Western equine encephalitis virus(WEEV)is an arbovirus that historically caused large outbreaks of encephalitis throughout the Americas.WEEV binds protocadherin 10(PCDH10)as a receptor,and highly virulent ancestral WE...Western equine encephalitis virus(WEEV)is an arbovirus that historically caused large outbreaks of encephalitis throughout the Americas.WEEV binds protocadherin 10(PCDH10)as a receptor,and highly virulent ancestral WEEV strains also bind low-density lipoprotein receptor(LDLR)-related proteins.As WEEV declined as a human pathogen in North America over the past century,isolates have lost the ability to bind mammalian receptors while still recognizing avian receptors.To explain shifts in receptor dependencies and assess the risk of WEEV re-emergence,we determined cryoelectron microscopy structures of WEEV bound to human PCDH10,avian PCDH10,and human very-low-density lipoprotein receptor(VLDLR).We show that one to three E2 glycoprotein substitutions are sufficient for a nonpathogenic strain to regain the ability to bind mammalian receptors.A soluble VLDLR fragment protects mice from lethal challenge by a virulent ancestral WEEV strain.Because WEEV recently re-emerged in South America after decades of inactivity,our findings have important implications for outbreak preparedness.展开更多
Infectious diseases caused by arboviruses are a public health concern in Pakistan.However,studies on data prevalence and threats posed by arboviruses are limited.This study investigated the seroprevalence of arbovirus...Infectious diseases caused by arboviruses are a public health concern in Pakistan.However,studies on data prevalence and threats posed by arboviruses are limited.This study investigated the seroprevalence of arboviruses in a healthy population in Pakistan,including severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus(SFTSV),Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV),Tamdy virus(TAMV),and Karshi virus(KSIV)based on a newly established luciferase immunoprecipitation system(LIPS)assays,and Zika virus(ZIKV)by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA).Neutralizing activities against these arboviruses were further examined from the antibody positive samples.The results showed that the seroprevalence of SFTSV,CCHFV,TAMV,KSIV,and ZIKV was 17.37%,7.58%,4.41%,1.10%,and 6.48%,respectively,and neutralizing to SFTSV(1.79%),CCHFV(2.62%),and ZIKV(0.69%)were identified,as well as to the SFTSV-related Guertu virus(GTV,0.83%).Risk factors associated with the incidence of exposure and levels of antibody response were analyzed.Moreover,co-exposure to different arboviruses was demonstrated,as thirty-seven individuals were having antibodies against multiple viruses and thirteen showed neutralizing activity.Males,individuals aged40 years,and outdoor workers had a high risk of exposure to arboviruses.All these results reveal the substantial risks of infection with arboviruses in Pakistan,and indicate the threat from co-exposure to multiple arboviruses.The findings raise the need for further epidemiologic investigation in expanded regions and populations and the necessity to improve health surveillance in Pakistan.展开更多
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides(order Diptera,family Ceratopogonidae)are potential biological vectors for the transmission of certain arboviruses among humans,livestock,and wild animals.This study collected a to...Biting midges of the genus Culicoides(order Diptera,family Ceratopogonidae)are potential biological vectors for the transmission of certain arboviruses among humans,livestock,and wild animals.This study collected a total of 405 Culicoides individuals from seven animal farms located in five counties in the border areas of Yunnan Province,China,and examined the Culicoides species composition and the major arboviruses carried by the Culicoides species.The collected Culicoides were classified into seven species with variable abundances:Culicoides arakawae(5.43%,22/405),Culicoides homotomus(1.23%,5/405),Culicoides obsoletus(19.75%,80/405),Culicoides orientalis(17.28%,70/405),Culicoides oxystoma(29.38%,119/405),Culicoides peregrinus(5.68%,23/405),and Culicoides nipponensis(21.23%,86/405).Among the seven species,C.oxystoma and C.nipponensis were distributed in all the five counties with abundances of 13.33–44.87%and 10.00–46.83%,respectively,suggesting that these were the dominant species of Culicoides widespread on animal farms in the border areas.PCR was used to detect major arboviruses in the collected Culicoides specimens,including bluetongue virus(BTV),Japanese encephalitis virus,Dengue virus,Zika virus,African swine fever virus,and African horse sickness virus.Among the tested viruses,only BTV serotype 1 was tested positive in C.oxystoma specimens collected from a buffalo farm.Culicoides oxystoma was the dominant species on animal farms in the sampled areas,but it has not previously been documented as positive for BTV in China.The current results thus suggest that C.oxystoma could be an important vector for BTV transmission in these border areas,which,however,needs to be confirmed by further comprehensive experiments.Overall,the present study provides the first profile of Culicoides species on animal farms in the China,Vietnam,and Myanmar border areas,establishes the prevalence of arboviruses carried by these Culicoides species,and suggests the vector potential of C.oxystoma species for the transmission of BTV.展开更多
Vector-borne diseases caused by arthropod-borne viruses(arboviruses) are a considerable challenge to public health globally. Mosquito-borne arboviruses, such as Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika viruses, cause a range of ...Vector-borne diseases caused by arthropod-borne viruses(arboviruses) are a considerable challenge to public health globally. Mosquito-borne arboviruses, such as Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika viruses, cause a range of human illnesses and may be fatal. Currently, efforts to control these diseases still face challenges due to growing vector resistance towards insecticides, urbanization, and limited effective antiviral treatments and vaccines. Animal models are crucial in antiviral research on mosquito-borne arboviruses, playing a role in understanding disease mechanisms,vaccine development, and toxicity testing, but the application of animal models still faces the challenges of ethical considerations and animal-to-human translational success. Genetically engineered mouse models, hamster models and non-human primate(NHP) are currently used in arbovirus research, but new models such as tree shrews and novel humanized mice are emerging. In the context of Malaysian research, the use of long-tailed macaques as potential NHP models for arbovirus research is possible;however, it faces the ethical dilemma of using an endangered species for scientific purposes. Overall, animal models play a crucial role in advancing infectious disease research, but a balance between medical research and species conservation must be upheld.展开更多
The five main arbovirus families that cause diseases in humans and other animals are Bunya viridae,Togaviridae,Flaviviridae,Reoviridae,and Rhab doviridae.Chikungunya arbovirus(Togaviridae:Alphavirus),an arbovirus tran...The five main arbovirus families that cause diseases in humans and other animals are Bunya viridae,Togaviridae,Flaviviridae,Reoviridae,and Rhab doviridae.Chikungunya arbovirus(Togaviridae:Alphavirus),an arbovirus transmitted byAedes spp.,is a well-known global health threat.It has been recognized in more than 60 countries in Asia,Africa,Europe,and the Americas.Pakistan,the eastern neighborhood of Iran,is one of the endemic foci of this disease.As the largest province of Iran,Sistan-Baluchestan has always been threatened by infectious diseases from abroad due to its geographical location and neighborhood with Afghanistan and Pakistan.Contagious diseases are more likely to occur in the eastern borders of Iran arising from(1)lack or limited jobs due to deprivation of the area,the harsh weather conditions,unbearable conditions,traditional society,and lack of industry development;(2)Lack or limited facilities due to the distance from the center of the country and high percentage of illiteracy or low literacy,and traffic to neighboring countries to trade goods and get a job.Therefore,health authorities should pay more attention to trafficking of illegal aliens,traveling of people to high-risk countries,smuggling of livestock,and strengthening of quarantine posts across borders,especially in the eastern borders of Iran.The first case of chikungunya disease was confirmed in Sistan-Baluchestan province in 2019,where most of the cases have been reported.The findings of the present study provide evidence of chikungunya virus in Iran and emphasize the urgency to increase the preventive standards and surveillance system.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> the physical integration of South America through a Bioceanic Corridor has been idealized for a long time by the countries that make up Mercosur. This integration will have imp...<strong>Background:</strong> the physical integration of South America through a Bioceanic Corridor has been idealized for a long time by the countries that make up Mercosur. This integration will have impacts on the population residing in the cities where the route will be built. Among them, Porto Murtinho, southern Mato Grosso on the border with Paraguay, stands out, where a bridge will be built over the Paraguay River that will link these two countries. <strong>Methods:</strong> a retrospective, quantitative and cross-sectional study of a descriptive type of documentary approach that sought to analyze the prevalence of arboviruses, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Diseases Related to Inadequate Environmental Sanitation (DRIES) notified and stored in the National System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). The sample consisted of new cases of these pathologies in the municipality of Porto Murtinho registered between January 2017 and December 2020. <strong>Results:</strong> there was an increase of 10% in the total number of diseases within this period. The number of dengue cases increased 36 times;the incidence of Syphilis, HIV and HPV decreased;and, finally, maintenance of cases of Gonorrhea, Leptospirosis, Yellow Fever, Zika, Chikungunya, Hepatitis A and B. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> actions are needed to prevent the increase of these pathologies together with the construction of the Bioceanic Route, thus avoiding damage population health and increased consumption of government resources.展开更多
Background & Objectives: Epidemics of arboviruses such as Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika have been recorded in recent years indicating that Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are both important and very active vecto...Background & Objectives: Epidemics of arboviruses such as Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika have been recorded in recent years indicating that Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are both important and very active vectors in Africa. For vector control, insecticides are on the front line, unfortunately, reported resistance jeopardizes the effectiveness of this strategy. The objective of this review was to determine the geographical distribution and insecticide resistance mechanisms of Ae. aegypti and Ae. Albopictus in Africa. Methods: A systematic review of the literature in scientific databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Hinari) allowed us to identify relevant articles on the geographical distribution of Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and arboviral diseases. On the other hand, studies related to insecticides used in vector control against Aedes, associated resistances and their molecular and metabolic mechanisms. Results: A total of 94 studies met the inclusion criteria for this search. Aedes aegypti is reported in most of Africa, and Aedes albopictus in part. There is a re-emergence and outbreak of Arbovirus epidemics in West and Central Africa. The insecticides used were organochlorines, carbamates, organophosphates and pyrethroids. In Aedes, target site insensitivity and metabolic resistance would be the 2 main mechanisms of resistance to these insecticides. Interpretation & Conclusion: Resistance has been recorded in all four major classes of insecticides recommended by WHO for vector control and eradication. New vector control methods such as the use of plant extracts with larvicidal and adulticidal activities, advanced modern biotechnology techniques, and nanobiotechnology need to be developed.展开更多
Ticks can transmit many pathogens,including arboviruses,to their vertebrate hosts.Arboviruses must overcome or evade defense mechanisms during their passage from the tick gut to the hemolymph,salivary glands,and the f...Ticks can transmit many pathogens,including arboviruses,to their vertebrate hosts.Arboviruses must overcome or evade defense mechanisms during their passage from the tick gut to the hemolymph,salivary glands,and the feeding site in the host skin.This review summarizes current knowledge of defense mechanisms in specific tick tissues and at the feeding site in the host skin.We discuss the possible roles of these defense mechanisms in viral infection and transmission.The responses of tick salivary proteins to arbovirus infection are also discussed.This review provides information that may help accelerate research on virus–tick interactions.展开更多
Mosquito-borne arboviruses significantly threaten global health,affecting millions of people worldwide.The innate immune system is the primary line of defense against arboviruses in both mammalian hosts and mosquito v...Mosquito-borne arboviruses significantly threaten global health,affecting millions of people worldwide.The innate immune system is the primary line of defense against arboviruses in both mammalian hosts and mosquito vectors,although the innate immune responses of these organisms involve distinct mechanisms.This review compares the innate immune responses of mammals with those of mosquitoes,focusing on their shared reliance on pattern recognition receptors(PRRs),immune signaling pathways,and cellular innate immunity.While mosquitoes utilize RNA interference(RNAi)and melanization to control arboviral replication without inflammation,mammals depend on complement systems,complex interferon(IFN)responses,and cytokine production to rapidly clear arboviral infections.This review provides a comparative analysis of the innate immune responses of mammalian hosts and mosquito vectors,highlighting key differences in the strategies by which these organisms manage arboviral infections.Understanding these distinctions may inform the development of novel interventions to disrupt arboviral transmission and improve disease control.展开更多
Insects are the host or vector of diverse viruses including those that infect vertebrates,plants,and fungi.Insect viruses reside inside their insect hosts and are vertically transmitted from parent to offspring.The in...Insects are the host or vector of diverse viruses including those that infect vertebrates,plants,and fungi.Insect viruses reside inside their insect hosts and are vertically transmitted from parent to offspring.The insect virus-host relationship is intricate,as these viruses can impact various aspects of insect biology,such as development,reproduction,sex ratios,and immunity.Arthropod-borne viruses(arboviruses)that cause substantial global health or agricultural problems can also be vertically transmitted to insect vector progeny.Multiple infections with insect viruses and arboviruses are common in nature.Such coinfections involve complex interactions,including synergism,dependence,and antagonism.Recent studies have shed light on the influence of insect viruses on the competence of insect vectors for arboviruses.In this review,we focus on the biological effects of insect viruses on the transmission of arboviruses by insects.We also discuss the potential mechanisms by which insect viruses affect the ability of hosts to transmit arboviruses,as well as potential strategies for disease control through manipulation of insect viruses.Analyses of the interactions among insect vectors,insect viruses and arboviruses will provide new opportunities for development of innovative strategies to control arbovirus transmission.展开更多
Background Mosquito research in Europe has a long history,primarily focused on malaria vectors.In recent years,invasive mosquito species like the Asian tiger mosquito(Aedes albopictus)and the spread of arboviruses lik...Background Mosquito research in Europe has a long history,primarily focused on malaria vectors.In recent years,invasive mosquito species like the Asian tiger mosquito(Aedes albopictus)and the spread of arboviruses like dengue virus,chikungunya virus or bluetongue virus have led to an intensifcation of research and monitoring in Europe.The risk of further dissemination of exotic species and mosquito-borne pathogens is expected to increase with ongoing globalization,human mobility,transport geography,and climate warming.Researchers have conducted various studies to understand the ecology,biology,and efective control strategies of mosquitoes and associated pathogens.Main body Three invasive mosquito species are established in Europe:Asian tiger mosquito(Aedes albopictus),Japanese bush mosquito(Ae.japonicus),and Korean bush mosquito(Aedes koreicus).Ae.albopictus is the most invasive species and has been established in Europe since 1990.Over the past two decades,there has been an increasing number of outbreaks of infections by mosquito-borne viruses in particular chikungunya virus,dengue virus or Zika virus in Europe primary driven by Ae.albopictus.At the same time,climate change with rising temperatures results in increasing threat of invasive mosquito-borne viruses,in particular Usutu virus and West Nile virus transmitted by native Culex mosquito species.Efective mosquito control programs require a high level of community participation,going along with comprehensive information campaigns,to ensure source reduction and successful control.Control strategies for container breeding mosquitoes like Ae.albopictus or Culex species involve community participation,door-to-door control activities in private areas.Further measures can involve integration of sterile insect techniques,applying indigenous copepods,Wolbachia sp.bacteria,or genetically modifed mosquitoes,which is very unlike to be practiced as standard method in the near future.Conclusions Climate change and globalization resulting in the increased establishment of invasive mosquitoes in particular of the Asian tiger mosquito Ae.albopictus in Europe within the last 30 years and increasing outbreaks of infections by mosquito-borne viruses warrants intensifcation of research and monitoring.Further,efective future mosquito control programs require increase in intense community and private participation,applying physical,chemical,biological,and genetical control activities.展开更多
Arboviral diseases are viral infections transmitted to humans through the bites of arthropods,such as mosquitoes,often causing a variety of pathologies associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality.Over the p...Arboviral diseases are viral infections transmitted to humans through the bites of arthropods,such as mosquitoes,often causing a variety of pathologies associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality.Over the past decades,these infections have proven to be a significant challenge to health systems worldwide,particularly following the considerable geographic expansion of the dengue virus(DENV)and its most recent outbreak in Latin America as well as the difficult-tocontrol outbreaks of yellow fever virus(YFV),chikungunya virus(CHIKV),and Zika virus(ZIKV),leaving behind a substantial portion of the population with complications related to these infections.Currently,the world is experiencing a period of intense globalization,which,combined with global warming,directly contributes to wider dissemination of arbovirus vectors across the globe.Consequently,all continents remain on high alert for potential new outbreaks.Thus,this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of the four main arboviruses today(DENV,ZIKV,YFV,and CHIKV)discussing their viral characteristics,immune responses,and mechanisms of viral evasion,as well as important clinical aspects for patient management.This includes associated symptoms,laboratory tests,treatments,existing or developing vaccines and the main associated complications,thus integrating a broad historical,scientific and clinical approach.展开更多
Chikungunya virus(CHIKV)infection in humans causing severe musculoskeletal pain,fever and rashes,is transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes,primarily Aedes(Ae.)aegypti and Ae.albopictus.CHIKV has resulted in 18...Chikungunya virus(CHIKV)infection in humans causing severe musculoskeletal pain,fever and rashes,is transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes,primarily Aedes(Ae.)aegypti and Ae.albopictus.CHIKV has resulted in 18.7 million cases worldwide till 2020 and after 2004 has spread to Europe,Middle East(Saudi Arabia,Pakistan,Yemen,Egypt,Oman,Iraq,Kuwait,and Iran)and Pacific regions.This rapid spread of CHIKV emphasizes the pivotal need of enforcing control measures and examining new diagnostic methods.As the mosquito vectors(Aedes)of CHIKV are evolving,vector control methods are losing its efficacy.Further,existing serological and molecular assays to detect CHIKV show variabilities in sensitivity and specificity,leading to mis-reporting or under-reporting of CHIKV cases in affected regions.In this review article,we start by discussing CHIKV infection,followed by an introduction to currently available control and detection methods.We further highlight the challenges these methods pose and how they can be conquered by employing various easy and sustainable strategies.This review may provide valuable information for the development of novel diagnostic strategies in resource limited settings for mitigating CHIKV disease.展开更多
Mosquitoes(Diptera:Culicidae)are vectors of various pathogens of public health concern,but replacing conventional insecticides remains a challenge.In this regard,natural products represent valuable sources of potentia...Mosquitoes(Diptera:Culicidae)are vectors of various pathogens of public health concern,but replacing conventional insecticides remains a challenge.In this regard,natural products represent valuable sources of potential insecticidal compounds,thus increasingly attracting research interest.Commiphora myrrha(T.Nees)Engl.(Burseraceae)is a medicinal plant whose oleo-gum resin is used in food,cosmetics,fragrances,and pharmaceuticals.Herein,the larvicidal potential of its essential oil(EO)was assessed on four mosquito species(Aedes albopictus Skuse,Ae.aegypti L.,Anopheles gambiae Giles and An.stephensi Liston),with LC_(50) values ranging from 4.42 to 16.80 μg/mL.The bio-guided EO fractionation identified furanosesquiterpenes as the main larvicidal compounds.A GC-MS-driven untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed 32 affected metabolic pathways in treated larvae.The EO non-target toxicity on Daphnia magna Straus(LC_(50)=4.51 μL/L)and its cytotoxicity on a human kidney cell line(HEK293)(IC50 of 14.38 μg/mL)were also assessed.This study shows the potential of plant products as innovative insecticidal agents and lays the ground-work for the possible exploitation of C.myrrha EO in the sustainable approaches for mosquito management.展开更多
Objective:To describe the clinical features and outcomes of arboviral infections in solid organ transplant recipients(SOTRs).Methods:This study included SOTRs identified from a passive surveillance cohort of 1466 pati...Objective:To describe the clinical features and outcomes of arboviral infections in solid organ transplant recipients(SOTRs).Methods:This study included SOTRs identified from a passive surveillance cohort of 1466 patients with acute undifferentiated febrile illness between 2012 and 2019.Diagnosis of arboviral infection was confirmed using RT-PCR and/or serological testing.Clinical,laboratory,and outcome data were extracted and analyzed descriptively.Results:Eleven SOTRs(10 kidney,1 heart transplant recipient)were diagnosed with arboviral infections:8 with dengue(DENV),2 with chikungunya virus(CHIKV),and 1 with Zika virus(ZIKV)infection.The median time from transplantation to symptom onset was 35.0 days(IQR 28.5-111.0).DENV infection was associated with severe disease,including dengue shock syndrome(50%,4/8)and dengue hemorrhagic fever(25%,2/8).Six patients(75%,6/8)required ICU admission.Common laboratory abnormalities in dengue patients included leukopenia(100%,8/8),thrombocytopenia(100%,8/8),elevated transaminases(87.5%,7/8),and acute kidney injury(50%,4/8).CHIKV and ZIKV cases presented as mild,self-limiting febrile illnesses without complications.All patients recovered without long-term morbidity.Conclusions:DENV infection in SOTRs is associated with significant morbidity,particularly early post-transplant,and requires heightened clinical vigilance.In contrast,CHIKV and ZIKV infections tend to follow a benign course.Enhanced vector control,early diagnostic testing,supportive management,and consideration of dengue vaccination in appropriate candidates are essential to mitigate the impact of arboviral infections in transplant recipients in endemic areas.展开更多
文摘Western equine encephalitis virus(WEEV)is an arbovirus that historically caused large outbreaks of encephalitis throughout the Americas.WEEV binds protocadherin 10(PCDH10)as a receptor,and highly virulent ancestral WEEV strains also bind low-density lipoprotein receptor(LDLR)-related proteins.As WEEV declined as a human pathogen in North America over the past century,isolates have lost the ability to bind mammalian receptors while still recognizing avian receptors.To explain shifts in receptor dependencies and assess the risk of WEEV re-emergence,we determined cryoelectron microscopy structures of WEEV bound to human PCDH10,avian PCDH10,and human very-low-density lipoprotein receptor(VLDLR).We show that one to three E2 glycoprotein substitutions are sufficient for a nonpathogenic strain to regain the ability to bind mammalian receptors.A soluble VLDLR fragment protects mice from lethal challenge by a virulent ancestral WEEV strain.Because WEEV recently re-emerged in South America after decades of inactivity,our findings have important implications for outbreak preparedness.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Programme of China[Grant Number 2021YFC2300900,2022YFC2302700]International Partnership Programme of the Bureau of International Cooperation,Chinese Academy of Sciences[Grant Number 153B42KYSB20200013]+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant Number U22A20363]Biological Resources Programme,Chinese Academy of Sciences[Grant Number KFJ-BRP-017-74].
文摘Infectious diseases caused by arboviruses are a public health concern in Pakistan.However,studies on data prevalence and threats posed by arboviruses are limited.This study investigated the seroprevalence of arboviruses in a healthy population in Pakistan,including severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus(SFTSV),Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV),Tamdy virus(TAMV),and Karshi virus(KSIV)based on a newly established luciferase immunoprecipitation system(LIPS)assays,and Zika virus(ZIKV)by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA).Neutralizing activities against these arboviruses were further examined from the antibody positive samples.The results showed that the seroprevalence of SFTSV,CCHFV,TAMV,KSIV,and ZIKV was 17.37%,7.58%,4.41%,1.10%,and 6.48%,respectively,and neutralizing to SFTSV(1.79%),CCHFV(2.62%),and ZIKV(0.69%)were identified,as well as to the SFTSV-related Guertu virus(GTV,0.83%).Risk factors associated with the incidence of exposure and levels of antibody response were analyzed.Moreover,co-exposure to different arboviruses was demonstrated,as thirty-seven individuals were having antibodies against multiple viruses and thirteen showed neutralizing activity.Males,individuals aged40 years,and outdoor workers had a high risk of exposure to arboviruses.All these results reveal the substantial risks of infection with arboviruses in Pakistan,and indicate the threat from co-exposure to multiple arboviruses.The findings raise the need for further epidemiologic investigation in expanded regions and populations and the necessity to improve health surveillance in Pakistan.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0501805)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai,China(19ZR1469000)+1 种基金the Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds(17391901600)the Project of International Science and Technology Cooperation,China(2014DFE30140)。
文摘Biting midges of the genus Culicoides(order Diptera,family Ceratopogonidae)are potential biological vectors for the transmission of certain arboviruses among humans,livestock,and wild animals.This study collected a total of 405 Culicoides individuals from seven animal farms located in five counties in the border areas of Yunnan Province,China,and examined the Culicoides species composition and the major arboviruses carried by the Culicoides species.The collected Culicoides were classified into seven species with variable abundances:Culicoides arakawae(5.43%,22/405),Culicoides homotomus(1.23%,5/405),Culicoides obsoletus(19.75%,80/405),Culicoides orientalis(17.28%,70/405),Culicoides oxystoma(29.38%,119/405),Culicoides peregrinus(5.68%,23/405),and Culicoides nipponensis(21.23%,86/405).Among the seven species,C.oxystoma and C.nipponensis were distributed in all the five counties with abundances of 13.33–44.87%and 10.00–46.83%,respectively,suggesting that these were the dominant species of Culicoides widespread on animal farms in the border areas.PCR was used to detect major arboviruses in the collected Culicoides specimens,including bluetongue virus(BTV),Japanese encephalitis virus,Dengue virus,Zika virus,African swine fever virus,and African horse sickness virus.Among the tested viruses,only BTV serotype 1 was tested positive in C.oxystoma specimens collected from a buffalo farm.Culicoides oxystoma was the dominant species on animal farms in the sampled areas,but it has not previously been documented as positive for BTV in China.The current results thus suggest that C.oxystoma could be an important vector for BTV transmission in these border areas,which,however,needs to be confirmed by further comprehensive experiments.Overall,the present study provides the first profile of Culicoides species on animal farms in the China,Vietnam,and Myanmar border areas,establishes the prevalence of arboviruses carried by these Culicoides species,and suggests the vector potential of C.oxystoma species for the transmission of BTV.
文摘Vector-borne diseases caused by arthropod-borne viruses(arboviruses) are a considerable challenge to public health globally. Mosquito-borne arboviruses, such as Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika viruses, cause a range of human illnesses and may be fatal. Currently, efforts to control these diseases still face challenges due to growing vector resistance towards insecticides, urbanization, and limited effective antiviral treatments and vaccines. Animal models are crucial in antiviral research on mosquito-borne arboviruses, playing a role in understanding disease mechanisms,vaccine development, and toxicity testing, but the application of animal models still faces the challenges of ethical considerations and animal-to-human translational success. Genetically engineered mouse models, hamster models and non-human primate(NHP) are currently used in arbovirus research, but new models such as tree shrews and novel humanized mice are emerging. In the context of Malaysian research, the use of long-tailed macaques as potential NHP models for arbovirus research is possible;however, it faces the ethical dilemma of using an endangered species for scientific purposes. Overall, animal models play a crucial role in advancing infectious disease research, but a balance between medical research and species conservation must be upheld.
文摘The five main arbovirus families that cause diseases in humans and other animals are Bunya viridae,Togaviridae,Flaviviridae,Reoviridae,and Rhab doviridae.Chikungunya arbovirus(Togaviridae:Alphavirus),an arbovirus transmitted byAedes spp.,is a well-known global health threat.It has been recognized in more than 60 countries in Asia,Africa,Europe,and the Americas.Pakistan,the eastern neighborhood of Iran,is one of the endemic foci of this disease.As the largest province of Iran,Sistan-Baluchestan has always been threatened by infectious diseases from abroad due to its geographical location and neighborhood with Afghanistan and Pakistan.Contagious diseases are more likely to occur in the eastern borders of Iran arising from(1)lack or limited jobs due to deprivation of the area,the harsh weather conditions,unbearable conditions,traditional society,and lack of industry development;(2)Lack or limited facilities due to the distance from the center of the country and high percentage of illiteracy or low literacy,and traffic to neighboring countries to trade goods and get a job.Therefore,health authorities should pay more attention to trafficking of illegal aliens,traveling of people to high-risk countries,smuggling of livestock,and strengthening of quarantine posts across borders,especially in the eastern borders of Iran.The first case of chikungunya disease was confirmed in Sistan-Baluchestan province in 2019,where most of the cases have been reported.The findings of the present study provide evidence of chikungunya virus in Iran and emphasize the urgency to increase the preventive standards and surveillance system.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> the physical integration of South America through a Bioceanic Corridor has been idealized for a long time by the countries that make up Mercosur. This integration will have impacts on the population residing in the cities where the route will be built. Among them, Porto Murtinho, southern Mato Grosso on the border with Paraguay, stands out, where a bridge will be built over the Paraguay River that will link these two countries. <strong>Methods:</strong> a retrospective, quantitative and cross-sectional study of a descriptive type of documentary approach that sought to analyze the prevalence of arboviruses, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Diseases Related to Inadequate Environmental Sanitation (DRIES) notified and stored in the National System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). The sample consisted of new cases of these pathologies in the municipality of Porto Murtinho registered between January 2017 and December 2020. <strong>Results:</strong> there was an increase of 10% in the total number of diseases within this period. The number of dengue cases increased 36 times;the incidence of Syphilis, HIV and HPV decreased;and, finally, maintenance of cases of Gonorrhea, Leptospirosis, Yellow Fever, Zika, Chikungunya, Hepatitis A and B. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> actions are needed to prevent the increase of these pathologies together with the construction of the Bioceanic Route, thus avoiding damage population health and increased consumption of government resources.
文摘Background & Objectives: Epidemics of arboviruses such as Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika have been recorded in recent years indicating that Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are both important and very active vectors in Africa. For vector control, insecticides are on the front line, unfortunately, reported resistance jeopardizes the effectiveness of this strategy. The objective of this review was to determine the geographical distribution and insecticide resistance mechanisms of Ae. aegypti and Ae. Albopictus in Africa. Methods: A systematic review of the literature in scientific databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Hinari) allowed us to identify relevant articles on the geographical distribution of Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and arboviral diseases. On the other hand, studies related to insecticides used in vector control against Aedes, associated resistances and their molecular and metabolic mechanisms. Results: A total of 94 studies met the inclusion criteria for this search. Aedes aegypti is reported in most of Africa, and Aedes albopictus in part. There is a re-emergence and outbreak of Arbovirus epidemics in West and Central Africa. The insecticides used were organochlorines, carbamates, organophosphates and pyrethroids. In Aedes, target site insensitivity and metabolic resistance would be the 2 main mechanisms of resistance to these insecticides. Interpretation & Conclusion: Resistance has been recorded in all four major classes of insecticides recommended by WHO for vector control and eradication. New vector control methods such as the use of plant extracts with larvicidal and adulticidal activities, advanced modern biotechnology techniques, and nanobiotechnology need to be developed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 32160124 and 82102433)the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 822RC711 and 821QN254).
文摘Ticks can transmit many pathogens,including arboviruses,to their vertebrate hosts.Arboviruses must overcome or evade defense mechanisms during their passage from the tick gut to the hemolymph,salivary glands,and the feeding site in the host skin.This review summarizes current knowledge of defense mechanisms in specific tick tissues and at the feeding site in the host skin.We discuss the possible roles of these defense mechanisms in viral infection and transmission.The responses of tick salivary proteins to arbovirus infection are also discussed.This review provides information that may help accelerate research on virus–tick interactions.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(2022YFC2303200,2021YFC2302405,and 2022YFC2303400 to G.C.)Shenzhen Medical Research Fund(B2404002 to G.C.)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82422049 to Y.Z.and 32188101 to G.C.)the Shenzhen San-Ming Project for Prevention and Research on Vector-borne Diseases(SZSM202211023 to G.C.)the Science and Technology Project of Southwest United Graduate School of Yunnan(202302AO370010 to G.C.)supported by the New Cornerstone Science Foundation through the New Cornerstone Investigator Program and the XPLORER PRIZE.
文摘Mosquito-borne arboviruses significantly threaten global health,affecting millions of people worldwide.The innate immune system is the primary line of defense against arboviruses in both mammalian hosts and mosquito vectors,although the innate immune responses of these organisms involve distinct mechanisms.This review compares the innate immune responses of mammals with those of mosquitoes,focusing on their shared reliance on pattern recognition receptors(PRRs),immune signaling pathways,and cellular innate immunity.While mosquitoes utilize RNA interference(RNAi)and melanization to control arboviral replication without inflammation,mammals depend on complement systems,complex interferon(IFN)responses,and cytokine production to rapidly clear arboviral infections.This review provides a comparative analysis of the innate immune responses of mammalian hosts and mosquito vectors,highlighting key differences in the strategies by which these organisms manage arboviral infections.Understanding these distinctions may inform the development of novel interventions to disrupt arboviral transmission and improve disease control.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972239).
文摘Insects are the host or vector of diverse viruses including those that infect vertebrates,plants,and fungi.Insect viruses reside inside their insect hosts and are vertically transmitted from parent to offspring.The insect virus-host relationship is intricate,as these viruses can impact various aspects of insect biology,such as development,reproduction,sex ratios,and immunity.Arthropod-borne viruses(arboviruses)that cause substantial global health or agricultural problems can also be vertically transmitted to insect vector progeny.Multiple infections with insect viruses and arboviruses are common in nature.Such coinfections involve complex interactions,including synergism,dependence,and antagonism.Recent studies have shed light on the influence of insect viruses on the competence of insect vectors for arboviruses.In this review,we focus on the biological effects of insect viruses on the transmission of arboviruses by insects.We also discuss the potential mechanisms by which insect viruses affect the ability of hosts to transmit arboviruses,as well as potential strategies for disease control through manipulation of insect viruses.Analyses of the interactions among insect vectors,insect viruses and arboviruses will provide new opportunities for development of innovative strategies to control arbovirus transmission.
基金funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany(BMBF)under the project NEED(Grant no.01Kl2022).
文摘Background Mosquito research in Europe has a long history,primarily focused on malaria vectors.In recent years,invasive mosquito species like the Asian tiger mosquito(Aedes albopictus)and the spread of arboviruses like dengue virus,chikungunya virus or bluetongue virus have led to an intensifcation of research and monitoring in Europe.The risk of further dissemination of exotic species and mosquito-borne pathogens is expected to increase with ongoing globalization,human mobility,transport geography,and climate warming.Researchers have conducted various studies to understand the ecology,biology,and efective control strategies of mosquitoes and associated pathogens.Main body Three invasive mosquito species are established in Europe:Asian tiger mosquito(Aedes albopictus),Japanese bush mosquito(Ae.japonicus),and Korean bush mosquito(Aedes koreicus).Ae.albopictus is the most invasive species and has been established in Europe since 1990.Over the past two decades,there has been an increasing number of outbreaks of infections by mosquito-borne viruses in particular chikungunya virus,dengue virus or Zika virus in Europe primary driven by Ae.albopictus.At the same time,climate change with rising temperatures results in increasing threat of invasive mosquito-borne viruses,in particular Usutu virus and West Nile virus transmitted by native Culex mosquito species.Efective mosquito control programs require a high level of community participation,going along with comprehensive information campaigns,to ensure source reduction and successful control.Control strategies for container breeding mosquitoes like Ae.albopictus or Culex species involve community participation,door-to-door control activities in private areas.Further measures can involve integration of sterile insect techniques,applying indigenous copepods,Wolbachia sp.bacteria,or genetically modifed mosquitoes,which is very unlike to be practiced as standard method in the near future.Conclusions Climate change and globalization resulting in the increased establishment of invasive mosquitoes in particular of the Asian tiger mosquito Ae.albopictus in Europe within the last 30 years and increasing outbreaks of infections by mosquito-borne viruses warrants intensifcation of research and monitoring.Further,efective future mosquito control programs require increase in intense community and private participation,applying physical,chemical,biological,and genetical control activities.
基金Supported by the Permanecer Program(part of the actions of the Office of Affirmative Actions)Education and Diversity of the Dean of Student Assistance at the Federal University of Bahia(UFBA)and CNPq Research Productivity Fellow.
文摘Arboviral diseases are viral infections transmitted to humans through the bites of arthropods,such as mosquitoes,often causing a variety of pathologies associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality.Over the past decades,these infections have proven to be a significant challenge to health systems worldwide,particularly following the considerable geographic expansion of the dengue virus(DENV)and its most recent outbreak in Latin America as well as the difficult-tocontrol outbreaks of yellow fever virus(YFV),chikungunya virus(CHIKV),and Zika virus(ZIKV),leaving behind a substantial portion of the population with complications related to these infections.Currently,the world is experiencing a period of intense globalization,which,combined with global warming,directly contributes to wider dissemination of arbovirus vectors across the globe.Consequently,all continents remain on high alert for potential new outbreaks.Thus,this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of the four main arboviruses today(DENV,ZIKV,YFV,and CHIKV)discussing their viral characteristics,immune responses,and mechanisms of viral evasion,as well as important clinical aspects for patient management.This includes associated symptoms,laboratory tests,treatments,existing or developing vaccines and the main associated complications,thus integrating a broad historical,scientific and clinical approach.
文摘Chikungunya virus(CHIKV)infection in humans causing severe musculoskeletal pain,fever and rashes,is transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes,primarily Aedes(Ae.)aegypti and Ae.albopictus.CHIKV has resulted in 18.7 million cases worldwide till 2020 and after 2004 has spread to Europe,Middle East(Saudi Arabia,Pakistan,Yemen,Egypt,Oman,Iraq,Kuwait,and Iran)and Pacific regions.This rapid spread of CHIKV emphasizes the pivotal need of enforcing control measures and examining new diagnostic methods.As the mosquito vectors(Aedes)of CHIKV are evolving,vector control methods are losing its efficacy.Further,existing serological and molecular assays to detect CHIKV show variabilities in sensitivity and specificity,leading to mis-reporting or under-reporting of CHIKV cases in affected regions.In this review article,we start by discussing CHIKV infection,followed by an introduction to currently available control and detection methods.We further highlight the challenges these methods pose and how they can be conquered by employing various easy and sustainable strategies.This review may provide valuable information for the development of novel diagnostic strategies in resource limited settings for mitigating CHIKV disease.
基金granted by the project PRIN 2022“Bioformulations for controlled release of botanical pesticides for sustainable agriculture”(prot.202274BK9L)supported by the Italian Ministry of University and Research(MUR)the Technology agency of the Czech Republic for its financial support concerning botanical pesticide(Project No.FW06010376).
文摘Mosquitoes(Diptera:Culicidae)are vectors of various pathogens of public health concern,but replacing conventional insecticides remains a challenge.In this regard,natural products represent valuable sources of potential insecticidal compounds,thus increasingly attracting research interest.Commiphora myrrha(T.Nees)Engl.(Burseraceae)is a medicinal plant whose oleo-gum resin is used in food,cosmetics,fragrances,and pharmaceuticals.Herein,the larvicidal potential of its essential oil(EO)was assessed on four mosquito species(Aedes albopictus Skuse,Ae.aegypti L.,Anopheles gambiae Giles and An.stephensi Liston),with LC_(50) values ranging from 4.42 to 16.80 μg/mL.The bio-guided EO fractionation identified furanosesquiterpenes as the main larvicidal compounds.A GC-MS-driven untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed 32 affected metabolic pathways in treated larvae.The EO non-target toxicity on Daphnia magna Straus(LC_(50)=4.51 μL/L)and its cytotoxicity on a human kidney cell line(HEK293)(IC50 of 14.38 μg/mL)were also assessed.This study shows the potential of plant products as innovative insecticidal agents and lays the ground-work for the possible exploitation of C.myrrha EO in the sustainable approaches for mosquito management.
文摘Objective:To describe the clinical features and outcomes of arboviral infections in solid organ transplant recipients(SOTRs).Methods:This study included SOTRs identified from a passive surveillance cohort of 1466 patients with acute undifferentiated febrile illness between 2012 and 2019.Diagnosis of arboviral infection was confirmed using RT-PCR and/or serological testing.Clinical,laboratory,and outcome data were extracted and analyzed descriptively.Results:Eleven SOTRs(10 kidney,1 heart transplant recipient)were diagnosed with arboviral infections:8 with dengue(DENV),2 with chikungunya virus(CHIKV),and 1 with Zika virus(ZIKV)infection.The median time from transplantation to symptom onset was 35.0 days(IQR 28.5-111.0).DENV infection was associated with severe disease,including dengue shock syndrome(50%,4/8)and dengue hemorrhagic fever(25%,2/8).Six patients(75%,6/8)required ICU admission.Common laboratory abnormalities in dengue patients included leukopenia(100%,8/8),thrombocytopenia(100%,8/8),elevated transaminases(87.5%,7/8),and acute kidney injury(50%,4/8).CHIKV and ZIKV cases presented as mild,self-limiting febrile illnesses without complications.All patients recovered without long-term morbidity.Conclusions:DENV infection in SOTRs is associated with significant morbidity,particularly early post-transplant,and requires heightened clinical vigilance.In contrast,CHIKV and ZIKV infections tend to follow a benign course.Enhanced vector control,early diagnostic testing,supportive management,and consideration of dengue vaccination in appropriate candidates are essential to mitigate the impact of arboviral infections in transplant recipients in endemic areas.
