The purpose of this article is to explore the cause of the over-response phenomenon of fiber x-ray sensor.The sensor is based on a length of PMMA fiber,whose end is filled with the scintillation material Gd_(2)O_(2)S:...The purpose of this article is to explore the cause of the over-response phenomenon of fiber x-ray sensor.The sensor is based on a length of PMMA fiber,whose end is filled with the scintillation material Gd_(2)O_(2)S:Tb.The Monte Carlo simulation software GEANT4 uses the phase space file provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA),by irradiating the fiber x-ray sensor in the water phantom,counting the fluorescence signal of the optical fiber x-ray sensor after propagation through the fiber.In addition,the number of Cerenkov photons propagating through the fiber is also counted.Comparing this article with previous research,we believe that one of the reasons for the over-response of the fiber x-ray sensor is the non-linear response of the deposition energy of the scintillator to the fluorescence.By establishing a region of interest and counting the x-rays in this region,the simulation results show that the counted number of x-rays that may affect the fiber x-ray sensor is the biggest in the area of interest at a water depth of 5 cm.This result is close to the maximum dose point of the experimental and simulated percentage depth dose(PDD) curve of fiber x-ray sensor.Therefore,the second reason of the over-response phenomenon is believed to be fact that the inorganic materials such as Gd_(2)O_(2)S:Tb have larger effective atomic numbers,so the fiber x-ray sensors will cause more collisions with x-ray in a low energy region of 0.1 MeV-1.5 MeV.展开更多
This study reports the dosimetric response of a(ZnO)_(0.2)(TeO_(2))_(0.8)thin film sensor irradiated with high-energy X-ray radiation at various doses.The spray pyrolysis method was used for the film deposition on sod...This study reports the dosimetric response of a(ZnO)_(0.2)(TeO_(2))_(0.8)thin film sensor irradiated with high-energy X-ray radiation at various doses.The spray pyrolysis method was used for the film deposition on soda-lime glass substrate using zinc acetate dehydrate and tellurium dioxide powder as the starting precursors.The structural and morphological properties of the film were determined.The I-V characteristics measurements were performed during irradiation with a 6 MV X-ray beam from a Linac.The results revealed that the XRD pattern of the AS-deposited thin film is non-crystalline(amorphous)in nature.The FESEM image shows the non-uniform shape of nanoparticles agglomerated separately,and the EDX spectrum shows the presence of Te,Zn,and O in the film.The I-V characteristics measurements indicate that the current density increases linearly with X-ray doses(0-250 cGy)for all applied voltages(1-6 V).The sensitivity of the thin film sensor has been found to be in the range of 0.37-0.94 mA/cm^(2)/Gy.The current-voltage measurement test for fading normalised in percentage to day 0 was found in the order of day 0>day 15>day 30>day 1>day 2.These results are expected to be beneficial for fabricating cheap and practical X-ray sensors.展开更多
Monitoring biogenic amines,which are metabolic byproducts of shrimp spoilage,is crucial for assessing food quality.Currently,most detection methods for biogenic amines suffer from limitations such as time-consuming pr...Monitoring biogenic amines,which are metabolic byproducts of shrimp spoilage,is crucial for assessing food quality.Currently,most detection methods for biogenic amines suffer from limitations such as time-consuming procedures,complex operations,and delayed results.Colorimetric analysis techniques have gained attention in recent years due to their advantages of short analysis time,simple operation,and suitability for on-site testing.This study successfully developed a series of colorimetric sensor platforms for biogenic amines by loading the natural active ingredient curcumin(CUR)and its derivative of Boron complex BFCUR onto filter paper and electrospun nanofibre films(ENFs),respectively.By analyzing the color response differences of these sensors upon contact with biogenic amines,the colorimetric sensors with superior detection performance were selected and further applied to the visual monitoring and indication of shrimp spoilage processes.展开更多
Flexible fiber sensors,However,traditional methods face challenges in fabricating low-cost,large-scale fiber sensors.In recent years,the thermal drawing process has rapidly advanced,offering a novel approach to flexib...Flexible fiber sensors,However,traditional methods face challenges in fabricating low-cost,large-scale fiber sensors.In recent years,the thermal drawing process has rapidly advanced,offering a novel approach to flexible fiber sensors.Through the preform-tofiber manufacturing technique,a variety of fiber sensors with complex functionalities spanning from the nanoscale to kilometer scale can be automated in a short time.Examples include temperature,acoustic,mechanical,chemical,biological,optoelectronic,and multifunctional sensors,which operate on diverse sensing principles such as resistance,capacitance,piezoelectricity,triboelectricity,photoelectricity,and thermoelectricity.This review outlines the principles of the thermal drawing process and provides a detailed overview of the latest advancements in various thermally drawn fiber sensors.Finally,the future developments of thermally drawn fiber sensors are discussed.展开更多
The Savitzky-Golay(SG)filter,which employs polynomial least-squares approximations to smooth data and estimate derivatives,is widely used for processing noisy data.However,noise suppression by the SG filter is recogni...The Savitzky-Golay(SG)filter,which employs polynomial least-squares approximations to smooth data and estimate derivatives,is widely used for processing noisy data.However,noise suppression by the SG filter is recognized to be limited at data boundaries and high frequencies,which can significantly reduce the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).To solve this problem,a novel method synergistically integrating Principal Component Analysis(PCA)with SG filtering is proposed in this paper.This approach avoids the is-sue of excessive smoothing associated with larger window sizes.The proposed PCA-SG filtering algorithm was applied to a CO gas sensing system based on Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy(CRDS).The perform-ance of the PCA-SG filtering algorithm is demonstrated through comparison with Moving Average Filtering(MAF),Wavelet Transformation(WT),Kalman Filtering(KF),and the SG filter.The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits superior noise reduction capabilities compared to the other algorithms evaluated.The SNR of the ring-down signal was improved from 11.8612 dB to 29.0913 dB,and the stand-ard deviation of the extracted ring-down time constant was reduced from 0.037μs to 0.018μs.These results confirm that the proposed PCA-SG filtering algorithm effectively improves the smoothness of the ring-down curve data,demonstrating its feasibility.展开更多
Tactile sensing of subcutaneous organ vibrations provides a promising route toward human-machine interfaces and wear-able diagnostics,particularly for voice rehabilitation and silent-speech communication.Here,we prese...Tactile sensing of subcutaneous organ vibrations provides a promising route toward human-machine interfaces and wear-able diagnostics,particularly for voice rehabilitation and silent-speech communication.Here,we present a bioinspired piezoelectric vibration sensor that mimics the graded stiffness and stress-based transduction mechanism of otolithic cilia in the human vestibular system.The device consists of a trapezoidal cantilever array with tip inertial masses,fabricated through a hybrid stereolithography 3D printing and laser micromachining process for rapid prototyping without cleanroom facilities.Finite-element modeling and experimental measurements demonstrate a fundamental resonance near 1.2 kHz,a 5%flat-bandwidth of 350 Hz,and an in-band charge sensitivity of 3.17 pC/g.A wearable proof-of-concept test further verifies the sensor's ability to reproducibly distinguish phoneme-specific vibration patterns in both time and frequency domains.This work establishes a foundation for bioinspired tactile sensing front-ends in wearable voice interfaces and other intelligent diagnostic systems integrated with machine-learning algorithms.展开更多
This study aims to investigate the responses of a perovskite-based direct-conversion dual-layer flat-panel detector(DL-FPD)numerically.To this end,the X-ray sensitivity,spatial resolution quantified by the modulation ...This study aims to investigate the responses of a perovskite-based direct-conversion dual-layer flat-panel detector(DL-FPD)numerically.To this end,the X-ray sensitivity,spatial resolution quantified by the modulation transfer function(MTF),and detective quantum efficiency(DQE)of the DL-FPD are evaluated numerically using a linear cascade model.In addition,both the single-crystal(SC)and polycrystalline(PC)structures of MAPbI_(3)are investigated,along with various other key parameters such as the material thickness,electric field strength,X-ray beam spectrum,and electronic readout noise.The results demonstrate that SC perovskite consistently exhibits better performance than PC perovskite owing to fewer material defects.Increasing the layer thickness may decrease the MTF,but can also enhance the sensitivity and DQE.Moreover,appropriately increasing the external electric field within the material can improve the sensitivity,MTF,and DQE.Finally,reducing the electronic readout noise can significantly enhance the DQE for low-dose imaging.This study demonstrates the potential of high-quality dual-energy X-ray imaging using direct-conversion perovskite DL-FPDs.展开更多
With the development of the semiconductor industry below the 7 nm scale,critical dimension small-angle X-ray scattering(CD-SAXS)has emerged as a powerful tool for quantitatively measuring nanoscale deviations.In this ...With the development of the semiconductor industry below the 7 nm scale,critical dimension small-angle X-ray scattering(CD-SAXS)has emerged as a powerful tool for quantitatively measuring nanoscale deviations.In this study,the effects of X-ray beam size and photon energy on the accuracy of critical dimension measurements were investigated.Critical dimensions measured using beams with different spot sizes showed different deviations from the expected values.Beam sizes that were either too large or too small did not improve confidence intervals.As the incident energy increased,the X-ray transmission rate increased,while the scattering cross section decreased,resulting in a gradual decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio of the diffraction peaks,which reduced the accuracy of the CD-SAXS measurements.An optimal accuracy was obtained at 12 keV with a smaller beam size.Using an effective trapezoid model,the results yielded an average pitch of 100.4±0.2 nm,width of 49.8±0.2 nm,height of 130.0±0.2 nm,and a sidewall angle below 1.1°±0.1°.These results provide crucial guidance for the future development of CD-SAXS laboratories and the construction of X-ray machines as well as robust support for research in related fields.展开更多
Developing effective,versatile,and high-precision sensing interfaces remains a crucial challenge in human-machine-environment interaction applications.Despite progress in interaction-oriented sensing skins,limitations...Developing effective,versatile,and high-precision sensing interfaces remains a crucial challenge in human-machine-environment interaction applications.Despite progress in interaction-oriented sensing skins,limitations remain in unit-level reconfiguration,multiaxial force and motion sensing,and robust operation across dynamically changing or irregular surfaces.Herein,we develop a reconfigurable omnidirectional triboelectric whisker sensor array(RO-TWSA)comprising multiple sensing units that integrate a triboelectric whisker structure(TWS)with an untethered hydro-sealing vacuum sucker(UHSVS),enabling reversibly portable deployment and omnidirectional perception across diverse surfaces.Using a simple dual-triangular electrode layout paired with MXene/silicone nanocomposite dielectric layer,the sensor unit achieves precise omnidirectional force and motion sensing with a detection threshold as low as 0.024 N and an angular resolution of 5°,while the UHSVS provides reliable and reversible multi-surface anchoring for the sensor units by involving a newly designed hydrogel combining high mechanical robustness and superior water absorption.Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of RO-TWSA across various interactive scenarios,including teleoperation,tactile diagnostics,and robotic autonomous exploration.Overall,RO-TWSA presents a versatile and high-resolution tactile interface,offering new avenues for intelligent perception and interaction in complex real-world environments.展开更多
This survey presents a comprehensive examination of sensor fusion research spanning four decades,tracing the methodological evolution,application domains,and alignment with classical hierarchical models.Building on th...This survey presents a comprehensive examination of sensor fusion research spanning four decades,tracing the methodological evolution,application domains,and alignment with classical hierarchical models.Building on this long-term trajectory,the foundational approaches such as probabilistic inference,early neural networks,rulebasedmethods,and feature-level fusion established the principles of uncertainty handling andmulti-sensor integration in the 1990s.The fusion methods of 2000s marked the consolidation of these ideas through advanced Kalman and particle filtering,Bayesian–Dempster–Shafer hybrids,distributed consensus algorithms,and machine learning ensembles for more robust and domain-specific implementations.From 2011 to 2020,the widespread adoption of deep learning transformed the field driving some major breakthroughs in the autonomous vehicles domain.A key contribution of this work is the assessment of contemporary methods against the JDL model,revealing gaps at higher levels-especially in situation and impact assessment.Contemporary methods offer only limited implementation of higher-level fusion.The survey also reviews the benchmark multi-sensor datasets,noting their role in advancing the field while identifying major shortcomings like the lack of domain diversity and hierarchical coverage.By synthesizing developments across decades and paradigms,this survey provides both a historical narrative and a forward-looking perspective.It highlights unresolved challenges in transparency,scalability,robustness,and trustworthiness,while identifying emerging paradigms such as neuromorphic fusion and explainable AI as promising directions.This paves the way forward for advancing sensor fusion towards transparent and adaptive next-generation autonomous systems.展开更多
A large-scale view of the magnetospheric cusp is expected to be obtained by the Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)onboard the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE).However,it is challenging to trace the three-d...A large-scale view of the magnetospheric cusp is expected to be obtained by the Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)onboard the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE).However,it is challenging to trace the three-dimensional cusp boundary from a two-dimensional X-ray image because the detected X-ray signals will be integrated along the line of sight.In this work,a global magnetohydrodynamic code was used to simulate the X-ray images and photon count images,assuming an interplanetary magnetic field with a pure Bz component.The assumption of an elliptic cusp boundary at a given altitude was used to trace the equatorward and poleward boundaries of the cusp from a simulated X-ray image.The average discrepancy was less than 0.1 RE.To reduce the influence of instrument effects and cosmic X-ray backgrounds,image denoising was considered before applying the method above to SXI photon count images.The cusp boundaries were reasonably reconstructed from the noisy X-ray image.展开更多
This comprehensive study investigates the formation and evolution of intermetallic compounds during the solidification process of magnesium alloys using advanced micro X-ray computed tomography.By analyzing both commo...This comprehensive study investigates the formation and evolution of intermetallic compounds during the solidification process of magnesium alloys using advanced micro X-ray computed tomography.By analyzing both common industrial Mg-Al-Zn alloys and a novel rare earth-containing Mg-Ni-Gd-Y alloy,we aim to characterize the nucleation,growth,and distribution of Al-Mn and eutectic intermetallics across various stages of solidification.The non destructive imaging technique employed in this research provides high-resolution,three-dimensional insights into the microstructural development,allowing for a detailed examination of the morphology,spatial arrangement,and interconnectivity of intermetallic phases.This approach overcomes limitations of traditional two-dimensional metallographic methods,offering a more comprehensive understanding of the complex three-dimensional structures formed during solidification.展开更多
Possessing excellent mechanical properties,a high-coverage slide-ring conductive gel is constructed by in situ polymerization ofα-cyclodextrin(α-CD)polyrotaxane(PR)and 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide([VEIM]Br)ion...Possessing excellent mechanical properties,a high-coverage slide-ring conductive gel is constructed by in situ polymerization ofα-cyclodextrin(α-CD)polyrotaxane(PR)and 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide([VEIM]Br)ionic liquid(IL),using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide([EMIM]Br)IL as solvent.Benefiting from the compatibility of ILs and alkene-PR,the cross-linked network slide-ring gel not only maintains excellent conductivity(1.52×10^(−2) S/m),but also has effectively improved mechanical properties(513%fracture strain,0.713 MPa fracture stress,211 kPa elastic modulus and 1366 kJ/m^(3) toughness)and adhesive properties(472.3±25.9 kPa).The supramolecular gel can be used as a strain sensor to efficiently monitor deformation signals in real-time at least 200 times.Especially,the slide-ring gel can self-power generated by triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction between the skin layer and the polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)layer that encapsulates the gel,achieving reversible and durable motion sensing,which provides a convenient pathway for constructing supramolecular self-powered flexible electronic materials.展开更多
Formation control of multiple spacecraft has attracted extensive research attention.However,achieving reliable performance under sensor failures remains a significant challenge.This paper develops an integrated framew...Formation control of multiple spacecraft has attracted extensive research attention.However,achieving reliable performance under sensor failures remains a significant challenge.This paper develops an integrated framework that jointly designs distributed observers and local controllers to ensure robust formation control in the presence of external disturbances and sensor malfunctions.Treating the spacecraft formation as a single interconnected system,each spacecraft constructs a distributed observer that estimates the overall system state by incorporating both its own measurements and the predicted control information shared among the spacecraft.Based on the observer estimates,a local control law is synthesized to maintain the desired formation.Rigorous theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed integrated approach effectively guarantees formation stability and resilience against sensor failures and disturbances.展开更多
Wearable sensors integrated with deep learning techniques have the potential to revolutionize seamless human-machine interfaces for real-time health monitoring,clinical diagnosis,and robotic applications.Nevertheless,...Wearable sensors integrated with deep learning techniques have the potential to revolutionize seamless human-machine interfaces for real-time health monitoring,clinical diagnosis,and robotic applications.Nevertheless,it remains a critical challenge to simultaneously achieve desirable mechanical and electrical performance along with biocompatibility,adhesion,self-healing,and environmental robustness with excellent sensing metrics.Herein,we report a multifunctional,anti-freezing,selfadhesive,and self-healable organogel pressure sensor composed of cobalt nanoparticle encapsulated nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes(CoN CNT)embedded in a polyvinyl alcohol-gelatin(PVA/GLE)matrix.Fabricated using a binary solvent system of water and ethylene glycol(EG),the CoN CNT/PVA/GLE organogel exhibits excellent flexibility,biocompatibility,and temperature tolerance with remarkable environmental stability.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirms near-stable performance across a broad humidity range(40%-95%RH).Freeze-tolerant conductivity under sub-zero conditions(-20℃)is attributed to the synergistic role of CoN CNT and EG,preserving mobility and network integrity.The Co N CNT/PVA/GLE organogel sensor exhibits high sensitivity of 5.75 k Pa^(-1)in the detection range from 0 to 20 k Pa,ideal for subtle biomechanical motion detection.A smart human-machine interface for English letter recognition using deep learning achieved 98%accuracy.The organogel sensor utility was extended to detect human gestures like finger bending,wrist motion,and throat vibration during speech.展开更多
Silicone-based pressure-sensitive adhesives(Si-PSAs)are valued for their thermal stability,flexibility,and biocompatibility,but their weak bonding strength restricts high-performance use.Polyurethane-modified Si-PSAs ...Silicone-based pressure-sensitive adhesives(Si-PSAs)are valued for their thermal stability,flexibility,and biocompatibility,but their weak bonding strength restricts high-performance use.Polyurethane-modified Si-PSAs enhance adhesion,however diisocyanates remain essential.The raw materials of isocyanates are toxic,and their synthesis involves phosgene.To make up for those shortcomings,a series of poly(hydroxy urethane-siloxane)PSAs,named as PHUSi here,were synthesized through the ring-opening reaction of cyclic carbonate-functionalized polysiloxanes(PSi_(x)-VEC_(z))with various aliphatic diamines.The PSi_(x)-VEC_(z) precursors were prepared via the hydrosilylation of hydrogen-containing polysiloxanes(PSi_(x)-H_(y))with 4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one(VEC).The chemical structures of PSi_(x)-H_(y),PSi_(x)-VEC_(z) and PHUSi were characterized,and bonding properties of PHUSi were systematically evaluated.The influence of architectures on adhesive performance was elucidated through comprehensive analyses,including rheology,crosslink density assessment,and so on.These studies revealed that the tailored design of PHUSi adhesives combine the advantages of traditional Si-PSAs with enhanced adhesion while eliminating isocyanate toxicity.The optimized PHUSi formulation achieved remarkable 180°peel strength(76.5 N/m on skin)and maximum probe tack force(1.61 N),enabling secure 24 h attachment of flexible sensors to skin.These properties make PHUSi particularly suitable for medical applications,as demonstrated by successful implementation in flexible electrocardiogram devices,offering a biocompatible,high-performance adhesive.展开更多
As emerging two-dimensional(2D)materials,carbides and nitrides(MXenes)could be solid solutions or organized structures made up of multi-atomic layers.With remarkable and adjustable electrical,optical,mechanical,and el...As emerging two-dimensional(2D)materials,carbides and nitrides(MXenes)could be solid solutions or organized structures made up of multi-atomic layers.With remarkable and adjustable electrical,optical,mechanical,and electrochemical characteristics,MXenes have shown great potential in brain-inspired neuromorphic computing electronics,including neuromorphic gas sensors,pressure sensors and photodetectors.This paper provides a forward-looking review of the research progress regarding MXenes in the neuromorphic sensing domain and discussed the critical challenges that need to be resolved.Key bottlenecks such as insufficient long-term stability under environmental exposure,high costs,scalability limitations in large-scale production,and mechanical mismatch in wearable integration hinder their practical deployment.Furthermore,unresolved issues like interfacial compatibility in heterostructures and energy inefficiency in neu-romorphic signal conversion demand urgent attention.The review offers insights into future research directions enhance the fundamental understanding of MXene properties and promote further integration into neuromorphic computing applications through the convergence with various emerging technologies.展开更多
Real-time health monitoring and ongoing evaluation of physiological conditions are becoming increasingly vital for the advancement of future medical diagnostics and personalized healthcare solutions.Given that certain...Real-time health monitoring and ongoing evaluation of physiological conditions are becoming increasingly vital for the advancement of future medical diagnostics and personalized healthcare solutions.Given that certain illnesses necessitate prompt and accessible detection methods,wearable chemical sensors have garnered considerable interest for their capability to monitor health through physiological signals and chemical indicators.This review delivers a thorough examination of recent developments in four primary categories of wearable chemical sensors:biosensors,humidity sensors,gas sensors,and ion sensors.We explore the representative materials,device structures,operating mechanisms,and various application scenarios for each type of sensor.By investigating the latest innovations in these technologies,we aim to provide a detailed overview of the current research landscape,highlight existing challenges,and present potential future directions of wearable chemical sensors in healthcare monitoring.展开更多
The development of intrinsically conductive piezoresistive sensors with high strain tolerance has garnered significant interest.While elastomeric polymers exhibit excellent strain capabilities,their utility in sensing...The development of intrinsically conductive piezoresistive sensors with high strain tolerance has garnered significant interest.While elastomeric polymers exhibit excellent strain capabilities,their utility in sensing applications has been limited by inherent challenges such as high electrical resistivity,poor aging resistance,and interfacial incompatibility.To address these limitations,hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB)-based polyurethane was chemically modified with acetylferrocene-polyaniline conductive moieties to enhance charge transport properties.Remarkably,this covalent functionalization endowed the resulting ferrocene-polyaniline hybrid polyurethane(FPHP)with a conductivity of2.33 n A at 1 V bias while preserving piezoresistive functionality.The FPHP demonstrated exceptional mechanical-electrical performance,achieving 254% elongation at break with strain-dependent gauge factors of 7.28(0%-12.5% strain,R^(2)=0.9504)and 19.66(12.5%-35.0% strain,R^(2)=0.9929).Further characterization revealed a rapid 0.60 s response time and stability over 3500 strain-release cycles at compression strain,underscoring its durability under repetitive loading.The FPHP sensor was capable of monitoring various human movements and recognizing writing signals.These advances establish a materials design paradigm for fabricating flexible sensors that synergistically integrate high deformability,tunable sensitivity,and robust operational stability,positioning FPHP as a promising candidate for next-generation wearable electronics and soft robotics.展开更多
Diabetes mellitus represents a major global health issue,driving the need for noninvasive alternatives to traditional blood glucose monitoring methods.Recent advancements in wearable technology have introduced skin-in...Diabetes mellitus represents a major global health issue,driving the need for noninvasive alternatives to traditional blood glucose monitoring methods.Recent advancements in wearable technology have introduced skin-interfaced biosensors capable of analyzing sweat and skin biomarkers,providing innovative solutions for diabetes diagnosis and monitoring.This review comprehensively discusses the current developments in noninvasive wearable biosensors,emphasizing simultaneous detection of biochemical biomarkers(such as glucose,cortisol,lactate,branched-chain amino acids,and cytokines)and physiological signals(including heart rate,blood pressure,and sweat rate)for accurate,personalized diabetes management.We explore innovations in multimodal sensor design,materials science,biorecognition elements,and integration techniques,highlighting the importance of advanced data analytics,artificial intelligence-driven predictive algorithms,and closed-loop therapeutic systems.Additionally,the review addresses ongoing challenges in biomarker validation,sensor stability,user compliance,data privacy,and regulatory considerations.A holistic,multimodal approach enabled by these next-generation wearable biosensors holds significant potential for improving patient outcomes and facilitating proactive healthcare interventions in diabetes management.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang ProvinceChina(Grant No.ZD2019H003)+4 种基金the Joint Research Fund in Astronomy under Cooperative Agreement Between the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.U1631239 and U1931206)the 111 ProjectChina(Grant No.B13015)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities to the Harbin Engineering UniversityChina。
文摘The purpose of this article is to explore the cause of the over-response phenomenon of fiber x-ray sensor.The sensor is based on a length of PMMA fiber,whose end is filled with the scintillation material Gd_(2)O_(2)S:Tb.The Monte Carlo simulation software GEANT4 uses the phase space file provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA),by irradiating the fiber x-ray sensor in the water phantom,counting the fluorescence signal of the optical fiber x-ray sensor after propagation through the fiber.In addition,the number of Cerenkov photons propagating through the fiber is also counted.Comparing this article with previous research,we believe that one of the reasons for the over-response of the fiber x-ray sensor is the non-linear response of the deposition energy of the scintillator to the fluorescence.By establishing a region of interest and counting the x-rays in this region,the simulation results show that the counted number of x-rays that may affect the fiber x-ray sensor is the biggest in the area of interest at a water depth of 5 cm.This result is close to the maximum dose point of the experimental and simulated percentage depth dose(PDD) curve of fiber x-ray sensor.Therefore,the second reason of the over-response phenomenon is believed to be fact that the inorganic materials such as Gd_(2)O_(2)S:Tb have larger effective atomic numbers,so the fiber x-ray sensors will cause more collisions with x-ray in a low energy region of 0.1 MeV-1.5 MeV.
文摘This study reports the dosimetric response of a(ZnO)_(0.2)(TeO_(2))_(0.8)thin film sensor irradiated with high-energy X-ray radiation at various doses.The spray pyrolysis method was used for the film deposition on soda-lime glass substrate using zinc acetate dehydrate and tellurium dioxide powder as the starting precursors.The structural and morphological properties of the film were determined.The I-V characteristics measurements were performed during irradiation with a 6 MV X-ray beam from a Linac.The results revealed that the XRD pattern of the AS-deposited thin film is non-crystalline(amorphous)in nature.The FESEM image shows the non-uniform shape of nanoparticles agglomerated separately,and the EDX spectrum shows the presence of Te,Zn,and O in the film.The I-V characteristics measurements indicate that the current density increases linearly with X-ray doses(0-250 cGy)for all applied voltages(1-6 V).The sensitivity of the thin film sensor has been found to be in the range of 0.37-0.94 mA/cm^(2)/Gy.The current-voltage measurement test for fading normalised in percentage to day 0 was found in the order of day 0>day 15>day 30>day 1>day 2.These results are expected to be beneficial for fabricating cheap and practical X-ray sensors.
基金Supported by the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory on Micro-Nano Manufacturing Technology,China(No.2021LSYS004)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sustainable Biomimetic Materials and Green Energy,China(No.2024B1212010003)。
文摘Monitoring biogenic amines,which are metabolic byproducts of shrimp spoilage,is crucial for assessing food quality.Currently,most detection methods for biogenic amines suffer from limitations such as time-consuming procedures,complex operations,and delayed results.Colorimetric analysis techniques have gained attention in recent years due to their advantages of short analysis time,simple operation,and suitability for on-site testing.This study successfully developed a series of colorimetric sensor platforms for biogenic amines by loading the natural active ingredient curcumin(CUR)and its derivative of Boron complex BFCUR onto filter paper and electrospun nanofibre films(ENFs),respectively.By analyzing the color response differences of these sensors upon contact with biogenic amines,the colorimetric sensors with superior detection performance were selected and further applied to the visual monitoring and indication of shrimp spoilage processes.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB3809800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172249,52525601)+2 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences Talents Program(E2290701)the Jiangsu Province Talents Program(JSSCRC2023545)the Special Fund Project of Carbon Peaking Carbon Neutrality Science and Technology Innovation of Jiangsu Province(BE2022011).
文摘Flexible fiber sensors,However,traditional methods face challenges in fabricating low-cost,large-scale fiber sensors.In recent years,the thermal drawing process has rapidly advanced,offering a novel approach to flexible fiber sensors.Through the preform-tofiber manufacturing technique,a variety of fiber sensors with complex functionalities spanning from the nanoscale to kilometer scale can be automated in a short time.Examples include temperature,acoustic,mechanical,chemical,biological,optoelectronic,and multifunctional sensors,which operate on diverse sensing principles such as resistance,capacitance,piezoelectricity,triboelectricity,photoelectricity,and thermoelectricity.This review outlines the principles of the thermal drawing process and provides a detailed overview of the latest advancements in various thermally drawn fiber sensors.Finally,the future developments of thermally drawn fiber sensors are discussed.
文摘The Savitzky-Golay(SG)filter,which employs polynomial least-squares approximations to smooth data and estimate derivatives,is widely used for processing noisy data.However,noise suppression by the SG filter is recognized to be limited at data boundaries and high frequencies,which can significantly reduce the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).To solve this problem,a novel method synergistically integrating Principal Component Analysis(PCA)with SG filtering is proposed in this paper.This approach avoids the is-sue of excessive smoothing associated with larger window sizes.The proposed PCA-SG filtering algorithm was applied to a CO gas sensing system based on Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy(CRDS).The perform-ance of the PCA-SG filtering algorithm is demonstrated through comparison with Moving Average Filtering(MAF),Wavelet Transformation(WT),Kalman Filtering(KF),and the SG filter.The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits superior noise reduction capabilities compared to the other algorithms evaluated.The SNR of the ring-down signal was improved from 11.8612 dB to 29.0913 dB,and the stand-ard deviation of the extracted ring-down time constant was reduced from 0.037μs to 0.018μs.These results confirm that the proposed PCA-SG filtering algorithm effectively improves the smoothness of the ring-down curve data,demonstrating its feasibility.
文摘Tactile sensing of subcutaneous organ vibrations provides a promising route toward human-machine interfaces and wear-able diagnostics,particularly for voice rehabilitation and silent-speech communication.Here,we present a bioinspired piezoelectric vibration sensor that mimics the graded stiffness and stress-based transduction mechanism of otolithic cilia in the human vestibular system.The device consists of a trapezoidal cantilever array with tip inertial masses,fabricated through a hybrid stereolithography 3D printing and laser micromachining process for rapid prototyping without cleanroom facilities.Finite-element modeling and experimental measurements demonstrate a fundamental resonance near 1.2 kHz,a 5%flat-bandwidth of 350 Hz,and an in-band charge sensitivity of 3.17 pC/g.A wearable proof-of-concept test further verifies the sensor's ability to reproducibly distinguish phoneme-specific vibration patterns in both time and frequency domains.This work establishes a foundation for bioinspired tactile sensing front-ends in wearable voice interfaces and other intelligent diagnostic systems integrated with machine-learning algorithms.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12305349,12235006,12027812)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.JSGGKQTD20210831174329010)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2021TQ06Y108).
文摘This study aims to investigate the responses of a perovskite-based direct-conversion dual-layer flat-panel detector(DL-FPD)numerically.To this end,the X-ray sensitivity,spatial resolution quantified by the modulation transfer function(MTF),and detective quantum efficiency(DQE)of the DL-FPD are evaluated numerically using a linear cascade model.In addition,both the single-crystal(SC)and polycrystalline(PC)structures of MAPbI_(3)are investigated,along with various other key parameters such as the material thickness,electric field strength,X-ray beam spectrum,and electronic readout noise.The results demonstrate that SC perovskite consistently exhibits better performance than PC perovskite owing to fewer material defects.Increasing the layer thickness may decrease the MTF,but can also enhance the sensitivity and DQE.Moreover,appropriately increasing the external electric field within the material can improve the sensitivity,MTF,and DQE.Finally,reducing the electronic readout noise can significantly enhance the DQE for low-dose imaging.This study demonstrates the potential of high-quality dual-energy X-ray imaging using direct-conversion perovskite DL-FPDs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12175295)the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA1601000)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project。
文摘With the development of the semiconductor industry below the 7 nm scale,critical dimension small-angle X-ray scattering(CD-SAXS)has emerged as a powerful tool for quantitatively measuring nanoscale deviations.In this study,the effects of X-ray beam size and photon energy on the accuracy of critical dimension measurements were investigated.Critical dimensions measured using beams with different spot sizes showed different deviations from the expected values.Beam sizes that were either too large or too small did not improve confidence intervals.As the incident energy increased,the X-ray transmission rate increased,while the scattering cross section decreased,resulting in a gradual decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio of the diffraction peaks,which reduced the accuracy of the CD-SAXS measurements.An optimal accuracy was obtained at 12 keV with a smaller beam size.Using an effective trapezoid model,the results yielded an average pitch of 100.4±0.2 nm,width of 49.8±0.2 nm,height of 130.0±0.2 nm,and a sidewall angle below 1.1°±0.1°.These results provide crucial guidance for the future development of CD-SAXS laboratories and the construction of X-ray machines as well as robust support for research in related fields.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(General Program)under Grant 52571385National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2024YFC2815000 and No.2024YFB3816000)+12 种基金Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Deep-sea Manned Vehicles(Grant No.2025SKLDMV07)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(WDZC20231128114452001,JCYJ20240813112107010 and JCYJ20240813111910014)the Tsinghua SIGS Scientific Research Startup Fund(QD2022021C)the Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advance Technology Center(2023-ZM 01 Z006)the Ocean Decade International Cooperation Center(ODCC)(GHZZ3702840002024020000026)Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Marine Ecology(ZDSYS20230626091459009)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.KJZD20240903100905008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22305141)Pearl River Talent Program(No.2023QN10C114)General Program of Guangdong Province(No.2025A1515011700)the Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program(2023ZT10C040)Scientific Research Foundation from Shenzhen Finance Bureau(No.GJHZ20240218113600002)Tsinghua University(JC2023001).
文摘Developing effective,versatile,and high-precision sensing interfaces remains a crucial challenge in human-machine-environment interaction applications.Despite progress in interaction-oriented sensing skins,limitations remain in unit-level reconfiguration,multiaxial force and motion sensing,and robust operation across dynamically changing or irregular surfaces.Herein,we develop a reconfigurable omnidirectional triboelectric whisker sensor array(RO-TWSA)comprising multiple sensing units that integrate a triboelectric whisker structure(TWS)with an untethered hydro-sealing vacuum sucker(UHSVS),enabling reversibly portable deployment and omnidirectional perception across diverse surfaces.Using a simple dual-triangular electrode layout paired with MXene/silicone nanocomposite dielectric layer,the sensor unit achieves precise omnidirectional force and motion sensing with a detection threshold as low as 0.024 N and an angular resolution of 5°,while the UHSVS provides reliable and reversible multi-surface anchoring for the sensor units by involving a newly designed hydrogel combining high mechanical robustness and superior water absorption.Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of RO-TWSA across various interactive scenarios,including teleoperation,tactile diagnostics,and robotic autonomous exploration.Overall,RO-TWSA presents a versatile and high-resolution tactile interface,offering new avenues for intelligent perception and interaction in complex real-world environments.
文摘This survey presents a comprehensive examination of sensor fusion research spanning four decades,tracing the methodological evolution,application domains,and alignment with classical hierarchical models.Building on this long-term trajectory,the foundational approaches such as probabilistic inference,early neural networks,rulebasedmethods,and feature-level fusion established the principles of uncertainty handling andmulti-sensor integration in the 1990s.The fusion methods of 2000s marked the consolidation of these ideas through advanced Kalman and particle filtering,Bayesian–Dempster–Shafer hybrids,distributed consensus algorithms,and machine learning ensembles for more robust and domain-specific implementations.From 2011 to 2020,the widespread adoption of deep learning transformed the field driving some major breakthroughs in the autonomous vehicles domain.A key contribution of this work is the assessment of contemporary methods against the JDL model,revealing gaps at higher levels-especially in situation and impact assessment.Contemporary methods offer only limited implementation of higher-level fusion.The survey also reviews the benchmark multi-sensor datasets,noting their role in advancing the field while identifying major shortcomings like the lack of domain diversity and hierarchical coverage.By synthesizing developments across decades and paradigms,this survey provides both a historical narrative and a forward-looking perspective.It highlights unresolved challenges in transparency,scalability,robustness,and trustworthiness,while identifying emerging paradigms such as neuromorphic fusion and explainable AI as promising directions.This paves the way forward for advancing sensor fusion towards transparent and adaptive next-generation autonomous systems.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NNSFC)under Grant Numbers 42322408,42188101,and 42441809Additional support was provided by the Climbing Program of the National Space Science Center(NSSC,Grant No.E4PD3005)as well as the Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratories of China.
文摘A large-scale view of the magnetospheric cusp is expected to be obtained by the Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)onboard the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE).However,it is challenging to trace the three-dimensional cusp boundary from a two-dimensional X-ray image because the detected X-ray signals will be integrated along the line of sight.In this work,a global magnetohydrodynamic code was used to simulate the X-ray images and photon count images,assuming an interplanetary magnetic field with a pure Bz component.The assumption of an elliptic cusp boundary at a given altitude was used to trace the equatorward and poleward boundaries of the cusp from a simulated X-ray image.The average discrepancy was less than 0.1 RE.To reduce the influence of instrument effects and cosmic X-ray backgrounds,image denoising was considered before applying the method above to SXI photon count images.The cusp boundaries were reasonably reconstructed from the noisy X-ray image.
基金Project(2023YFB4606200)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of ChinaProject(2023-SSRF-HZ-503114-2)supported by Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility,Instrument BL16U2,China。
文摘This comprehensive study investigates the formation and evolution of intermetallic compounds during the solidification process of magnesium alloys using advanced micro X-ray computed tomography.By analyzing both common industrial Mg-Al-Zn alloys and a novel rare earth-containing Mg-Ni-Gd-Y alloy,we aim to characterize the nucleation,growth,and distribution of Al-Mn and eutectic intermetallics across various stages of solidification.The non destructive imaging technique employed in this research provides high-resolution,three-dimensional insights into the microstructural development,allowing for a detailed examination of the morphology,spatial arrangement,and interconnectivity of intermetallic phases.This approach overcomes limitations of traditional two-dimensional metallographic methods,offering a more comprehensive understanding of the complex three-dimensional structures formed during solidification.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,No.22131008)Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(No.22JCYBJC00500)the Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations for financial support.
文摘Possessing excellent mechanical properties,a high-coverage slide-ring conductive gel is constructed by in situ polymerization ofα-cyclodextrin(α-CD)polyrotaxane(PR)and 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide([VEIM]Br)ionic liquid(IL),using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide([EMIM]Br)IL as solvent.Benefiting from the compatibility of ILs and alkene-PR,the cross-linked network slide-ring gel not only maintains excellent conductivity(1.52×10^(−2) S/m),but also has effectively improved mechanical properties(513%fracture strain,0.713 MPa fracture stress,211 kPa elastic modulus and 1366 kJ/m^(3) toughness)and adhesive properties(472.3±25.9 kPa).The supramolecular gel can be used as a strain sensor to efficiently monitor deformation signals in real-time at least 200 times.Especially,the slide-ring gel can self-power generated by triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction between the skin layer and the polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)layer that encapsulates the gel,achieving reversible and durable motion sensing,which provides a convenient pathway for constructing supramolecular self-powered flexible electronic materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62088101,62522307,62273045,U2341213)Beijing Nova Program(20230484481)。
文摘Formation control of multiple spacecraft has attracted extensive research attention.However,achieving reliable performance under sensor failures remains a significant challenge.This paper develops an integrated framework that jointly designs distributed observers and local controllers to ensure robust formation control in the presence of external disturbances and sensor malfunctions.Treating the spacecraft formation as a single interconnected system,each spacecraft constructs a distributed observer that estimates the overall system state by incorporating both its own measurements and the predicted control information shared among the spacecraft.Based on the observer estimates,a local control law is synthesized to maintain the desired formation.Rigorous theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed integrated approach effectively guarantees formation stability and resilience against sensor failures and disturbances.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program(2023R1A2C3004336,RS-202300243807)&Regional Leading Research Center(RS-202400405278)through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea Government(MSIT)。
文摘Wearable sensors integrated with deep learning techniques have the potential to revolutionize seamless human-machine interfaces for real-time health monitoring,clinical diagnosis,and robotic applications.Nevertheless,it remains a critical challenge to simultaneously achieve desirable mechanical and electrical performance along with biocompatibility,adhesion,self-healing,and environmental robustness with excellent sensing metrics.Herein,we report a multifunctional,anti-freezing,selfadhesive,and self-healable organogel pressure sensor composed of cobalt nanoparticle encapsulated nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes(CoN CNT)embedded in a polyvinyl alcohol-gelatin(PVA/GLE)matrix.Fabricated using a binary solvent system of water and ethylene glycol(EG),the CoN CNT/PVA/GLE organogel exhibits excellent flexibility,biocompatibility,and temperature tolerance with remarkable environmental stability.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirms near-stable performance across a broad humidity range(40%-95%RH).Freeze-tolerant conductivity under sub-zero conditions(-20℃)is attributed to the synergistic role of CoN CNT and EG,preserving mobility and network integrity.The Co N CNT/PVA/GLE organogel sensor exhibits high sensitivity of 5.75 k Pa^(-1)in the detection range from 0 to 20 k Pa,ideal for subtle biomechanical motion detection.A smart human-machine interface for English letter recognition using deep learning achieved 98%accuracy.The organogel sensor utility was extended to detect human gestures like finger bending,wrist motion,and throat vibration during speech.
基金financially supported by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Nos.ZR2022MB051 and ZR2021MB112)Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(No.2022M712343)+2 种基金Jinan City University Integration Development Strategy Project(No.JNSX2024030)Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregates of the Ministry of Education,Shandong University(No.JJT-2023-02)Shandong SD-Link New Material Technology Co.,LTD.
文摘Silicone-based pressure-sensitive adhesives(Si-PSAs)are valued for their thermal stability,flexibility,and biocompatibility,but their weak bonding strength restricts high-performance use.Polyurethane-modified Si-PSAs enhance adhesion,however diisocyanates remain essential.The raw materials of isocyanates are toxic,and their synthesis involves phosgene.To make up for those shortcomings,a series of poly(hydroxy urethane-siloxane)PSAs,named as PHUSi here,were synthesized through the ring-opening reaction of cyclic carbonate-functionalized polysiloxanes(PSi_(x)-VEC_(z))with various aliphatic diamines.The PSi_(x)-VEC_(z) precursors were prepared via the hydrosilylation of hydrogen-containing polysiloxanes(PSi_(x)-H_(y))with 4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one(VEC).The chemical structures of PSi_(x)-H_(y),PSi_(x)-VEC_(z) and PHUSi were characterized,and bonding properties of PHUSi were systematically evaluated.The influence of architectures on adhesive performance was elucidated through comprehensive analyses,including rheology,crosslink density assessment,and so on.These studies revealed that the tailored design of PHUSi adhesives combine the advantages of traditional Si-PSAs with enhanced adhesion while eliminating isocyanate toxicity.The optimized PHUSi formulation achieved remarkable 180°peel strength(76.5 N/m on skin)and maximum probe tack force(1.61 N),enabling secure 24 h attachment of flexible sensors to skin.These properties make PHUSi particularly suitable for medical applications,as demonstrated by successful implementation in flexible electrocardiogram devices,offering a biocompatible,high-performance adhesive.
基金supported by the NSFC(12474071)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2024YQ051,ZR2025QB50)+6 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2025A1515011191)the Shanghai Sailing Program(23YF1402200,23YF1402400)funded by Basic Research Program of Jiangsu(BK20240424)Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials(KF2406)Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province(tsqn202408006,tsqn202507058)Young Talent of Lifting engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong,China(SDAST2024QTB002)the Qilu Young Scholar Program of Shandong University。
文摘As emerging two-dimensional(2D)materials,carbides and nitrides(MXenes)could be solid solutions or organized structures made up of multi-atomic layers.With remarkable and adjustable electrical,optical,mechanical,and electrochemical characteristics,MXenes have shown great potential in brain-inspired neuromorphic computing electronics,including neuromorphic gas sensors,pressure sensors and photodetectors.This paper provides a forward-looking review of the research progress regarding MXenes in the neuromorphic sensing domain and discussed the critical challenges that need to be resolved.Key bottlenecks such as insufficient long-term stability under environmental exposure,high costs,scalability limitations in large-scale production,and mechanical mismatch in wearable integration hinder their practical deployment.Furthermore,unresolved issues like interfacial compatibility in heterostructures and energy inefficiency in neu-romorphic signal conversion demand urgent attention.The review offers insights into future research directions enhance the fundamental understanding of MXene properties and promote further integration into neuromorphic computing applications through the convergence with various emerging technologies.
基金supported by the Shandong Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program(Overseas)(2023HWYQ-035)the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province(tsqn202306078)+2 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515011635)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2023MF108)the Jinan Central Hospital(1190022050)。
文摘Real-time health monitoring and ongoing evaluation of physiological conditions are becoming increasingly vital for the advancement of future medical diagnostics and personalized healthcare solutions.Given that certain illnesses necessitate prompt and accessible detection methods,wearable chemical sensors have garnered considerable interest for their capability to monitor health through physiological signals and chemical indicators.This review delivers a thorough examination of recent developments in four primary categories of wearable chemical sensors:biosensors,humidity sensors,gas sensors,and ion sensors.We explore the representative materials,device structures,operating mechanisms,and various application scenarios for each type of sensor.By investigating the latest innovations in these technologies,we aim to provide a detailed overview of the current research landscape,highlight existing challenges,and present potential future directions of wearable chemical sensors in healthcare monitoring.
文摘The development of intrinsically conductive piezoresistive sensors with high strain tolerance has garnered significant interest.While elastomeric polymers exhibit excellent strain capabilities,their utility in sensing applications has been limited by inherent challenges such as high electrical resistivity,poor aging resistance,and interfacial incompatibility.To address these limitations,hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB)-based polyurethane was chemically modified with acetylferrocene-polyaniline conductive moieties to enhance charge transport properties.Remarkably,this covalent functionalization endowed the resulting ferrocene-polyaniline hybrid polyurethane(FPHP)with a conductivity of2.33 n A at 1 V bias while preserving piezoresistive functionality.The FPHP demonstrated exceptional mechanical-electrical performance,achieving 254% elongation at break with strain-dependent gauge factors of 7.28(0%-12.5% strain,R^(2)=0.9504)and 19.66(12.5%-35.0% strain,R^(2)=0.9929).Further characterization revealed a rapid 0.60 s response time and stability over 3500 strain-release cycles at compression strain,underscoring its durability under repetitive loading.The FPHP sensor was capable of monitoring various human movements and recognizing writing signals.These advances establish a materials design paradigm for fabricating flexible sensors that synergistically integrate high deformability,tunable sensitivity,and robust operational stability,positioning FPHP as a promising candidate for next-generation wearable electronics and soft robotics.
文摘Diabetes mellitus represents a major global health issue,driving the need for noninvasive alternatives to traditional blood glucose monitoring methods.Recent advancements in wearable technology have introduced skin-interfaced biosensors capable of analyzing sweat and skin biomarkers,providing innovative solutions for diabetes diagnosis and monitoring.This review comprehensively discusses the current developments in noninvasive wearable biosensors,emphasizing simultaneous detection of biochemical biomarkers(such as glucose,cortisol,lactate,branched-chain amino acids,and cytokines)and physiological signals(including heart rate,blood pressure,and sweat rate)for accurate,personalized diabetes management.We explore innovations in multimodal sensor design,materials science,biorecognition elements,and integration techniques,highlighting the importance of advanced data analytics,artificial intelligence-driven predictive algorithms,and closed-loop therapeutic systems.Additionally,the review addresses ongoing challenges in biomarker validation,sensor stability,user compliance,data privacy,and regulatory considerations.A holistic,multimodal approach enabled by these next-generation wearable biosensors holds significant potential for improving patient outcomes and facilitating proactive healthcare interventions in diabetes management.
