Background:Physiological and biochemical processes across tissues of the body are regulated in response to the high demands of intense physical activity in several occupations,such as firefighting,law enforcement,mili...Background:Physiological and biochemical processes across tissues of the body are regulated in response to the high demands of intense physical activity in several occupations,such as firefighting,law enforcement,military,and sports.A better understanding of such processes can ultimately help improve human performance and prevent illnesses in the work environment.Methods:To study regulatory processes in intense physical activity simulating real-life conditions,we performed a multi-omics analysis of 3 biofluids(blood plasma,urine,and saliva)collected from 11 wildland firefighters before and after a 45 min,intense exercise regimen.Omics profiles post-vs.pre-exercise were compared by Student’s t-test followed by pathway analysis and comparison between the different omics modalities.Results:Our multi-omics analysis identified and quantified 3835 proteins,730 lipids and 182 metabolites combining the 3 different types of samples.The blood plasma analysis revealed signatures of tissue damage and acute repair response accompanied by enhanced carbon metabolism to meet energy demands.The urine analysis showed a strong,concomitant regulation of 6 out of 8 identified proteins from the renin-angiotensin system supporting increased excretion of catabolites,reabsorption of nutrients and maintenance of fluid balance.In saliva,we observed a decrease in 3 pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increase in 8 antimicrobial peptides.A systematic literature review identified 6 papers that support an altered susceptibility to respiratory infection.Conclusions:This study shows simultaneous regulatory signatures in biofluids indicative of homeostatic maintenance during intense physical activity with possible effects on increased infection susceptibility,suggesting that caution against respiratory diseases could benefit workers on highly physical demanding jobs.展开更多
The bioeffects of Changle, a rare earth complex on rats were investigated using NMR and ICP techniques. Wistar rats were administrated orally with Changle (a rare earth-containing fertilizer additive applied in agricu...The bioeffects of Changle, a rare earth complex on rats were investigated using NMR and ICP techniques. Wistar rats were administrated orally with Changle (a rare earth-containing fertilizer additive applied in agriculture to raise the production of crops) at doses of 2, 5 and 20 mg·kg^(-1) body weight/day respectively for 90 d. The urine of Changle-treated rats was collected at 45 and 90 d and serum samples were taken after 90 d. The relative concentrations of some important endogenous metabolites in biofluids were determined by ()~1H NMR spectra and the contents of the four rare earth elements (La, Ce, Pr and Nd) constituting Changle in the serum samples were measured by ICP-MS technique. Changle-induced renal and liver damage is demonstrated based on the increase in the amounts of the amino acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, N, N-dimethylglycine, dimethylamine, succinate, α-Ketoglutarate ethanol and the alteration of rare earth concentrations in serum.展开更多
Engineered Biofluids are paving the way to industrialized and specifically produced and tailored functional fluids such as coolant and dielectric, high purity traceable media, for the electrical and electronic industr...Engineered Biofluids are paving the way to industrialized and specifically produced and tailored functional fluids such as coolant and dielectric, high purity traceable media, for the electrical and electronic industries. Dielectric fluid compositions are commonly used in electrical devices, particularly in transformers. These liquids have the aim to isolate the various conductive elements of the device and to limit the heating of the equipment during its operation;in order to minimize, or maintain at higher power, the size of the device and to increase the lifespan of it. Concomitantly a number of bio and traditional processing advancements are made associated with pioneering process technologies which are outlined within the prime context of this paper. Enzyme Engineering and Cocktailing add “A New Dimension to Softer Greener Chem-Bio Approaches” which are referenced beyond curiosity purpose. Some of them are possibly “revolutionary” more than evolutionary. Testing has to evolve accordingly to appreciate the challenges ahead in semi-extreme conditions which are relevant to climate changes as well. A significant part of this orientation work addresses and exemplifies these necessary testing innovations, likely adaptable to smart and responsive connecting, and further down the line bigger data role and learning machine evolutionary concepts. One other innovative part of this exploratory work, is the influence that such illustrative localized testing, with integrated sensors/induced-tracers, and online interpretation, may have on the smart grid developments;whereby production, transmission, distribution and consumption of energy can be made more reliable, more effective and more predictive and can also have an impact on the performance, reliability and sustainability of the equipment itself. Those technologies and associated testing can support environmental, technological and societal awareness;helping to revert some trends being climate changes, fossil fuel preservation and other planetary challenges to maintain the overall and localized fundamental equilibriums.展开更多
One of many interesting research activities in biofluidmechanics is dedicated to investigations of locomotion in water. Some of propulsion mechanisms observed in the underwater world are used in the development proces...One of many interesting research activities in biofluidmechanics is dedicated to investigations of locomotion in water. Some of propulsion mechanisms observed in the underwater world are used in the development process of underwater autonomic vehicles （AUV）. In order to characterise several solutions according to their manoeuvrability, influence on the surrounding fluid and energetic efficiency, a detailed analysis of fin-like movement is indispensable. In the current paper an analysis of undulatory, oscillatory and combined fin-like movements by means of numerical simulation is carried out. The conservation equation of mass and the conservation equation of momentum axe solved with the Finite Volume Method （FWM） by use of the software CFX-10.0. The undulatory and oscillatory fin movements axe modelled with an equation that is implemented within an additional subroutine and joined with the main solver. N carried out in the computational domain, in which one fin is fixed in a flow-through water duct. Simulations axe carded out in the range of the Re number up to 105. The results show significant influence of applied fin motion on the velocity distribution in the surrounding fluid.展开更多
Metabolic profiles caused by rare earth complex were investigated using NMR and ICP-MS techniques. Male and female Wistar rats were treated orally with Changle （A kind of rare earth complex applied in agriculture to ...Metabolic profiles caused by rare earth complex were investigated using NMR and ICP-MS techniques. Male and female Wistar rats were treated orally with Changle （A kind of rare earth complex applied in agriculture to raise the production of crops） at dose of 2, 5 and 20 mg·kg^-1 body weight/day respectively for 90 d. Urine and serum samples are collected on 90 d. The relative concentrations of important endogenous metabolites in urine and serum are determined from ^1H NMR spectra and the contents of the four rare earth elements （La, Ce, Pr and Nd） constituting Changle in the serum samples are measured by ICP-MS technique. Changle-induced renal and liver damage in rats is found based on the increase in the amounts of the amino acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, N, N-dimethyglycine, dimethylamine, succinate, α- ketoglutarate and ethanol as well as rare earth concentrations. The similarities and differentiations are found in the alteration patterns of metabolites and rare earth concentrations in serum.展开更多
Excess biological fluids around skin wounds can lead to infections and impede the healing process.Researchers have exten-sively studied dressings with varying water contents for wound care.However,hydrophilic and hydr...Excess biological fluids around skin wounds can lead to infections and impede the healing process.Researchers have exten-sively studied dressings with varying water contents for wound care.However,hydrophilic and hydrophobic-hydrophilic dressings often face challenges such as slow fluid transfer and excessive retention.This study introduces an innovative approach involving the use of superhydrophobic–hydrophobic–hydrophilic dual-gradient electrospun nanofibers to form a 3D biomimetic nanofiber scaffold(3D BNSF).The 3D BNSF is composed of hydrophobic polycaprolactone and thermo-plastic polyurethane,along with antibacterial,superhydrophobic nano-chitin particles.In vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that this scaffold exhibits excellent antibacterial properties and compatibility with cells,facilitating complete wound healing and regeneration.This study offers a new perspective on the targeted acceleration of wound healing,with the potential to become an alternative strategy for clinical applications.展开更多
Background Therapeutic approaches aimed at lowering toxic mutant huntingtin(mHTT)levels in the brain can reverse disease phenotypes in animal models of Huntington’s disease(HD)and are currently being evaluated in cli...Background Therapeutic approaches aimed at lowering toxic mutant huntingtin(mHTT)levels in the brain can reverse disease phenotypes in animal models of Huntington’s disease(HD)and are currently being evaluated in clinical trials.Sensitive and dynamic response biomarkers are needed to assess the efficacy of such candidate therapies.Neurofilament light chain(NfL)is a biomarker of neurodegeneration that increases in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)and blood with progression of HD.However,it remains unknown whether NfL in biofluids could serve as a response biomarker for assessing the efficacy of disease-modifying therapies for HD.Methods Longitudinal plasma and cross-sectional CSF samples were collected from the YAC128 transgenic mouse model of HD and wild-type(WT)littermate control mice throughout the natural history of disease.Additionally,biofluids were collected from YAC128 mice following intracerebroventricular administration of an antisense oligonucleotide(ASO)targeting the mutant HTT transgene(HTT ASO),at ages both before and after the onset of disease phenotypes.NfL concentrations in plasma and CSF were quantified using ultrasensitive single-molecule array technology.Results Plasma and CSF NfL concentrations were significantly elevated in YAC128 compared to WT littermate control mice from 9 months of age.Treatment of YAC128 mice with either 15 or 50μg HTT ASO resulted in a dose-dependent,allele-selective reduction of mHTT throughout the brain at a 3-month interval,which was sustained with high-dose HTT ASO treatment for up to 6 months.Lowering of brain mHTT prior to the onset of regional brain atrophy and HD-like motor deficits in this model had minimal effect on plasma NfL at either dose,but led to a dose-dependent reduction of CSF NfL.In contrast,initiating mHTT lowering in the brain after the onset of neuropathological and behavioural phenotypes in YAC128 mice resulted in a dose-dependent stabilization of NfL increases in both plasma and CSF.Conclusions Our data provide evidence that the response of NfL in biofluids is influenced by the magnitude of mHTT lowering in the brain and the timing of intervention,suggesting that NfL may serve as a promising exploratory response biomarker for HD.展开更多
This paper proposes a novel concept of virus-like swimming robot in the range of nano to micro scales for biomedical applications. Viruses are submicroscopic, intracellular parasites that consist of nucleic acid genom...This paper proposes a novel concept of virus-like swimming robot in the range of nano to micro scales for biomedical applications. Viruses are submicroscopic, intracellular parasites that consist of nucleic acid genome and protein capsid. Their shapes help them to move within the infected host organisms and attach to host cells. In this paper, main geometrical features of the viral structure are utilized for conceptual design of the virus-inspired swimming robot and resultant thorny spherical shaped body is equipped with a new inclined and concentric multi-flagella propulsion system for operation in low Reynolds number fluid flow environment. In off-propulsion situation a theoretical formula is derived for thrust value estimation. On the other hand, to investigate the robot behavior in the fluid media in on-propulsion condition, flow field around the robot is simulated using a numerical strategy consisting of surface methods of regularized Stokeslet and Rotlet theory. For propulsion control of the robot a multilayer artificial neural network is designed and employed then flow field of the robot wake is analyzed using Lagrangian Coherent Structure (LCS) concept. Furthermore, potential characteristics and specific features of this kind of miniature robots are discussed as well as its application. The results indicate the capability of the miniature robot to perform complex missions in low Reynolds number fluid flow environment especially bodily fluid systems including lymphatic, urinary and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) systems.展开更多
Pattern recognition methods were applied to the analysis of 600 MHz H NMR spectra of urine from rats dosed 1 with compounds that induce...Pattern recognition methods were applied to the analysis of 600 MHz H NMR spectra of urine from rats dosed 1 with compounds that induced organ-specific damage in the liver and kidney. Male Wistar rats were separated into groups (n=4) and each was treated with one of following compounds: HgCl2, CCl4, Lu(NO3)3 and Changle (a kind of rare earth complex mixed with La, Ce, Pr and Nd). Urine samples from the rats dosed with HgCl2, CCl4 and Lu(NO3)3 were collected over a 24 h time course and the samples from the rats administrated with Changle were gained after 3 months. These samples were measured by 600 MHz NMR spectroscopy. Each spectrum was data-processed to provide 223 intensity-related descriptors of spectra. Urine spectral data corresponding to the time intervals, 0—8 h (HgCl2 and CCl4), 4—8 (Lu(NO3)3) h and 90 d (Changle) were analyzed using principal compo- nent analysis (PCA). Successful classification of the toxicity and biochemical effects of Lu(NO3)3 was achieved.展开更多
Circulating biomarkers - nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites - have been used in several adult oncologic processes to affect early detection, measure response to treatment, and offer prognostic information. The i...Circulating biomarkers - nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites - have been used in several adult oncologic processes to affect early detection, measure response to treatment, and offer prognostic information. The identification and validation of biomarkers for pediatric brain tumors, however, has been meager by comparison. Early detection and serial screening of pediatric brain tumors has the potential to improve outcomes by allowing for rapid therapeutic interventions and more targeted therapies. This is particular resonant for pediatric brain tumors where treatment success is heavily dependent on early surgical intervention. This highlights the need for biomarker development in pediatric neuro-oncology. The authors reviewed current circulating biomarker targets in various biofluid reservoirs and discuss the current barriers to biomarker development in pediatric neuro-oncology patients.展开更多
基金supported by the BRAVE Agile Investment from the PNNL
文摘Background:Physiological and biochemical processes across tissues of the body are regulated in response to the high demands of intense physical activity in several occupations,such as firefighting,law enforcement,military,and sports.A better understanding of such processes can ultimately help improve human performance and prevent illnesses in the work environment.Methods:To study regulatory processes in intense physical activity simulating real-life conditions,we performed a multi-omics analysis of 3 biofluids(blood plasma,urine,and saliva)collected from 11 wildland firefighters before and after a 45 min,intense exercise regimen.Omics profiles post-vs.pre-exercise were compared by Student’s t-test followed by pathway analysis and comparison between the different omics modalities.Results:Our multi-omics analysis identified and quantified 3835 proteins,730 lipids and 182 metabolites combining the 3 different types of samples.The blood plasma analysis revealed signatures of tissue damage and acute repair response accompanied by enhanced carbon metabolism to meet energy demands.The urine analysis showed a strong,concomitant regulation of 6 out of 8 identified proteins from the renin-angiotensin system supporting increased excretion of catabolites,reabsorption of nutrients and maintenance of fluid balance.In saliva,we observed a decrease in 3 pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increase in 8 antimicrobial peptides.A systematic literature review identified 6 papers that support an altered susceptibility to respiratory infection.Conclusions:This study shows simultaneous regulatory signatures in biofluids indicative of homeostatic maintenance during intense physical activity with possible effects on increased infection susceptibility,suggesting that caution against respiratory diseases could benefit workers on highly physical demanding jobs.
文摘The bioeffects of Changle, a rare earth complex on rats were investigated using NMR and ICP techniques. Wistar rats were administrated orally with Changle (a rare earth-containing fertilizer additive applied in agriculture to raise the production of crops) at doses of 2, 5 and 20 mg·kg^(-1) body weight/day respectively for 90 d. The urine of Changle-treated rats was collected at 45 and 90 d and serum samples were taken after 90 d. The relative concentrations of some important endogenous metabolites in biofluids were determined by ()~1H NMR spectra and the contents of the four rare earth elements (La, Ce, Pr and Nd) constituting Changle in the serum samples were measured by ICP-MS technique. Changle-induced renal and liver damage is demonstrated based on the increase in the amounts of the amino acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, N, N-dimethylglycine, dimethylamine, succinate, α-Ketoglutarate ethanol and the alteration of rare earth concentrations in serum.
文摘Engineered Biofluids are paving the way to industrialized and specifically produced and tailored functional fluids such as coolant and dielectric, high purity traceable media, for the electrical and electronic industries. Dielectric fluid compositions are commonly used in electrical devices, particularly in transformers. These liquids have the aim to isolate the various conductive elements of the device and to limit the heating of the equipment during its operation;in order to minimize, or maintain at higher power, the size of the device and to increase the lifespan of it. Concomitantly a number of bio and traditional processing advancements are made associated with pioneering process technologies which are outlined within the prime context of this paper. Enzyme Engineering and Cocktailing add “A New Dimension to Softer Greener Chem-Bio Approaches” which are referenced beyond curiosity purpose. Some of them are possibly “revolutionary” more than evolutionary. Testing has to evolve accordingly to appreciate the challenges ahead in semi-extreme conditions which are relevant to climate changes as well. A significant part of this orientation work addresses and exemplifies these necessary testing innovations, likely adaptable to smart and responsive connecting, and further down the line bigger data role and learning machine evolutionary concepts. One other innovative part of this exploratory work, is the influence that such illustrative localized testing, with integrated sensors/induced-tracers, and online interpretation, may have on the smart grid developments;whereby production, transmission, distribution and consumption of energy can be made more reliable, more effective and more predictive and can also have an impact on the performance, reliability and sustainability of the equipment itself. Those technologies and associated testing can support environmental, technological and societal awareness;helping to revert some trends being climate changes, fossil fuel preservation and other planetary challenges to maintain the overall and localized fundamental equilibriums.
文摘One of many interesting research activities in biofluidmechanics is dedicated to investigations of locomotion in water. Some of propulsion mechanisms observed in the underwater world are used in the development process of underwater autonomic vehicles （AUV）. In order to characterise several solutions according to their manoeuvrability, influence on the surrounding fluid and energetic efficiency, a detailed analysis of fin-like movement is indispensable. In the current paper an analysis of undulatory, oscillatory and combined fin-like movements by means of numerical simulation is carried out. The conservation equation of mass and the conservation equation of momentum axe solved with the Finite Volume Method （FWM） by use of the software CFX-10.0. The undulatory and oscillatory fin movements axe modelled with an equation that is implemented within an additional subroutine and joined with the main solver. N carried out in the computational domain, in which one fin is fixed in a flow-through water duct. Simulations axe carded out in the range of the Re number up to 105. The results show significant influence of applied fin motion on the velocity distribution in the surrounding fluid.
文摘Metabolic profiles caused by rare earth complex were investigated using NMR and ICP-MS techniques. Male and female Wistar rats were treated orally with Changle （A kind of rare earth complex applied in agriculture to raise the production of crops） at dose of 2, 5 and 20 mg·kg^-1 body weight/day respectively for 90 d. Urine and serum samples are collected on 90 d. The relative concentrations of important endogenous metabolites in urine and serum are determined from ^1H NMR spectra and the contents of the four rare earth elements （La, Ce, Pr and Nd） constituting Changle in the serum samples are measured by ICP-MS technique. Changle-induced renal and liver damage in rats is found based on the increase in the amounts of the amino acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, N, N-dimethyglycine, dimethylamine, succinate, α- ketoglutarate and ethanol as well as rare earth concentrations. The similarities and differentiations are found in the alteration patterns of metabolites and rare earth concentrations in serum.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22278225)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1602800)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M712180)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2022J02021).
文摘Excess biological fluids around skin wounds can lead to infections and impede the healing process.Researchers have exten-sively studied dressings with varying water contents for wound care.However,hydrophilic and hydrophobic-hydrophilic dressings often face challenges such as slow fluid transfer and excessive retention.This study introduces an innovative approach involving the use of superhydrophobic–hydrophobic–hydrophilic dual-gradient electrospun nanofibers to form a 3D biomimetic nanofiber scaffold(3D BNSF).The 3D BNSF is composed of hydrophobic polycaprolactone and thermo-plastic polyurethane,along with antibacterial,superhydrophobic nano-chitin particles.In vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that this scaffold exhibits excellent antibacterial properties and compatibility with cells,facilitating complete wound healing and regeneration.This study offers a new perspective on the targeted acceleration of wound healing,with the potential to become an alternative strategy for clinical applications.
基金Support for N.S.C.and L.M.B.provided by the Huntington’s Disease Society of America Berman/Topper HD Career Development Fellowship.Project operational support for E.J.W.,B.R.L.,and M.R.H.provided by F.Hoffmann-La Roche.Additional operational support for N.S.C.and M.R.H.provided by a Bev Hartig Huntington’s Disease Foundation grant.Funding sources were not involved in the design of experiments,collection and measurement of samples,or analysis and interpretation of the data presented herein.
文摘Background Therapeutic approaches aimed at lowering toxic mutant huntingtin(mHTT)levels in the brain can reverse disease phenotypes in animal models of Huntington’s disease(HD)and are currently being evaluated in clinical trials.Sensitive and dynamic response biomarkers are needed to assess the efficacy of such candidate therapies.Neurofilament light chain(NfL)is a biomarker of neurodegeneration that increases in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)and blood with progression of HD.However,it remains unknown whether NfL in biofluids could serve as a response biomarker for assessing the efficacy of disease-modifying therapies for HD.Methods Longitudinal plasma and cross-sectional CSF samples were collected from the YAC128 transgenic mouse model of HD and wild-type(WT)littermate control mice throughout the natural history of disease.Additionally,biofluids were collected from YAC128 mice following intracerebroventricular administration of an antisense oligonucleotide(ASO)targeting the mutant HTT transgene(HTT ASO),at ages both before and after the onset of disease phenotypes.NfL concentrations in plasma and CSF were quantified using ultrasensitive single-molecule array technology.Results Plasma and CSF NfL concentrations were significantly elevated in YAC128 compared to WT littermate control mice from 9 months of age.Treatment of YAC128 mice with either 15 or 50μg HTT ASO resulted in a dose-dependent,allele-selective reduction of mHTT throughout the brain at a 3-month interval,which was sustained with high-dose HTT ASO treatment for up to 6 months.Lowering of brain mHTT prior to the onset of regional brain atrophy and HD-like motor deficits in this model had minimal effect on plasma NfL at either dose,but led to a dose-dependent reduction of CSF NfL.In contrast,initiating mHTT lowering in the brain after the onset of neuropathological and behavioural phenotypes in YAC128 mice resulted in a dose-dependent stabilization of NfL increases in both plasma and CSF.Conclusions Our data provide evidence that the response of NfL in biofluids is influenced by the magnitude of mHTT lowering in the brain and the timing of intervention,suggesting that NfL may serve as a promising exploratory response biomarker for HD.
文摘This paper proposes a novel concept of virus-like swimming robot in the range of nano to micro scales for biomedical applications. Viruses are submicroscopic, intracellular parasites that consist of nucleic acid genome and protein capsid. Their shapes help them to move within the infected host organisms and attach to host cells. In this paper, main geometrical features of the viral structure are utilized for conceptual design of the virus-inspired swimming robot and resultant thorny spherical shaped body is equipped with a new inclined and concentric multi-flagella propulsion system for operation in low Reynolds number fluid flow environment. In off-propulsion situation a theoretical formula is derived for thrust value estimation. On the other hand, to investigate the robot behavior in the fluid media in on-propulsion condition, flow field around the robot is simulated using a numerical strategy consisting of surface methods of regularized Stokeslet and Rotlet theory. For propulsion control of the robot a multilayer artificial neural network is designed and employed then flow field of the robot wake is analyzed using Lagrangian Coherent Structure (LCS) concept. Furthermore, potential characteristics and specific features of this kind of miniature robots are discussed as well as its application. The results indicate the capability of the miniature robot to perform complex missions in low Reynolds number fluid flow environment especially bodily fluid systems including lymphatic, urinary and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) systems.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 29890280).
文摘Pattern recognition methods were applied to the analysis of 600 MHz H NMR spectra of urine from rats dosed 1 with compounds that induced organ-specific damage in the liver and kidney. Male Wistar rats were separated into groups (n=4) and each was treated with one of following compounds: HgCl2, CCl4, Lu(NO3)3 and Changle (a kind of rare earth complex mixed with La, Ce, Pr and Nd). Urine samples from the rats dosed with HgCl2, CCl4 and Lu(NO3)3 were collected over a 24 h time course and the samples from the rats administrated with Changle were gained after 3 months. These samples were measured by 600 MHz NMR spectroscopy. Each spectrum was data-processed to provide 223 intensity-related descriptors of spectra. Urine spectral data corresponding to the time intervals, 0—8 h (HgCl2 and CCl4), 4—8 (Lu(NO3)3) h and 90 d (Changle) were analyzed using principal compo- nent analysis (PCA). Successful classification of the toxicity and biochemical effects of Lu(NO3)3 was achieved.
文摘Circulating biomarkers - nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites - have been used in several adult oncologic processes to affect early detection, measure response to treatment, and offer prognostic information. The identification and validation of biomarkers for pediatric brain tumors, however, has been meager by comparison. Early detection and serial screening of pediatric brain tumors has the potential to improve outcomes by allowing for rapid therapeutic interventions and more targeted therapies. This is particular resonant for pediatric brain tumors where treatment success is heavily dependent on early surgical intervention. This highlights the need for biomarker development in pediatric neuro-oncology. The authors reviewed current circulating biomarker targets in various biofluid reservoirs and discuss the current barriers to biomarker development in pediatric neuro-oncology patients.
