This review critically examines strategies for sustainable groundwater and surface water management,emphasizing their integration to achieve environmental sustainability.The study synthesizes findings from a wide rang...This review critically examines strategies for sustainable groundwater and surface water management,emphasizing their integration to achieve environmental sustainability.The study synthesizes findings from a wide range of research articles,identifying key trends,gaps,and controversies within the field.It highlights the importance of cohesive management approaches that take into account climate change,policy impacts,and methodological advancements.The review aims to provide a structured,analytical discussion that aligns with the thematic focus of integrated water management.By offering original insights and practical recommendations,this review seeks to contribute to the development of more effective and sustainable water management practices.The analysis underscores the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate hydrological,ecological,and socio-economic factors.Furthermore,the review discusses the role of adaptive management and technological innovations in enhancing the resilience and efficiency of water management systems.The findings suggest that a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between groundwater and surface water is crucial for developing strategies that ensure long-term environmental sustainability.This review concludes with recommendations for future research and policy development,emphasizing the need for adaptive,resilient,and integrated water management strategies that can address the challenges posed by climate change and other environmental pressures.展开更多
Hydrophilicity is critical in Nafion membranes during fuel cell operation as insufficient membrane hydration leads to brittle behavior and a drop in proton conductivity.The incorporation of APTS(3-(aminopro pyl)trieth...Hydrophilicity is critical in Nafion membranes during fuel cell operation as insufficient membrane hydration leads to brittle behavior and a drop in proton conductivity.The incorporation of APTS(3-(aminopro pyl)triethoxysilane)into exfoliated graphene oxide(EGO)by covalent functionalization to be used as filler into Nafion membranes allows higher hydrophilicity for these membranes.This is associated with promoting hydroxyl,carbonyl,siloxane,silane,and amine groups within the EGO-APTS matrix.The incorporation of these materials as Fuel Cell MEAs leads to a significant reduction of the ohmic resistance measured at high frequency resistance(HFR)in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)experiments and achieves maximum power densities of 1.33 W cm^(-2)at 60℃ at 100%RH(APTS-EGO,0.2 wt%)and1.33 W cm^(-2)at 60℃ at 70%RH(APTS-EGO,0.3 wt%),which represents an improvement of 190%compared to the commercial Nafion 212 when utilizing low humidification conditions(70%).Moreover,the as-synthesized membrane utilizes lower Nafion ionomer mass,which,in conjunction with the excellent cell performance,has the potential to decrease the cost of the membrane from 87 to 80￡/W as well as a reduction of fluorinated compounds within the membrane.展开更多
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells(AEMFCs)are considered a more affordable technology compared to proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs),but the performance and durability of AEMFCs are still not competent with P...Anion exchange membrane fuel cells(AEMFCs)are considered a more affordable technology compared to proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs),but the performance and durability of AEMFCs are still not competent with PEMFCs owing to the more challenging water management,which severely hinders its development and real-life applications.In this study,we introduce the strategy to boost the performance and stability of the membrane electrode assembly(MEA)of AEMFCs by regulating the hydrophilicity of the anode and cathode ionomers.Two poly(biphenyl alkylene)ionomers with different hydrophilicity are synthesized and used to fabricate MEAs with asymmetric or symmetric ionomer configurations in the anodic and cathodic catalyst layers(CLs)for AEMFCs.Molecular dynamics(MD)simulations have revealed different diffusion rates of water in the hydrophobic anode and the hydrophilic cathode,which show the potential of this design to improve water management in AEMFCs,The effectiveness of this design is also confirmed by experimental results that the MEA with this asymmetric configuration exhibits the highest power and current densities of 1.58 W cm^(-2)or 5.58 A cm^(-2),respectively,among all configurations.Furthermore,this configuration also enhances the durability,with the MEA showing a voltage decay rate of only 313.1μV h^(-1)after 500 h of in-situ durability test at 0.2 A cm^(-2).This study provides new insights into the rational design of more efficient water management in MEA for high-performance AEMFCs.展开更多
The efficient and stable operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)in practical applications can be adversely affected by various contaminants.This study delves into the impact of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)conta...The efficient and stable operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)in practical applications can be adversely affected by various contaminants.This study delves into the impact of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)contamination on the gas diffusion layer(GDL)and PEMFC performance,systematically analyzing the physicochemical property changes and their correlation with electrochemical performance.The results indicate that after post-treatment,the GDL surface exhibited exposed carbon fibers,cracks,and large pores in the microporous layer(MPL),with a noticeable detachment of PTFE.There was a marked reduction in C and F element signals,an increase in O element signals,deposition of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3),formation of C=O and C=C bonds,appearance of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)characteristic peaks,and changes in pore structure—all suggesting significant alterations in the GDL's surface morphology,structure,and chemical composition.The decline in mechanical strength and thermal stability,and increased surface roughness and resistance negatively impacted fuel cell performance.At high current densities,the emergence of water flooding increased mass transfer resistance from 0.1Ωcm^(2)to 1.968Ωcm^(2),with a maximum power density decay rate reaching 71.17%.This study reveals the significant negative impact of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)contamination on GDL and fuel cell performance,highlighting that changes in surface structure,reduced hydrophobicity,and increased mass transfer resistance are primary causes of performance degradation.The findings provide crucial insights for improving GDL materials,optimizing fuel cell manufacturing and operation processes,and addressing contamination issues in practical applications.展开更多
This article elaborates on the application of smart water management in the construction of water plants and the operation and maintenance of pipeline networks,covering all layers of the technical framework,including ...This article elaborates on the application of smart water management in the construction of water plants and the operation and maintenance of pipeline networks,covering all layers of the technical framework,including IoT perception.It introduces full chain application scenarios,such as water source monitoring.It also involves BIM,intelligent IoT device applications,breakthroughs in pipeline monitoring system construction and operation technology,as well as the economic cost-effectiveness of innovative models,evaluation index systems,system iteration and upgrading strategies,and points out limitations and future development directions.展开更多
The authors designed an ecological storm water system in a residential area to replace the conventional underground channels for the collection of storm water so as to reduce the nutrients and sediments discharged. Th...The authors designed an ecological storm water system in a residential area to replace the conventional underground channels for the collection of storm water so as to reduce the nutrients and sediments discharged. This system contains natural sub-creeks as drainage channels discharging overflow to nearby creeks, an open green trench, a storage pond, and natural sub-creeks. The sub -creeks were designed to be integrated into community landscape, which not only increases the efficiency of water usage, but also improves the aesthetic qualities of the community residence area as required by Agenda 21. This research proved the feasibility of an open storm water collection and utilization system for the design of a community water system.展开更多
Australia is one of the world leaders in water management. The country meets the challenge of water shortage with established integrated water management in which rainwater is taken as a too precious resource to be ju...Australia is one of the world leaders in water management. The country meets the challenge of water shortage with established integrated water management in which rainwater is taken as a too precious resource to be just drained off. In Australia, rainwater is extensively harvested and polished to provide cheaper supply for potable and non-potable domestic uses, irrigation, landscaping, refilling aquifers and other uses. Implementing dual management over the quantity and quality of storm water and practicing water sensitive urban design (WSUD) in urban areas effectively control non-point-source pollution of waterways by pollutants carried with runoffs, reduce the discharge of rainwater and thus protect properties and lives from damage by floods. These achievements are attributed to constant reinforcement by govenments from federal to local levels in policy, financial, legal and educational aspects, and also to the lasting efforts of professional communities and water industry in developing requisite techniques, demonstrating the benefits and fostering public credence of rainwater reuse. The successful rainwater management practices in Australia suggest rainwater harvesting can be a complimentary means for the South-to-North Water Transfer Scheme to solve the water shortage in China's northern regions, and thus release to a degree the pressure on the Yangtze water resources. Best management practices of rainwater can be an effective controlling strategy for flooding and non-point-source water pollution of waterways. Such in-site source control initiatives have particular significance to protecting slow waterways of weak self-purification ability, like the Three Gorges Reservior.展开更多
This paper addresses issues on adaptive water management under the impact of climate change. Based on a set of comprehensive indicators of water system, a decision making approach of multi-objects is developed and app...This paper addresses issues on adaptive water management under the impact of climate change. Based on a set of comprehensive indicators of water system, a decision making approach of multi-objects is developed and applied to quantify water adaptive man- agement for the demands of water sustainable use, water environmental protection and eco-water requirement under the climate change. For this study in China, two key indicators are proposed, namely （1） the water resources vulnerability （V） that was represented by inte- grated sensitivity （S） and resilience （C） of climate change impact on water resources, and （2） the sustainability of socio-economy and water environment, marked by DD, that is integrated scaler of socio-economic development （EG） based on the amount of GDP and the water en- vironment and relative eco-system quality （LI）. To find a reasonable solution for adaptive water management, a multi-objective decision making model of adaptive water management is further developed and the multi-objective model was transformed into an integrated single optimization model through developing an integrated measure function, called as VDD=DD/V. This approach has been applied to adaptive water resources planning and management for case study of China with new policy, called as the strict management of water resources based on three red line controls, i.e., the control of total water use by the total water re- sources allocation, the control of lower water use efficiency by the water demand manage- ment and the control of the total waste water load by water quality management in the East- ern China Monsoon Region that covers major eight big river basins including Yangtze River, Yellow River, Haihe River and Huaihe River. It is shown that the synthetic representation of water resource vulnerability and socio-economic sustainability by the integrated objective function （VDD） and integrated decision making model are workable and practicable. Adaptive management effect of the criterion compliance rate and water use efficiency are more ap- preciable through new water policy of the three red line controls, which can reduce 21.3% of the water resources vulnerability （V） and increase 18.4% of the sustainability of socio- economy and water environment （DD） for the unfavorable scenario of climate change in2030.展开更多
Worldwide,several regions suffer from water scarcity and contamination.The infiltration and subsurface storage of rain and river water can reduce water stress.Artificial groundwater recharge,possibly combined with ban...Worldwide,several regions suffer from water scarcity and contamination.The infiltration and subsurface storage of rain and river water can reduce water stress.Artificial groundwater recharge,possibly combined with bank filtration,plant purification and/or the use of subsurface dams and artificial aquifers,is especially advantageous in areas where layers of gravel and sand exist below the earth's surface.Artificial infiltration of surface water into the uppermost aquifer has qualitative and quantitative advantages.The contamination of infiltrated river water will be reduced by natural attenuation.Clay minerals,iron hydroxide and humic matter as well as microorganisms located in the subsurface have high decontamination capacities.By this,a final water treatment,if necessary,becomes much easier and cheaper.The quantitative effect concerns the seasonally changing river discharge that influences the possibility of water extraction for drinking water purposes.Such changes can be equalised by seasonally adapted infiltration/extraction of water in/out of the aquifer according to the river discharge and the water need.This method enables a continuous water supply over the whole year.Generally,artificially recharged groundwater is better protected against pollution than surface water,and the delimitation of water protection zones makes it even more save.展开更多
Pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water regimes on the speciation and accumulation of arsenic（As） and cadmium（Cd） in Brazilian upland rice growing in soils polluted with both A...Pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water regimes on the speciation and accumulation of arsenic（As） and cadmium（Cd） in Brazilian upland rice growing in soils polluted with both As and Cd. In the pot experiment constant and intermittent flooding treatments gave 3–16 times higher As concentrations in soil solution than did aerobic conditions but Cd showed the opposite trend. Compared to arsenate, there were more marked changes in the arsenite concentrations in the soil solution as water management shifted, and therefore arsenite concentrations dominated the As speciation and bioavailability in the soil. In the field experiment As concentrations in the rice grains increased from 0.14 to 0.21 mg/kg while Cd concentrations decreased from 0.21 to 0.02 mg/kg with increasing irrigation ranging from aerobic to constantly flooding conditions. Among the various water regimes the conventional irrigation treatment produced the highest rice grain yield of 6.29 tons/ha. The As speciation analysis reveals that the accumulation of dimethylarsinic acid（from 11.3% to 61.7%） made a greater contribution to the increase in total As in brown rice in the intermittent and constant flooding treatments compared to the intermittent-aerobic treatment. Thus, water management exerted opposite effects on Cd and As speciation and bioavailability in the soil and consequently on their accumulation in the upland rice. Special care is required when irrigation regime methods are employed to mitigate the accumulation of metal（loid）s in the grain of rice grown in soils polluted with both As and Cd.展开更多
The interactions of water management and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen absorption and utilization were studied in rice with Wuxiangjing9 (japonica). The results showed that the nitrogen uptake and remaining in straw...The interactions of water management and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen absorption and utilization were studied in rice with Wuxiangjing9 (japonica). The results showed that the nitrogen uptake and remaining in straw increased and the percentage of nitrogen translocation (PNT) from vegetative organs, nitrogen dry matter production efficiency (NDMPE) and nitrogen grain production efficiency (NGPE) decreased with nitrogen increasing. The nitrogen uptake and NGPE decreased when severe water stressed. However, rice not only decreased the nitrogen uptake but also increased the PNT from vegetative organs, NDMPE and NGPE when mild water stressed. There were obvious interactions between nitrogen fertilizer and water management, such as with water stress increasing the effect of nitrogen on increasing nitrogen uptake was reduced and that on decreasing NDMPE was intensified.展开更多
Mass transport is crucial to the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells,especially at high current densities.Generally,the oxygen and the generated water share same transmission medium but move towards opp...Mass transport is crucial to the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells,especially at high current densities.Generally,the oxygen and the generated water share same transmission medium but move towards opposite direction,which leads to serious mass transfer problems.Herein,a series of patterned catalyst layer were prepared with a simple one-step impressing method using nylon sieves as templates.With grooves 100μm in width and 8μm in depth on the surface of cathode catalyst layer,the maximum power density of fuel cell increases by 10%without any additional durability loss while maintaining a similar electrochemical surface area.The concentration contours calculated by finite element analysis reveal that the grooves built on the surface of catalyst layer serve to accumulate the water nearby while oxygen tends to transfer through relatively convex region,which results from capillary pressure difference caused by the pore structure difference between the two regions.The separation of oxidant gas and generated water avoids mass confliction thus boosts mass transport efficiency.展开更多
To clarify the optimal water management in large-scale fields under high temperatures at the ripening period,effective water managements during this period for improvement of yield,appearance quality and palatability ...To clarify the optimal water management in large-scale fields under high temperatures at the ripening period,effective water managements during this period for improvement of yield,appearance quality and palatability were investigated.Compared with intermittent irrigation and flooded irrigation,the soil temperature with saturated irrigation remained low throughout the day,and the decrease rate of the bleeding rate of hills was the lowest.These results suggested that the saturated irrigation maintained root activity.For the three irrigation types,the number of spikelets per m2 and 1000-grain weight were similar,however,saturated irrigation resulted in significantly higher rice yield due to improvement in the percentage of ripened grains.The saturated irrigation produced a high percentage of perfect rice grains and thicker brown rice grain,furthermore,the palatability of cooked rice was excellent because protein content and hardness/adhesion ratio were both low.Thus,under high-temperature ripening conditions,soil temperature was lowered and root activity was maintained when applying saturated irrigation after heading time.The results indicated that saturated irrigation is an effective countermeasure against high-temperature ripening damage.展开更多
In the light of the national policy of fallow, this study was conducted to determine how the different water management and lime application would affect soil physical and chemical properties, rice yield and cadmium ...In the light of the national policy of fallow, this study was conducted to determine how the different water management and lime application would affect soil physical and chemical properties, rice yield and cadmium （Cd） content of rice in fallow season. The results showed that, compared with the arid fallow, the waterlogging fallow decreased the soil pH value whereas signifcantly increased the soil organic matter content and the cation exchange quantity, and reduced the soil effective cadmium content and the rice cadmium content whereas could increase the rice yield to a certain extent. In the fooded fallow or the dry fallow, the application of lime mainly depended on the alkali conditioning of lime and the antagonistic effect of Ca2＋, which could signifcantly reduce the cadmium content of rice, and its effect would increase linearly with the increase of lime dosage, whereas had no significant effect on soil organic matter content and cation exchange quantity. In order to establish a linear equation of lime dosage and related indexes under the condition of waterlogging fallow or dry fallow, calculations showed that each application of lime at 1 000 kg/hm2 or kg/hmss2 could improve soil pH value by 0.238 2 or 0.246 5units respectively, and reduce the effective Cd content to 0.007 5 mg/kg both in the arid fallow and the waterlogging fallow conditions. The lime theoretic application rate for the lowest Cd content of late rice in the arid fallow was 5 120 kg/hm2, and the minimum limit of the Cd content in rice was 0.124 2 mg/kg; and the lime theoretic application rate for the highest yield of late rice in the submerged water fallow was 4 636 kg/hm2, the minimum theoretic Cd content in rice is 0.100 7 mg/kg, and it could reduce the Cd content in rice under the condition of submerged fallow and decrease the dosage of lime.展开更多
The development of oasis along the edge of the Tengerli Desert, where underground water is available, is one of the major strategies to reallocate 'ecological refuges' from their seriously degraded grasslands ...The development of oasis along the edge of the Tengerli Desert, where underground water is available, is one of the major strategies to reallocate 'ecological refuges' from their seriously degraded grasslands to agriculturally cultivable land. Yet, underground water resources, the major constraint, hate not been fully integrated in the development process. Therefore, the decline of water resources and deterioration of water quality caused by over-consumption of water resources has begun to hinder further development and has even fed to the abandonment of some oasis. A system dynamics modeling approach is applied to analyze the water use and water management structures in Yaoba Oasis as a case study. The study attempts to identify the characteristics of major feedback loops, which dominate the over-use of underground water resources leading to the deterioration of water resources in quantity and quality.展开更多
This manuscript is an attempt to demonstrate effectiveness of nature-based solutions (NBS) and measures to reduce risk of flooding and environmental impact in urban settings. The nature-based solutions (NBS) were asse...This manuscript is an attempt to demonstrate effectiveness of nature-based solutions (NBS) and measures to reduce risk of flooding and environmental impact in urban settings. The nature-based solutions (NBS) were assessed as scenarios from experience of urban storm drainage and sewerage systems based on practices that improve urban water management through modelling using urban stormwater management model (SWMM). The model has been applied in a typical urban environment in the second city in Botswana, the City of Francistown, which has a population of more than one hundred thousand. By considering the 2-yr and 10-year storm events in a calibrated SWMM, NBS scenarios from a mix of low impact and drainage measures were considered. The considered NBS scenarios were used to determine their effectiveness in terms of reducing and controlling peak runoff, flood volumes, infiltration and evapotranspiration in the study area, which are vital in assessing the opportunity and challenge for sustainable management of water resources and associated tradeoff of investments in the urban contexts. The study demonstrates the usefulness of implementing effective measures for achieving NBS in urban context and possibility of outscaling at basin and regional levels.展开更多
Water management in general and in the Indus Basin in particular is concerned with the energy-efficient transportation of hydrologically exploitable resources from the upper zone to climatically favourable areas where...Water management in general and in the Indus Basin in particular is concerned with the energy-efficient transportation of hydrologically exploitable resources from the upper zone to climatically favourable areas where irrigation helps to supersede arid conditions for the cultivation of crops and watering of meadows.In other words:Human intervention sets the stage for the allocation of water from a wider catchment area in a smaller habitat where this resource is deficient.Emphasis on mountain irrigation practices is counteracted with developments in the forelands where different frame conditions prevail and peculiar development problems occur.In dealing with the importance of water from the mountain regions three dimensions have to be evaluated:1) natural factors and their validity for the environmental frame conditions and technological adaptation processes;2) social factors and their impact on culture,economy and equitability;3) institutional factors and their importance for sustainable growth and for the implementation of development projects.In the study of decentralized irrigation systems in high mountain regions of the Indus Basin a systems theoretical approach values the complexity of interrelationships between different systems elements.Human activities in arid mountain regions are restricted by limiting ecological factors and are characterized by certain utilization and adaptive strategies.展开更多
Aerobic rice （Oryza sativa L.） cultivation is considered an alternative production system to combat increased water scarcity and arsenic （As） contamination in the food chain. Pot experiments were conducted at the ...Aerobic rice （Oryza sativa L.） cultivation is considered an alternative production system to combat increased water scarcity and arsenic （As） contamination in the food chain. Pot experiments were conducted at the Wheat Research Centre, Dinajpur, Bangladesh to examine the role of water management （WM）, As and phosphorus （P） on yield and yield attributes of boro （variety BRRI dhan 29） and aman （variety BRRI dhan 32） rice. A total of 18 treatment combinations of the three levels of As （0, 20 and 40 mg/kg） and P （0, 12.5 and 25.0 mg/kg） and two WM strategies （aerobic and anaerobic） were investigated. Yield attributes were significantly affected by increasing As levels. Grain yields of BRRI dhan 29 and BRRI dhan 32 were reduced from 63.0 to 7.7 and 35.0 to 16.5 g/pot with increasing As application, respectively, indicating a greater sensitivity of BRRI dhan 29 than BRRI dhan 32. Moreover, As toxicity was reduced with aerobic compared to anaerobic WM for all P levels. During early growth stages, phytotoxic symptoms appeared on BRRI dhan 29 and BRRI dhan 32 rice stems with increasing As levels without applying P under anaerobic WM. Under anaerobic and As-contaminated conditions, BRRI dhan 29 was highly susceptible to straighthead, which dramatically reduced grain yields. There were significant relationships between the number of effective tillers per pot and root dry weight, grain yield, and number of fertile and unfertile grains per pot for both BRRI dhan 29 and BRRI dhan 32 （P＆lt;0.001）. Our findings indicate that rice could be grown aerobically in As-contaminated areas with a reduced risk of As toxicity and yield loss.展开更多
There is a growing need for both science and practice domains to collaboratively and systematically seek knowledge-based strategies for sustainable development. In recent years, transdisciplinary research has emerged ...There is a growing need for both science and practice domains to collaboratively and systematically seek knowledge-based strategies for sustainable development. In recent years, transdisciplinary research has emerged as a new approach that enables joint problem solving among scientists and stakeholders in various fields. In this paper, we aim to introduce transdisciplinary research for supporting the integration of the concept of eco- system services into land and water management in the Tarim River Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China. While a large number of ecosystem service studies have helped to raise the awareness for the value of nature in China, a number of challenges remain, including an improved understanding of the relationships between ecosystem structure, functions and services, and the interaction of the various ecosystem services. A meaningful valuation of ecosystem services also requires the consideration of their strong spatial heterogeneity. In addition, ways to introduce the con- cept of ecosystem services into decision-making in China need to be explored. Thus, successful integration of the concept of ecosystem services into actual land and water management requires a broad knowledge base that only a number of scientific disciplines and stakeholders can provide jointly, via a transdisciplinary research process. We regard transdisciplinary research as a recursive process to support adaptive management that includes joint knowledge generation and integration among scientists and stakeholders. System, target, and transformation knowledge are generated and integrated during the process of （1） problem （re）definition, （2） problem analysis and strategy development, and （3） evaluation of the impact of the derived strategy. Methods to support transdisciplinary research comprise participatory modelling （actor-based modelling and Bayesian Networks modelling） and partici- patory scenario development. Actor-based modelling is a semi-quantitative method that is based on the analysis of problem perspectives of individual stakeholders as depicted in perception graphs. With Bayesian Networks, com- plex problem fields are modelled probabilistically in a simplified manner, using both quantitative data and qualitative expert judgments. These participatory methods serve to integrate diverse scientific and stakeholder knowledge and to support the generation of actually implementable management strategies for sustainable development. For the purpose of integrating ecosystem services in land and water management in the Tarim River Basin through trans- disciplinary research, collaboration among scientists and institutional stakeholders from different sectors including water, agriculture, forestry, and nature conservation is required. The challenge is to adapt methods of transdisci- plinary research to socio-cultural conditions in China, particularly regarding ways of communication and deci- sion-making.展开更多
Oman is an arid country with an average annual rainfall of 100 mm.Agricultural productions in Oman is almost fully dependent on irrigation.More than one third of irrigation water is supplied by aflaj(singular:falaj),w...Oman is an arid country with an average annual rainfall of 100 mm.Agricultural productions in Oman is almost fully dependent on irrigation.More than one third of irrigation water is supplied by aflaj(singular:falaj),which provide 680×10^6 m^3 of water per year and irrigate some 26,500 ha.Aflaj are trenches and tunnels,which are dug in the ground to convey water from one place to another.This study analyzed the existing management of Falaj Al Khatmain and proposed improvements to the system regarding water utilization,enriching community living,distribution of water among the shareholders and the water circulation during day and night.Furthermore,the study estimated the surplus water during the wet period and determined the recharge area of groundwater using the rainfall,falaj flow,wadi flow,water table and lithology of the wells located in or around the study area.The study concluded that under the climatic and hydro-geologic conditions in the study area,the best arrangement for recharging the groundwater is an infiltration pond to store surplus water from thefalaj in the subsurface pond or reservoir without dam construction.展开更多
文摘This review critically examines strategies for sustainable groundwater and surface water management,emphasizing their integration to achieve environmental sustainability.The study synthesizes findings from a wide range of research articles,identifying key trends,gaps,and controversies within the field.It highlights the importance of cohesive management approaches that take into account climate change,policy impacts,and methodological advancements.The review aims to provide a structured,analytical discussion that aligns with the thematic focus of integrated water management.By offering original insights and practical recommendations,this review seeks to contribute to the development of more effective and sustainable water management practices.The analysis underscores the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate hydrological,ecological,and socio-economic factors.Furthermore,the review discusses the role of adaptive management and technological innovations in enhancing the resilience and efficiency of water management systems.The findings suggest that a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between groundwater and surface water is crucial for developing strategies that ensure long-term environmental sustainability.This review concludes with recommendations for future research and policy development,emphasizing the need for adaptive,resilient,and integrated water management strategies that can address the challenges posed by climate change and other environmental pressures.
基金financially supported by the UK Research Council EPRSC EP/W03395X/1the Program grant SynHiSel EP/V047078/1the Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Hub(H_(2)FC SUPERGEN)EP/P024807/1。
文摘Hydrophilicity is critical in Nafion membranes during fuel cell operation as insufficient membrane hydration leads to brittle behavior and a drop in proton conductivity.The incorporation of APTS(3-(aminopro pyl)triethoxysilane)into exfoliated graphene oxide(EGO)by covalent functionalization to be used as filler into Nafion membranes allows higher hydrophilicity for these membranes.This is associated with promoting hydroxyl,carbonyl,siloxane,silane,and amine groups within the EGO-APTS matrix.The incorporation of these materials as Fuel Cell MEAs leads to a significant reduction of the ohmic resistance measured at high frequency resistance(HFR)in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)experiments and achieves maximum power densities of 1.33 W cm^(-2)at 60℃ at 100%RH(APTS-EGO,0.2 wt%)and1.33 W cm^(-2)at 60℃ at 70%RH(APTS-EGO,0.3 wt%),which represents an improvement of 190%compared to the commercial Nafion 212 when utilizing low humidification conditions(70%).Moreover,the as-synthesized membrane utilizes lower Nafion ionomer mass,which,in conjunction with the excellent cell performance,has the potential to decrease the cost of the membrane from 87 to 80￡/W as well as a reduction of fluorinated compounds within the membrane.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFB4004700)。
文摘Anion exchange membrane fuel cells(AEMFCs)are considered a more affordable technology compared to proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs),but the performance and durability of AEMFCs are still not competent with PEMFCs owing to the more challenging water management,which severely hinders its development and real-life applications.In this study,we introduce the strategy to boost the performance and stability of the membrane electrode assembly(MEA)of AEMFCs by regulating the hydrophilicity of the anode and cathode ionomers.Two poly(biphenyl alkylene)ionomers with different hydrophilicity are synthesized and used to fabricate MEAs with asymmetric or symmetric ionomer configurations in the anodic and cathodic catalyst layers(CLs)for AEMFCs.Molecular dynamics(MD)simulations have revealed different diffusion rates of water in the hydrophobic anode and the hydrophilic cathode,which show the potential of this design to improve water management in AEMFCs,The effectiveness of this design is also confirmed by experimental results that the MEA with this asymmetric configuration exhibits the highest power and current densities of 1.58 W cm^(-2)or 5.58 A cm^(-2),respectively,among all configurations.Furthermore,this configuration also enhances the durability,with the MEA showing a voltage decay rate of only 313.1μV h^(-1)after 500 h of in-situ durability test at 0.2 A cm^(-2).This study provides new insights into the rational design of more efficient water management in MEA for high-performance AEMFCs.
基金funded by Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technology(Southern University of Science and Technology)Ministry of Education+1 种基金Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program(grant No.2016ZT06N500)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power(grant No.2018B030322001).
文摘The efficient and stable operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)in practical applications can be adversely affected by various contaminants.This study delves into the impact of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)contamination on the gas diffusion layer(GDL)and PEMFC performance,systematically analyzing the physicochemical property changes and their correlation with electrochemical performance.The results indicate that after post-treatment,the GDL surface exhibited exposed carbon fibers,cracks,and large pores in the microporous layer(MPL),with a noticeable detachment of PTFE.There was a marked reduction in C and F element signals,an increase in O element signals,deposition of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3),formation of C=O and C=C bonds,appearance of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)characteristic peaks,and changes in pore structure—all suggesting significant alterations in the GDL's surface morphology,structure,and chemical composition.The decline in mechanical strength and thermal stability,and increased surface roughness and resistance negatively impacted fuel cell performance.At high current densities,the emergence of water flooding increased mass transfer resistance from 0.1Ωcm^(2)to 1.968Ωcm^(2),with a maximum power density decay rate reaching 71.17%.This study reveals the significant negative impact of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)contamination on GDL and fuel cell performance,highlighting that changes in surface structure,reduced hydrophobicity,and increased mass transfer resistance are primary causes of performance degradation.The findings provide crucial insights for improving GDL materials,optimizing fuel cell manufacturing and operation processes,and addressing contamination issues in practical applications.
文摘This article elaborates on the application of smart water management in the construction of water plants and the operation and maintenance of pipeline networks,covering all layers of the technical framework,including IoT perception.It introduces full chain application scenarios,such as water source monitoring.It also involves BIM,intelligent IoT device applications,breakthroughs in pipeline monitoring system construction and operation technology,as well as the economic cost-effectiveness of innovative models,evaluation index systems,system iteration and upgrading strategies,and points out limitations and future development directions.
文摘The authors designed an ecological storm water system in a residential area to replace the conventional underground channels for the collection of storm water so as to reduce the nutrients and sediments discharged. This system contains natural sub-creeks as drainage channels discharging overflow to nearby creeks, an open green trench, a storage pond, and natural sub-creeks. The sub -creeks were designed to be integrated into community landscape, which not only increases the efficiency of water usage, but also improves the aesthetic qualities of the community residence area as required by Agenda 21. This research proved the feasibility of an open storm water collection and utilization system for the design of a community water system.
基金Partly financed by the Training Fund of the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs, P. R. China.
文摘Australia is one of the world leaders in water management. The country meets the challenge of water shortage with established integrated water management in which rainwater is taken as a too precious resource to be just drained off. In Australia, rainwater is extensively harvested and polished to provide cheaper supply for potable and non-potable domestic uses, irrigation, landscaping, refilling aquifers and other uses. Implementing dual management over the quantity and quality of storm water and practicing water sensitive urban design (WSUD) in urban areas effectively control non-point-source pollution of waterways by pollutants carried with runoffs, reduce the discharge of rainwater and thus protect properties and lives from damage by floods. These achievements are attributed to constant reinforcement by govenments from federal to local levels in policy, financial, legal and educational aspects, and also to the lasting efforts of professional communities and water industry in developing requisite techniques, demonstrating the benefits and fostering public credence of rainwater reuse. The successful rainwater management practices in Australia suggest rainwater harvesting can be a complimentary means for the South-to-North Water Transfer Scheme to solve the water shortage in China's northern regions, and thus release to a degree the pressure on the Yangtze water resources. Best management practices of rainwater can be an effective controlling strategy for flooding and non-point-source water pollution of waterways. Such in-site source control initiatives have particular significance to protecting slow waterways of weak self-purification ability, like the Three Gorges Reservior.
基金Major National Scientific Research Projects, No.2012CB956204 National Basic Research Program of China, No.2015CB452701, No.2010CB428406 National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.51279140
文摘This paper addresses issues on adaptive water management under the impact of climate change. Based on a set of comprehensive indicators of water system, a decision making approach of multi-objects is developed and applied to quantify water adaptive man- agement for the demands of water sustainable use, water environmental protection and eco-water requirement under the climate change. For this study in China, two key indicators are proposed, namely （1） the water resources vulnerability （V） that was represented by inte- grated sensitivity （S） and resilience （C） of climate change impact on water resources, and （2） the sustainability of socio-economy and water environment, marked by DD, that is integrated scaler of socio-economic development （EG） based on the amount of GDP and the water en- vironment and relative eco-system quality （LI）. To find a reasonable solution for adaptive water management, a multi-objective decision making model of adaptive water management is further developed and the multi-objective model was transformed into an integrated single optimization model through developing an integrated measure function, called as VDD=DD/V. This approach has been applied to adaptive water resources planning and management for case study of China with new policy, called as the strict management of water resources based on three red line controls, i.e., the control of total water use by the total water re- sources allocation, the control of lower water use efficiency by the water demand manage- ment and the control of the total waste water load by water quality management in the East- ern China Monsoon Region that covers major eight big river basins including Yangtze River, Yellow River, Haihe River and Huaihe River. It is shown that the synthetic representation of water resource vulnerability and socio-economic sustainability by the integrated objective function （VDD） and integrated decision making model are workable and practicable. Adaptive management effect of the criterion compliance rate and water use efficiency are more ap- preciable through new water policy of the three red line controls, which can reduce 21.3% of the water resources vulnerability （V） and increase 18.4% of the sustainability of socio- economy and water environment （DD） for the unfavorable scenario of climate change in2030.
文摘Worldwide,several regions suffer from water scarcity and contamination.The infiltration and subsurface storage of rain and river water can reduce water stress.Artificial groundwater recharge,possibly combined with bank filtration,plant purification and/or the use of subsurface dams and artificial aquifers,is especially advantageous in areas where layers of gravel and sand exist below the earth's surface.Artificial infiltration of surface water into the uppermost aquifer has qualitative and quantitative advantages.The contamination of infiltrated river water will be reduced by natural attenuation.Clay minerals,iron hydroxide and humic matter as well as microorganisms located in the subsurface have high decontamination capacities.By this,a final water treatment,if necessary,becomes much easier and cheaper.The quantitative effect concerns the seasonally changing river discharge that influences the possibility of water extraction for drinking water purposes.Such changes can be equalised by seasonally adapted infiltration/extraction of water in/out of the aquifer according to the river discharge and the water need.This method enables a continuous water supply over the whole year.Generally,artificially recharged groundwater is better protected against pollution than surface water,and the delimitation of water protection zones makes it even more save.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41201300 and 41325003)the High Technology Research Development Program of the People's Republic of China (No. 2012AA06A204)
文摘Pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water regimes on the speciation and accumulation of arsenic（As） and cadmium（Cd） in Brazilian upland rice growing in soils polluted with both As and Cd. In the pot experiment constant and intermittent flooding treatments gave 3–16 times higher As concentrations in soil solution than did aerobic conditions but Cd showed the opposite trend. Compared to arsenate, there were more marked changes in the arsenite concentrations in the soil solution as water management shifted, and therefore arsenite concentrations dominated the As speciation and bioavailability in the soil. In the field experiment As concentrations in the rice grains increased from 0.14 to 0.21 mg/kg while Cd concentrations decreased from 0.21 to 0.02 mg/kg with increasing irrigation ranging from aerobic to constantly flooding conditions. Among the various water regimes the conventional irrigation treatment produced the highest rice grain yield of 6.29 tons/ha. The As speciation analysis reveals that the accumulation of dimethylarsinic acid（from 11.3% to 61.7%） made a greater contribution to the increase in total As in brown rice in the intermittent and constant flooding treatments compared to the intermittent-aerobic treatment. Thus, water management exerted opposite effects on Cd and As speciation and bioavailability in the soil and consequently on their accumulation in the upland rice. Special care is required when irrigation regime methods are employed to mitigate the accumulation of metal（loid）s in the grain of rice grown in soils polluted with both As and Cd.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30030090) Jiangsu Key Project of Science and Technology(BE2001331).
文摘The interactions of water management and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen absorption and utilization were studied in rice with Wuxiangjing9 (japonica). The results showed that the nitrogen uptake and remaining in straw increased and the percentage of nitrogen translocation (PNT) from vegetative organs, nitrogen dry matter production efficiency (NDMPE) and nitrogen grain production efficiency (NGPE) decreased with nitrogen increasing. The nitrogen uptake and NGPE decreased when severe water stressed. However, rice not only decreased the nitrogen uptake but also increased the PNT from vegetative organs, NDMPE and NGPE when mild water stressed. There were obvious interactions between nitrogen fertilizer and water management, such as with water stress increasing the effect of nitrogen on increasing nitrogen uptake was reduced and that on decreasing NDMPE was intensified.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21838003,91834301)the Shanghai Scientific and Technological Innovation Project(18JC1410600,19JC1410400)+2 种基金the Social Development Program of Shanghai(17DZ1200900)the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commissionthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(222201718002)。
文摘Mass transport is crucial to the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells,especially at high current densities.Generally,the oxygen and the generated water share same transmission medium but move towards opposite direction,which leads to serious mass transfer problems.Herein,a series of patterned catalyst layer were prepared with a simple one-step impressing method using nylon sieves as templates.With grooves 100μm in width and 8μm in depth on the surface of cathode catalyst layer,the maximum power density of fuel cell increases by 10%without any additional durability loss while maintaining a similar electrochemical surface area.The concentration contours calculated by finite element analysis reveal that the grooves built on the surface of catalyst layer serve to accumulate the water nearby while oxygen tends to transfer through relatively convex region,which results from capillary pressure difference caused by the pore structure difference between the two regions.The separation of oxidant gas and generated water avoids mass confliction thus boosts mass transport efficiency.
基金supported by the grants from the Project of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution in Japan(the Special Scheme to Create Dynamism in Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries through Deploying Highly Advanced Technology)(Grant No.shoNavi1000)。
文摘To clarify the optimal water management in large-scale fields under high temperatures at the ripening period,effective water managements during this period for improvement of yield,appearance quality and palatability were investigated.Compared with intermittent irrigation and flooded irrigation,the soil temperature with saturated irrigation remained low throughout the day,and the decrease rate of the bleeding rate of hills was the lowest.These results suggested that the saturated irrigation maintained root activity.For the three irrigation types,the number of spikelets per m2 and 1000-grain weight were similar,however,saturated irrigation resulted in significantly higher rice yield due to improvement in the percentage of ripened grains.The saturated irrigation produced a high percentage of perfect rice grains and thicker brown rice grain,furthermore,the palatability of cooked rice was excellent because protein content and hardness/adhesion ratio were both low.Thus,under high-temperature ripening conditions,soil temperature was lowered and root activity was maintained when applying saturated irrigation after heading time.The results indicated that saturated irrigation is an effective countermeasure against high-temperature ripening damage.
文摘In the light of the national policy of fallow, this study was conducted to determine how the different water management and lime application would affect soil physical and chemical properties, rice yield and cadmium （Cd） content of rice in fallow season. The results showed that, compared with the arid fallow, the waterlogging fallow decreased the soil pH value whereas signifcantly increased the soil organic matter content and the cation exchange quantity, and reduced the soil effective cadmium content and the rice cadmium content whereas could increase the rice yield to a certain extent. In the fooded fallow or the dry fallow, the application of lime mainly depended on the alkali conditioning of lime and the antagonistic effect of Ca2＋, which could signifcantly reduce the cadmium content of rice, and its effect would increase linearly with the increase of lime dosage, whereas had no significant effect on soil organic matter content and cation exchange quantity. In order to establish a linear equation of lime dosage and related indexes under the condition of waterlogging fallow or dry fallow, calculations showed that each application of lime at 1 000 kg/hm2 or kg/hmss2 could improve soil pH value by 0.238 2 or 0.246 5units respectively, and reduce the effective Cd content to 0.007 5 mg/kg both in the arid fallow and the waterlogging fallow conditions. The lime theoretic application rate for the lowest Cd content of late rice in the arid fallow was 5 120 kg/hm2, and the minimum limit of the Cd content in rice was 0.124 2 mg/kg; and the lime theoretic application rate for the highest yield of late rice in the submerged water fallow was 4 636 kg/hm2, the minimum theoretic Cd content in rice is 0.100 7 mg/kg, and it could reduce the Cd content in rice under the condition of submerged fallow and decrease the dosage of lime.
文摘The development of oasis along the edge of the Tengerli Desert, where underground water is available, is one of the major strategies to reallocate 'ecological refuges' from their seriously degraded grasslands to agriculturally cultivable land. Yet, underground water resources, the major constraint, hate not been fully integrated in the development process. Therefore, the decline of water resources and deterioration of water quality caused by over-consumption of water resources has begun to hinder further development and has even fed to the abandonment of some oasis. A system dynamics modeling approach is applied to analyze the water use and water management structures in Yaoba Oasis as a case study. The study attempts to identify the characteristics of major feedback loops, which dominate the over-use of underground water resources leading to the deterioration of water resources in quantity and quality.
文摘This manuscript is an attempt to demonstrate effectiveness of nature-based solutions (NBS) and measures to reduce risk of flooding and environmental impact in urban settings. The nature-based solutions (NBS) were assessed as scenarios from experience of urban storm drainage and sewerage systems based on practices that improve urban water management through modelling using urban stormwater management model (SWMM). The model has been applied in a typical urban environment in the second city in Botswana, the City of Francistown, which has a population of more than one hundred thousand. By considering the 2-yr and 10-year storm events in a calibrated SWMM, NBS scenarios from a mix of low impact and drainage measures were considered. The considered NBS scenarios were used to determine their effectiveness in terms of reducing and controlling peak runoff, flood volumes, infiltration and evapotranspiration in the study area, which are vital in assessing the opportunity and challenge for sustainable management of water resources and associated tradeoff of investments in the urban contexts. The study demonstrates the usefulness of implementing effective measures for achieving NBS in urban context and possibility of outscaling at basin and regional levels.
基金grants from the Deutsche Forschungs-gemeinschaft(DFG)support from the Aga Khan Development Network(AKDN)
文摘Water management in general and in the Indus Basin in particular is concerned with the energy-efficient transportation of hydrologically exploitable resources from the upper zone to climatically favourable areas where irrigation helps to supersede arid conditions for the cultivation of crops and watering of meadows.In other words:Human intervention sets the stage for the allocation of water from a wider catchment area in a smaller habitat where this resource is deficient.Emphasis on mountain irrigation practices is counteracted with developments in the forelands where different frame conditions prevail and peculiar development problems occur.In dealing with the importance of water from the mountain regions three dimensions have to be evaluated:1) natural factors and their validity for the environmental frame conditions and technological adaptation processes;2) social factors and their impact on culture,economy and equitability;3) institutional factors and their importance for sustainable growth and for the implementation of development projects.In the study of decentralized irrigation systems in high mountain regions of the Indus Basin a systems theoretical approach values the complexity of interrelationships between different systems elements.Human activities in arid mountain regions are restricted by limiting ecological factors and are characterized by certain utilization and adaptive strategies.
基金USAID funded subproject on Impact of Arsenic Contamination on Agricultural Sustainability and Food Quality(Main USAID Grant No.388-G-00-02-00070-00)
文摘Aerobic rice （Oryza sativa L.） cultivation is considered an alternative production system to combat increased water scarcity and arsenic （As） contamination in the food chain. Pot experiments were conducted at the Wheat Research Centre, Dinajpur, Bangladesh to examine the role of water management （WM）, As and phosphorus （P） on yield and yield attributes of boro （variety BRRI dhan 29） and aman （variety BRRI dhan 32） rice. A total of 18 treatment combinations of the three levels of As （0, 20 and 40 mg/kg） and P （0, 12.5 and 25.0 mg/kg） and two WM strategies （aerobic and anaerobic） were investigated. Yield attributes were significantly affected by increasing As levels. Grain yields of BRRI dhan 29 and BRRI dhan 32 were reduced from 63.0 to 7.7 and 35.0 to 16.5 g/pot with increasing As application, respectively, indicating a greater sensitivity of BRRI dhan 29 than BRRI dhan 32. Moreover, As toxicity was reduced with aerobic compared to anaerobic WM for all P levels. During early growth stages, phytotoxic symptoms appeared on BRRI dhan 29 and BRRI dhan 32 rice stems with increasing As levels without applying P under anaerobic WM. Under anaerobic and As-contaminated conditions, BRRI dhan 29 was highly susceptible to straighthead, which dramatically reduced grain yields. There were significant relationships between the number of effective tillers per pot and root dry weight, grain yield, and number of fertile and unfertile grains per pot for both BRRI dhan 29 and BRRI dhan 32 （P＆lt;0.001）. Our findings indicate that rice could be grown aerobically in As-contaminated areas with a reduced risk of As toxicity and yield loss.
基金funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF)
文摘There is a growing need for both science and practice domains to collaboratively and systematically seek knowledge-based strategies for sustainable development. In recent years, transdisciplinary research has emerged as a new approach that enables joint problem solving among scientists and stakeholders in various fields. In this paper, we aim to introduce transdisciplinary research for supporting the integration of the concept of eco- system services into land and water management in the Tarim River Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China. While a large number of ecosystem service studies have helped to raise the awareness for the value of nature in China, a number of challenges remain, including an improved understanding of the relationships between ecosystem structure, functions and services, and the interaction of the various ecosystem services. A meaningful valuation of ecosystem services also requires the consideration of their strong spatial heterogeneity. In addition, ways to introduce the con- cept of ecosystem services into decision-making in China need to be explored. Thus, successful integration of the concept of ecosystem services into actual land and water management requires a broad knowledge base that only a number of scientific disciplines and stakeholders can provide jointly, via a transdisciplinary research process. We regard transdisciplinary research as a recursive process to support adaptive management that includes joint knowledge generation and integration among scientists and stakeholders. System, target, and transformation knowledge are generated and integrated during the process of （1） problem （re）definition, （2） problem analysis and strategy development, and （3） evaluation of the impact of the derived strategy. Methods to support transdisciplinary research comprise participatory modelling （actor-based modelling and Bayesian Networks modelling） and partici- patory scenario development. Actor-based modelling is a semi-quantitative method that is based on the analysis of problem perspectives of individual stakeholders as depicted in perception graphs. With Bayesian Networks, com- plex problem fields are modelled probabilistically in a simplified manner, using both quantitative data and qualitative expert judgments. These participatory methods serve to integrate diverse scientific and stakeholder knowledge and to support the generation of actually implementable management strategies for sustainable development. For the purpose of integrating ecosystem services in land and water management in the Tarim River Basin through trans- disciplinary research, collaboration among scientists and institutional stakeholders from different sectors including water, agriculture, forestry, and nature conservation is required. The challenge is to adapt methods of transdisci- plinary research to socio-cultural conditions in China, particularly regarding ways of communication and deci- sion-making.
文摘Oman is an arid country with an average annual rainfall of 100 mm.Agricultural productions in Oman is almost fully dependent on irrigation.More than one third of irrigation water is supplied by aflaj(singular:falaj),which provide 680×10^6 m^3 of water per year and irrigate some 26,500 ha.Aflaj are trenches and tunnels,which are dug in the ground to convey water from one place to another.This study analyzed the existing management of Falaj Al Khatmain and proposed improvements to the system regarding water utilization,enriching community living,distribution of water among the shareholders and the water circulation during day and night.Furthermore,the study estimated the surplus water during the wet period and determined the recharge area of groundwater using the rainfall,falaj flow,wadi flow,water table and lithology of the wells located in or around the study area.The study concluded that under the climatic and hydro-geologic conditions in the study area,the best arrangement for recharging the groundwater is an infiltration pond to store surplus water from thefalaj in the subsurface pond or reservoir without dam construction.
