We investigated the concentration of trihalomethanes （THMs） in tap water and swimming pool water in the area of the Nakhon Path- om Municipality during the period April 2005-March 2006. The concentrations of total T...We investigated the concentration of trihalomethanes （THMs） in tap water and swimming pool water in the area of the Nakhon Path- om Municipality during the period April 2005-March 2006. The concentrations of total THMs, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform in tap water were 12.70-41.74, 6.72-29.19, 1.12-11.75, 0.63-3.55 and 0.08-3.40 μg/L, respectively, whereas those in swimming pool water were 26.15-65.09, 9.50-36.97, 8.90-18.01, 5.19-22.78 and ND-6.56 μg/L, respectively. It implied that the concentration of THMs in swimming pool water was higher than those in tap water, particularly, brominated-THMs. Both tap water and swimming pool water contained concentrations of total THMs below the standards of the World Health Organization （WHO）, European Union （EU） and the United States Environmental Protection Agency （USEPA） phase Ⅰ, but 1 out of 60 tap water samples and 60 out of 72 swimming pool water samples contained those over the Standard of the USEPA phase Ⅱ. From the two cases of cancer risk assessment including Case Ⅰ Non-Swimmer and Case Ⅱ Swimmer, assessment of cancer risk of nonswimmers from exposure to THMs at the highest and the average concentrations was 4.43×10^-5 and 2.19×10^-5, respectively, which can be classified as acceptable risk according to the Standard of USEPA. Assessment of cancer risk of swimmers from exposure to THMs at the highest and the average concentrations was 1.47×10^-3 and 7.99×10^-4, respectively, which can be classified as unacceptable risk and needs to be improved. Risk of THMs exposure from swimming was 93.9%-94.2% of the total risk. Cancer risk of THMs concluded from various routes in descending order was： skin exposure while swimming, gastro-intestinal exposure from tap water intake, and skin exposure to tap water and gastro-intestinal exposure while swimming. Cancer risk from skin exposure while swimming was 94.18% of the total cancer risk.展开更多
The invasion of various pollutant sources and lack of water circulation may easily lead to the eutrophication and deteriorated water quality of the landscape water system.This study focuses on the application of air f...The invasion of various pollutant sources and lack of water circulation may easily lead to the eutrophication and deteriorated water quality of the landscape water system.This study focuses on the application of air floatation method in water quality maintenance with the eco-landscape pool of Zhongxing Mangrove Bay as the study object,so as to provide a scheme for maintaining the water quality of artificial lakes.展开更多
Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts(DBPs)in swimming pool water,as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China.In this study,the occurrence of regulated DBPs(...Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts(DBPs)in swimming pool water,as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China.In this study,the occurrence of regulated DBPs(e.g.,trihalomethanes,haloacetic acids)and emerging DBPs(e.g.,haloacetonitriles,haloacetaldehydes)in indoor swimming pool water and the corresponding source water at a city in Eastern China were determined.The concentrations of DBPs in swimming pool water were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that in source water.Lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks of DBPs stemming from swimming pool water were also estimated.Inhalation and dermal exposure were the most significant exposure routes related to swimming pool DBP cancer and non-cancer risks.For the first time,buccal and aural exposure were considered,and were proven to be important routes of DBP exposure(accounting for 17.9%-38.9%of total risk).The cancer risks of DBPs for all swimmers were higher than 10^(-6)of lifetime exposure risk recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency,and the competitive adult swimmers experienced the highest cancer risk(7.82×10^(-5)).These findings provide important information and perspectives for future efforts to lower the health risks associated with exposure to DBPs in swimming pool water.展开更多
An inconsecutive high frequency distribution with a"sandwich structure"pattern for high temperature warm water warmer than 29℃ in the western Pacific warm pool(WPWP) was found using Tropical Rainfall Measur...An inconsecutive high frequency distribution with a"sandwich structure"pattern for high temperature warm water warmer than 29℃ in the western Pacific warm pool(WPWP) was found using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) sea surface temperature(SST) data,a relatively high resolution data for space.This phenomenon only shows up in boreal summer(June to September),and becomes obvious when WPWP SST is higher than 29℃.As observed,East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) impinges on Philippine Islands in July,which has an important impact on the formation and maintenance of the "sandwich structure".Winds affect the distribution of SST in two ways:one by increasing the local latent heat flux and the other by transporting cold water towards the southeast of Philippine Islands.展开更多
The bacteriological quality of swimming pool water in Port Harcourt Metropolis was investigated. Ten (10) swimming pools were examined for microbial quality. Out of the 10 swimming pools, 4 (2, 4, 7 and 9) had bacteri...The bacteriological quality of swimming pool water in Port Harcourt Metropolis was investigated. Ten (10) swimming pools were examined for microbial quality. Out of the 10 swimming pools, 4 (2, 4, 7 and 9) had bacterial isolates of 40 (100%). Swimming pools 2, 4, 7 and 9 had the bacterial isolates of 10 (25%), 8 (20%), 10 (25%) and 12 (30%), respectively. Of the forty (40) bacterial isolates identified, which represented 100 percent, 22 (55%) were identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis, 10 (25%) Bacillus cereus, 6 (16%) Micrococcus and 2 (5%) Staphylococcus aureus. Among the four swimming pools, 2 and 9 did not have the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus, respectively. Based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) standard for recreational waters, the absence of coliform and fecal coliform bacteria (E. coli) revealed that the ten (10) swimming pools used for this study are considered to be within the acceptable limits for certifying microbiological water quality. However, there is a need for care and continuous maintenance of the swimming pools.展开更多
Disinfection of water for human use is essential to protect against microbial disease;however, disinfection also leads to formation of disinfection by-products（DBPs）, some of which are of health concern. From a chem...Disinfection of water for human use is essential to protect against microbial disease;however, disinfection also leads to formation of disinfection by-products（DBPs）, some of which are of health concern. From a chemical perspective, swimming pools are a complex matrix, with continual addition of a wide range of natural and anthropogenic chemicals via filling waters, disinfectant addition, pharmaceuticals and personal care products and human body excretions. Natural organic matter, trace amounts of DBPs and chlorine or chloramines may be introduced by the filling water, which is commonly disinfected distributed drinking water. Chlorine and/or bromine is continually introduced via the addition of chemical disinfectants to the pool. Human body excretions（sweat, urine and saliva） and pharmaceuticals and personal care products（sunscreens, cosmetics, hair products and lotions） are introduced by swimmers. High addition of disinfectant leads to a high formation of DBPs from reaction of some of the chemicals with the disinfectant.Swimming pool air is also of concern as volatile DBPs partition into the air above the pool.The presence of bromine leads to the formation of a wide range of bromo-and bromo/chloro-DBPs, and Br-DBPs are more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. This is particularly important for seawater-filled pools or pools using a bromine-based disinfectant.This review summarises chemical contaminants and DBPs in swimming pool waters, as well as in the air above pools. Factors that have been found to affect DBP formation in pools are discussed. The impact of the swimming pool environment on human health is reviewed.展开更多
Watershed management consists of multifunctional activities to manage and address the increasing water resource problems. Ever increasing water demand and rapidly depleting water resources, it has become necessary to ...Watershed management consists of multifunctional activities to manage and address the increasing water resource problems. Ever increasing water demand and rapidly depleting water resources, it has become necessary to develop the adaptation options to recharge groundwater resources. A watershed is a special kind of Common Pool Resources (CPRs);an area is defined by hydrological linkages where optimal management requires coordinating the use of natural resources by public participation. Watershed developments have shown significant positive impacts on water table, perennially of water in wells and water availability especially in semi-arid regions. This paper describes direct and indirect impacts of the watershed activities and benefits of hydrological services dealing with watershed management with future prediction of net irrigation water supply. In the present work, we have also discussed the multiple impacts of watershed of CPRs for improving groundwater and surface water resources.展开更多
Groundwater salinity is a widespread problem around the world with adverse consequences on health, soil quality and overall eco-systems. With the rapidly growing demands of groundwater, its exploitation is also accele...Groundwater salinity is a widespread problem around the world with adverse consequences on health, soil quality and overall eco-systems. With the rapidly growing demands of groundwater, its exploitation is also accelerating. It is also changing the flow of the groundwater, which in turn causes ingress of sea water or intrusion of other saline groundwater or polluted water from the surrounding areas. The major consequences are scarcity of water even for domestic use and rise in the level and spread of groundwater salinity. An innovative technique of creating a pool of fresh groundwater within a saline aquifer is developed, which can address the issue. Technique is about recharging the saline aquifer with harvested rain water in such a way that recharged rain water does not get mixed with the existing saline groundwater rather it forms pool of fresh water in the saline aquifer. Water from this pool can be extracted without getting it mixed with saline groundwater. This innovation also eliminates the need of cost intensive provision of water storage structures to store rain water for fulfilling the domestic water needs. Thus, the saline aquifer unsuitable or otherwise useless for groundwater development can be used.展开更多
There exists a warm pool in the South China Sea (SCS). The temporal and spatial distribution and evolution of SCS warm pool is investigated using water temperatures at a depth of 20 m in the sea. The formation of the ...There exists a warm pool in the South China Sea (SCS). The temporal and spatial distribution and evolution of SCS warm pool is investigated using water temperatures at a depth of 20 m in the sea. The formation of the warm pool is discussed by combining water temperatures with geostrophic currents and simu-lated oceanic circulation. It is found that there are significant seasonal and interannual changes in the warm pool and in association with the general circulation of the atmosphere. The development of SCS warm pool is also closely related to the gyre activities in the sea and imported warm water from Indian Ocean (Java Sea) besides radiative warming.展开更多
Irrigation water is a scarce common-pool resource in Uzbekistan, which leads to an increasing competition over its allocation among farmers. We examine how the management of this resource affects individual strategic ...Irrigation water is a scarce common-pool resource in Uzbekistan, which leads to an increasing competition over its allocation among farmers. We examine how the management of this resource affects individual strategic behavior and how its availability (vis-a-vis scarcity vs. non-scarcity) impacts cooperation. We conduct a field experiment in Uzbekistan where two policies are analyzed: penalty and bonus. Our findings suggest that both penalty and bonus mechanisms are effective in reducing individual water appropriation compared to the case in which these policies are absent. However, in terms of reducing overall water appropriation, the bonus mechanism is the most effective in preserving the resource stock. Therefore, policymakers should have a degree of flexibility regarding the selection of a mechanism to reduce water consumption. We also find that subjects exhibit different appropriation behaviors depending on their location within the irrigation system, with upstream users being more sensitive to water reduction than downstream users.展开更多
文摘We investigated the concentration of trihalomethanes （THMs） in tap water and swimming pool water in the area of the Nakhon Path- om Municipality during the period April 2005-March 2006. The concentrations of total THMs, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform in tap water were 12.70-41.74, 6.72-29.19, 1.12-11.75, 0.63-3.55 and 0.08-3.40 μg/L, respectively, whereas those in swimming pool water were 26.15-65.09, 9.50-36.97, 8.90-18.01, 5.19-22.78 and ND-6.56 μg/L, respectively. It implied that the concentration of THMs in swimming pool water was higher than those in tap water, particularly, brominated-THMs. Both tap water and swimming pool water contained concentrations of total THMs below the standards of the World Health Organization （WHO）, European Union （EU） and the United States Environmental Protection Agency （USEPA） phase Ⅰ, but 1 out of 60 tap water samples and 60 out of 72 swimming pool water samples contained those over the Standard of the USEPA phase Ⅱ. From the two cases of cancer risk assessment including Case Ⅰ Non-Swimmer and Case Ⅱ Swimmer, assessment of cancer risk of nonswimmers from exposure to THMs at the highest and the average concentrations was 4.43×10^-5 and 2.19×10^-5, respectively, which can be classified as acceptable risk according to the Standard of USEPA. Assessment of cancer risk of swimmers from exposure to THMs at the highest and the average concentrations was 1.47×10^-3 and 7.99×10^-4, respectively, which can be classified as unacceptable risk and needs to be improved. Risk of THMs exposure from swimming was 93.9%-94.2% of the total risk. Cancer risk of THMs concluded from various routes in descending order was： skin exposure while swimming, gastro-intestinal exposure from tap water intake, and skin exposure to tap water and gastro-intestinal exposure while swimming. Cancer risk from skin exposure while swimming was 94.18% of the total cancer risk.
文摘The invasion of various pollutant sources and lack of water circulation may easily lead to the eutrophication and deteriorated water quality of the landscape water system.This study focuses on the application of air floatation method in water quality maintenance with the eco-landscape pool of Zhongxing Mangrove Bay as the study object,so as to provide a scheme for maintaining the water quality of artificial lakes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52170009,52091542)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC_(3)200702)+3 种基金the Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader,China(No.21XD1424000)the International Cooperation Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(No.20230714100)the Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No.2020B1111350001)the Tongji University Youth 100 Program。
文摘Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts(DBPs)in swimming pool water,as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China.In this study,the occurrence of regulated DBPs(e.g.,trihalomethanes,haloacetic acids)and emerging DBPs(e.g.,haloacetonitriles,haloacetaldehydes)in indoor swimming pool water and the corresponding source water at a city in Eastern China were determined.The concentrations of DBPs in swimming pool water were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that in source water.Lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks of DBPs stemming from swimming pool water were also estimated.Inhalation and dermal exposure were the most significant exposure routes related to swimming pool DBP cancer and non-cancer risks.For the first time,buccal and aural exposure were considered,and were proven to be important routes of DBP exposure(accounting for 17.9%-38.9%of total risk).The cancer risks of DBPs for all swimmers were higher than 10^(-6)of lifetime exposure risk recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency,and the competitive adult swimmers experienced the highest cancer risk(7.82×10^(-5)).These findings provide important information and perspectives for future efforts to lower the health risks associated with exposure to DBPs in swimming pool water.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (40975038, 40830106)National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program:2012CB955604)+1 种基金Program from China Meteorological Administration (GYHY200906008)Project 111 (B07036)
文摘An inconsecutive high frequency distribution with a"sandwich structure"pattern for high temperature warm water warmer than 29℃ in the western Pacific warm pool(WPWP) was found using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) sea surface temperature(SST) data,a relatively high resolution data for space.This phenomenon only shows up in boreal summer(June to September),and becomes obvious when WPWP SST is higher than 29℃.As observed,East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) impinges on Philippine Islands in July,which has an important impact on the formation and maintenance of the "sandwich structure".Winds affect the distribution of SST in two ways:one by increasing the local latent heat flux and the other by transporting cold water towards the southeast of Philippine Islands.
文摘The bacteriological quality of swimming pool water in Port Harcourt Metropolis was investigated. Ten (10) swimming pools were examined for microbial quality. Out of the 10 swimming pools, 4 (2, 4, 7 and 9) had bacterial isolates of 40 (100%). Swimming pools 2, 4, 7 and 9 had the bacterial isolates of 10 (25%), 8 (20%), 10 (25%) and 12 (30%), respectively. Of the forty (40) bacterial isolates identified, which represented 100 percent, 22 (55%) were identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis, 10 (25%) Bacillus cereus, 6 (16%) Micrococcus and 2 (5%) Staphylococcus aureus. Among the four swimming pools, 2 and 9 did not have the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus, respectively. Based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) standard for recreational waters, the absence of coliform and fecal coliform bacteria (E. coli) revealed that the ten (10) swimming pools used for this study are considered to be within the acceptable limits for certifying microbiological water quality. However, there is a need for care and continuous maintenance of the swimming pools.
基金Curtin University for an Australian Postgraduate AwardWater Research Australia and Chem Centre (Western Australia) for a PhD Top Up Scholarship
文摘Disinfection of water for human use is essential to protect against microbial disease;however, disinfection also leads to formation of disinfection by-products（DBPs）, some of which are of health concern. From a chemical perspective, swimming pools are a complex matrix, with continual addition of a wide range of natural and anthropogenic chemicals via filling waters, disinfectant addition, pharmaceuticals and personal care products and human body excretions. Natural organic matter, trace amounts of DBPs and chlorine or chloramines may be introduced by the filling water, which is commonly disinfected distributed drinking water. Chlorine and/or bromine is continually introduced via the addition of chemical disinfectants to the pool. Human body excretions（sweat, urine and saliva） and pharmaceuticals and personal care products（sunscreens, cosmetics, hair products and lotions） are introduced by swimmers. High addition of disinfectant leads to a high formation of DBPs from reaction of some of the chemicals with the disinfectant.Swimming pool air is also of concern as volatile DBPs partition into the air above the pool.The presence of bromine leads to the formation of a wide range of bromo-and bromo/chloro-DBPs, and Br-DBPs are more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. This is particularly important for seawater-filled pools or pools using a bromine-based disinfectant.This review summarises chemical contaminants and DBPs in swimming pool waters, as well as in the air above pools. Factors that have been found to affect DBP formation in pools are discussed. The impact of the swimming pool environment on human health is reviewed.
文摘Watershed management consists of multifunctional activities to manage and address the increasing water resource problems. Ever increasing water demand and rapidly depleting water resources, it has become necessary to develop the adaptation options to recharge groundwater resources. A watershed is a special kind of Common Pool Resources (CPRs);an area is defined by hydrological linkages where optimal management requires coordinating the use of natural resources by public participation. Watershed developments have shown significant positive impacts on water table, perennially of water in wells and water availability especially in semi-arid regions. This paper describes direct and indirect impacts of the watershed activities and benefits of hydrological services dealing with watershed management with future prediction of net irrigation water supply. In the present work, we have also discussed the multiple impacts of watershed of CPRs for improving groundwater and surface water resources.
文摘Groundwater salinity is a widespread problem around the world with adverse consequences on health, soil quality and overall eco-systems. With the rapidly growing demands of groundwater, its exploitation is also accelerating. It is also changing the flow of the groundwater, which in turn causes ingress of sea water or intrusion of other saline groundwater or polluted water from the surrounding areas. The major consequences are scarcity of water even for domestic use and rise in the level and spread of groundwater salinity. An innovative technique of creating a pool of fresh groundwater within a saline aquifer is developed, which can address the issue. Technique is about recharging the saline aquifer with harvested rain water in such a way that recharged rain water does not get mixed with the existing saline groundwater rather it forms pool of fresh water in the saline aquifer. Water from this pool can be extracted without getting it mixed with saline groundwater. This innovation also eliminates the need of cost intensive provision of water storage structures to store rain water for fulfilling the domestic water needs. Thus, the saline aquifer unsuitable or otherwise useless for groundwater development can be used.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.49875015)State Key Project for basic Research "he South China Sea Monsoon Experiment
文摘There exists a warm pool in the South China Sea (SCS). The temporal and spatial distribution and evolution of SCS warm pool is investigated using water temperatures at a depth of 20 m in the sea. The formation of the warm pool is discussed by combining water temperatures with geostrophic currents and simu-lated oceanic circulation. It is found that there are significant seasonal and interannual changes in the warm pool and in association with the general circulation of the atmosphere. The development of SCS warm pool is also closely related to the gyre activities in the sea and imported warm water from Indian Ocean (Java Sea) besides radiative warming.
文摘Irrigation water is a scarce common-pool resource in Uzbekistan, which leads to an increasing competition over its allocation among farmers. We examine how the management of this resource affects individual strategic behavior and how its availability (vis-a-vis scarcity vs. non-scarcity) impacts cooperation. We conduct a field experiment in Uzbekistan where two policies are analyzed: penalty and bonus. Our findings suggest that both penalty and bonus mechanisms are effective in reducing individual water appropriation compared to the case in which these policies are absent. However, in terms of reducing overall water appropriation, the bonus mechanism is the most effective in preserving the resource stock. Therefore, policymakers should have a degree of flexibility regarding the selection of a mechanism to reduce water consumption. We also find that subjects exhibit different appropriation behaviors depending on their location within the irrigation system, with upstream users being more sensitive to water reduction than downstream users.
