.silvestris)、非洲亚种(F.s.lybica)和亚洲亚种(F.s.ornata)(Nowell and Jackson,1996)。野猫欧洲亚种毛色浅色至深灰褐色,背部和两侧具有明显深黑色条纹,尾端黑色,蓬松呈圆型;野猫非洲亚种毛色多为浅棕褐色或浅黄褐色,部分个体耳背染砖红色,背部和两侧具有深黑色条纹或模糊斑点,尾端黑色呈锥形;野猫亚洲亚种与非洲亚种毛色、尾端相似,最大区别在于背部和两侧密布明显深黑色斑点,耳尖具有细小、深棕色毛簇(Yamaguchi et al.,2004;Hunter,2015)。展开更多
基金The study was partially funded by the Gips-Schüle-Stiftung,Stuttgart(Code:Stiftungsprofessur Didaktik der Biologie 27386).
文摘Birds underlie a predation-starvation risk,and foraging should show a diurnal/circadian pattern.Camera traps were used to study visitation patterns and discovery of a novel food source in woodland birds in SW Germany.A total of 18 species occurred at feeders with nine of them being exploratory species.Great Tits(Parus major)discovered novel food sources first in most instances,and first discoveries occurred on average at 10:38,while it took 97 h for the first detection of the food source.Population size was correlated with discovery.The study supports the predation-starva-tion risk hypothesis with discovery of food sources in the morning.
基金supported by the Emergency Open Competition Project of National Forestry and Grassland Administration(202303)the Southwest Minzu University Research Startup Funds(Grant No.RQD2022021)+1 种基金the Double World-Class Project(No.CX2023010)the Monitoring Project of Large Mammals in Sichuan Gongga Mountain National Nature Reserve.
文摘1 Introduction Infrared camera traps have revolutionized wildlife tracking,offering invaluable insights into the lives of elusive and nocturnal creatures.Numerous mammal monitoring networks have been established,generating a vast amount of data each year(Xiao et al.2014;Li et al.2020;Cove et al.2021).
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31470567)
文摘Camera traps serve as an important tool for monitoring species diversity. We used data from camera traps set for capturing snow leopards（Panthera uncia） in the Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve,Gansu Province,China,to assess species richness with respect to mammal and birds species. We also assessed survey efficiency for species detection,and conducted an initial analysis of species interactions. The survey effort of 10,171 camera workdays yielded 2,868 suitable animal image events involving 17 mammal and 20 bird species. Among these,the dhole（Cuon alpinus） is considered to be Endangered,the snow leopard and white-lipped deer（Cervus albirostris） Vulnerable,and the Pallas＇ s cat（Feli smanul）,mountain weasel（Mustela altaica）,Himalayan griffon（Gyps himalayensis） and cinereous vulture（Aegypius monachus） Near Threatened under the IUCN red list. Fourteen species were also listed as key protected wild animals according to China national standards. Both the rarefaction curves and richness estimators suggested our sampling for mammal and pheasant species is sufficient,while more survey efforts are still needed to detect other bird species. With a focus on the dominant species Eurasian lynx（Lynx lynx）,occupancy models were used to estimate site use and detection probability for selected species,and to investigate predator-prey relationships between lynx on the one hand and woolly hare（Lepus oiostolus）,pika（Ochotona spp.）and Tibetan partridge（Perdix hodgsoniae） on the other. We give recommendations on how to increase efficiency in camera-based species inventory and biodiversity monitoring.
基金financially supported by the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China (No. 20224ACB205006)。
文摘Nest predation is a critical driver of avian reproductive success,yet its response to urbanization remains controversial.Using infrared camera traps to monitor 133 artificial nests and 32 natural nests of the Spotted Dove(Spilopelia chinensis) along an urbanization gradient in Nanchang and Shangrao,China,from 2021 to 2023,we examined spatiotemporal variation in predation pressure.We deconstructed predation pressure into risk(nest fate and survival time) and pattern(predation frequency,predator size,and predator-nest interaction duration).We found that higher urbanization and better nest concealment significantly reduced predation risk.The composition of the predator community did not change along the urbanization gradient,suggesting that the reduced nest predation risk in cities is likely driven by behavioral factors,such as the availability of alternative food or human shield effect,rather than by the filtering of predator species.In contrast,predation patterns were primarily moderated by season.The off-peak breeding season was char acterized by more frequent but less severe predation events involving smaller predators and had shorter predator-nest interaction durations compared to the peak season.This seasonal shift opens a breeding window during the off-peak season,when lethal nest predation risk is reduced.The Spotted Dove's unique life-history traits enable it to capitalize on this opportunity by balancing environmental costs,enhancing its reproductive success and facilitating its colonization of urban environments.
文摘野猫(Felis silvestris Schreber,1777)隶属于食肉目(Carnivora)猫科(Felidae)猫属(Felis),是一种广泛分布于欧亚非大陆的小型猫科动物(Yama‐guchi et al.,2004)。根据不同地理种群之间存在的形态特征和遗传差异,传统上认为野猫有3个亚种,分别为野猫欧洲亚种(F.s.silvestris)、非洲亚种(F.s.lybica)和亚洲亚种(F.s.ornata)(Nowell and Jackson,1996)。野猫欧洲亚种毛色浅色至深灰褐色,背部和两侧具有明显深黑色条纹,尾端黑色,蓬松呈圆型;野猫非洲亚种毛色多为浅棕褐色或浅黄褐色,部分个体耳背染砖红色,背部和两侧具有深黑色条纹或模糊斑点,尾端黑色呈锥形;野猫亚洲亚种与非洲亚种毛色、尾端相似,最大区别在于背部和两侧密布明显深黑色斑点,耳尖具有细小、深棕色毛簇(Yamaguchi et al.,2004;Hunter,2015)。
