OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of electroacupuncture(EA)at scalp motor area for treating post-stroke wrist dyskinesia and its influence on the function of wrist movement-related agonistic muscles.METHODS:A randomi...OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of electroacupuncture(EA)at scalp motor area for treating post-stroke wrist dyskinesia and its influence on the function of wrist movement-related agonistic muscles.METHODS:A randomized,single-blind,controlled clinical trial was conducted.Sixty-six patients undergoing post-stroke wrist dyskinesia were enrolled and randomized 1:1 to EA or control group.Patients in the control group received manual acupuncture in the scalp motor area(MS 6)on the lesion side.The same acupoint was selected to accept EA stimulation in the EA group.All patients were treated six times a week for three weeks.The primary outcome was the Chinese Stroke Scale(CSS)score.The secondary outcomes included upper limb-related Barthel Index(BI)score,active range of motion(AROM)of the wrist joint,and root mean square(RMS)of the four agonistic muscles associated with wrist motion on the hemiplegic side of patients,i.e.,the extensor carpi radialis longus(ECRL),extensor digitorum(ED),flexor carpi radialis(FCR)and flexor carpi ulnaris(FCU).The above indicators were measured before and after three weeks of treatment.RESULTS:After 3-week treatment,the CSS score and AROM of wrist dorsiflexion of the EA group were better than those in the control group(P=0.038,P=0.047).The differences between the two groups of BI scores and AROM of wrist flexion were not significant(P>0.05).All RMS of the EA group were higher than those in the control group(ECRL:P=0.047,ED:P=0.048,FCR:P=0.049,FCU:P=0.047).The total effective rate in the EA group was 87.50%(28/32),which was higher than that in the control group(77.42%,24/31,P=0.048).CONCLUSION:EA stimulation of the scalp motor area can promote the recovery of the strength and function of the agonistic muscles related to wrist movement and effectively improve post-stroke wrist dyskinesia.展开更多
The wrist unit is crucial in humanoid robots,determining their operational dexterity and precision.To address current challenges such as excessive size,limited Degrees of Freedom(DoFs),and insufficient load capacity,w...The wrist unit is crucial in humanoid robots,determining their operational dexterity and precision.To address current challenges such as excessive size,limited Degrees of Freedom(DoFs),and insufficient load capacity,we propose a 3-DoF humanoid wrist inspired by the human forearm and wrist anatomy.This paper explores the principles of wrist bionic design and introduces a parallel mechanism actuated by a brushless DC motor(BLDC)-ball screw to achieve flexion/extension(F/E)and radial flexion/ulnar deviation(R/U),as along with pronation/supination(P/S)through an end-coupling design.We conducted an analysis on the inverse kinematic model and singularities of the humanoid wrist.Additionally,the workspace and motion capabilities of the humanoid wrist were evaluated.A prototype based on this design was built to demonstrate its motion and functional performance,verifying the feasibility and practicality of the humanoid wrist.This research provides a more compact design approach for future humanoid wrist development.展开更多
Based on an analysis of the relative shaft-to-hole position and attiude errors, as well as of the mechanics and Kinematics in the process of automatic assembly of industrial robots, the paper studies the principle of ...Based on an analysis of the relative shaft-to-hole position and attiude errors, as well as of the mechanics and Kinematics in the process of automatic assembly of industrial robots, the paper studies the principle of construction of dynamic wrists. Type I-3 and Ⅱ-6 dynamic compliant wrists have been designed and made. Prblems in the production of compliant elements and the connection between compliant elements and wrists were also solved. A study on the results of tests of the function of two kinds of dynamic compliant wrists shows that the dynamic compliant wrist's compliancy function can be improved by adding metallic materials having higher longitudinal and transverse rigidity into the softer elstomer. And the design Principle is proved to be feasible and practicable. It can be expected that the use of dynamic compliant wrist will greatly lower the technical requirements of the shaft-hole assembly and the requirements in the resetting accuracy.展开更多
BACKGROUND A snapping wrist is a rare symptom that results from the sudden impingement of one anatomic structure against another,subsequently causing a sudden movement only during wrist movement.CASE SUMMARY A 30-year...BACKGROUND A snapping wrist is a rare symptom that results from the sudden impingement of one anatomic structure against another,subsequently causing a sudden movement only during wrist movement.CASE SUMMARY A 30-year-old woman with a history of right wrist contusion reported right wrist snapping after overuse.The snapping became symptomatic after moving heavy objects.The pain persisted even when she received 1 mo of conservative treatment.Physical examination showed painful wrist snapping during wrist radioulnar motion and thumb abduction-adduction.Radiography demonstrated bone overgrowth over the radial styloid process.Sonography disclosed a tendon jumping over a bony prominence in the first compartment during wrist motion.Magnetic resonance imaging revealed no anomalous tendon nor tumorlike lesion.Under the wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet(WALANT)technique,the lesion was identified in the first extensor compartment.The patient received stepwise extensor retinaculum release,synovectomy,and bone spur removal.By 6th week,the patient was completely free of pain and unable to snap her wrist.She started working 7 wk after the surgery.One year after the surgery,the wrist snap was not recurrent.CONCLUSION Careful physical examination and dynamic sonography may confirm the diagnosis of a snapping wrist.With the WALANT technique,the lesion could be identified under direct vision,and we could take stepwise interventions according to intraoperative presentations.展开更多
BACKGROUND Four-corner fusion(4CF)is a motion sparing salvage procedure that is used to treat osteoarthritis secondary to advanced scapholunate collapse or longstanding scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse.Little is kn...BACKGROUND Four-corner fusion(4CF)is a motion sparing salvage procedure that is used to treat osteoarthritis secondary to advanced scapholunate collapse or longstanding scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse.Little is known about the long-term survivorship and outcomes of 4CF.AIM To report on clinical and functional long-term outcomes as well as conversion rates to total wrist fusion or arthroplasty.METHODS The systematic review protocol was registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews(PROSPERO)and followed the PRISMA guidelines.Original articles were screened using four different databases.Studies with a minimum Level IV of evidence that reported on long-term outcome after 4CF with a minimum follow-up of 5 years were included.Quality assessment was performed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies criteria.RESULTS A total of 11 studies including 436 wrists with a mean follow-up of 11±4 years(range:6-18 years)was included.Quality assessment according to Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies criteria tool averaged 69%±11%(range:50%-87%).Fusion rate could be extracted from 9/11 studies and averaged 91%.Patient-reported outcomes were extracted at last follow-up from 8 studies with an average visual analog scale of 1±1(range:0-2)and across 9 studies with an average Disabilities of the Arm,Shoulder and Hand score of 21±8(range:8-37).At last follow-up,the cumulative conversion rate to total wrist fusion averaged 6%.There were no conversions to total wrist arthroplasty.CONCLUSION The 4CF of the wrist is a reliable surgical technique,capable of achieving a good long-term patient satisfaction and survivorship with low rates of conversion to total wrist fusion.展开更多
Objective The objective of this report was to demonstrate the clinical application of free flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps for the treatment of high-tension electrical wrist burns.Methods We collected the data ...Objective The objective of this report was to demonstrate the clinical application of free flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps for the treatment of high-tension electrical wrist burns.Methods We collected the data of 8 patients with high-tension electrical wrist burns admitted to Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from January 2014 to December 2018.The clinical and pathological data were extracted from electronic hospital medical records.We obtained follow-up information through clinic visits.Results The injury sites for all 8 patients were the wrists,specifically 5 right and 3 left wrists,all of which were on the flexor side.Five patients had ulnar artery embolism necrosis and patency,with injury to the radial artery.Two patients had ulnar and radial arterial embolization and necrosis.The last patient had ulnar arterial embolization and necrosis with a normal radial artery.After debridement,the wound area ranged from 12 cm×9 cm to 25 cm×16 cm.The diagnoses for the eight patients were type II to type III high-tension electrical wrist burns.Free flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps(combined with great saphenous vein transplantation if necessary)were used to repair the wounds.The prognosis for all patients was good after six months to one year of follow-up.Conclusion Treating wrist types II and III high-tension electrical burns is still challenging in clinical practice.The use of free flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps(combined with great saphenous vein transplantation if necessary)to repair the wound and to restore the blood supply for the hand at the same time is a good choice for treating severe wrist electrical burns.展开更多
BACKGROUND Multiple rice bodies in the wrist is a rare disorder that requires surgery,and there are still many uncertainties regarding its diagnosis and treatment.CASE SUMMARY We described a rare case of chronic idiop...BACKGROUND Multiple rice bodies in the wrist is a rare disorder that requires surgery,and there are still many uncertainties regarding its diagnosis and treatment.CASE SUMMARY We described a rare case of chronic idiopathic tenosynovitis with rice bodies of the wrist in a 71-year-old man and reviewed similar topics in the literature.A total of 43 articles and 61 cases were included in the literature review.Our case had a usual presentation:it was similar to those in the literature.The affected population was mainly older adults,with an average age of 59.43(range,3 to 90)years.The male-to-female ratio was 1.54:1(37/24).Most of them showed limited swelling and pain,only 23.0%had carpal tunnel symptoms,and the average disease duration was 18.03(0.5-60)mo.Wrist flexor tendon sheath involvement was the most common(95.1%,58/61),and only 3 cases had extensor tendon sheath involvement.The main causes were tuberculosis(34.4%,21/61),nontuberculous mycobacteria(24.6%,15/61),idiopathic tenosynovitis(31.1%,19/61),and others(9.84%,6/61).There were 10 patients with recurrences;in 6 of them,were due to non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections.CONCLUSION We reported a case of wrist idiopathic tenosynovitis with rice body formation,and established a clinical management algorithm for wrist tenosynovitis with rice bodies,which can provide some reference for our clinical diagnosis and treatment.The symptoms of rice-body bursitis of the wrist are insidious,nonspecific,and difficult to identify.The aetiology is mainly idiopathic tenosynovitis and mycobacterial(tuberculosis or non-tuberculous)infections;the latter are difficult to treat and require long-duration systemic combination antibiotic therapies.Therefore,before a diagnosis of idiopathic tenosynovitis is made,we must exclude other causes,especially mycobacterial infections.展开更多
In rheumatoid arthritis the small joints of the feet and hands are the first targets of the autoimmune process. In about one half of the patient the wrist is involved in the first stages of the disease(two years) incr...In rheumatoid arthritis the small joints of the feet and hands are the first targets of the autoimmune process. In about one half of the patient the wrist is involved in the first stages of the disease(two years) increasing up to nearly 90 percent after a decade often including both sides. Osteoarthritis of the wrist is one of the most common conditions encountered by hand surgeons. One aim of all treatment options is to achieve the best possible hand function without pain. If conservative treatment fails, operative treatment is necessary. Choice of surgical treatment depends on the soft tissue and bone situation. Techniques can be differentiated by joint preservation or joint replacement. The first include radio-synoviorthesis, synovectomy and tendon repair, the latter resection-arthroplasty, total joint arthroplasty and arthrodesis. In this paper arthrodesis of the wrist as one treatment option is reviewed.展开更多
Objective:To observe the influence of wrist-ankle acupuncture(WAA)on postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV)undergoing radiofrequency ablation(RFA)in thyroid nodule and its analgesic effect.Methods:A total of 66 patie...Objective:To observe the influence of wrist-ankle acupuncture(WAA)on postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV)undergoing radiofrequency ablation(RFA)in thyroid nodule and its analgesic effect.Methods:A total of 66 patients with thyroid nodule and undergoing RFA were randomized into a WAA group and a sham-acupuncture(SA)group,33 cases in each one.Acupuncture was exerted after the patients entering operation room.In the WAA group,WAA was applied on the bilateral Upper 1,2 and 3 areas.In the SA group,the sham-acupuncture was given on the same areas.In 30 min after needle insertion,the routine RFA started in the patients of the two groups.All the needles were removed when the operation was finished.The proportion of intraoperative sufentanil supplementation,the incidence of24 h PONV and the proportion of intraoperative intravenous injection of urapidil were recorded in the patients of the two groups.Results:In the WAA group,sufentanil was supplemented by 12.90%,obviously less than 36.36%in the SA group.The incidence of 24 h PONV was 9.68%in the WAA group,remarkably lower than 27.27%in the SA group,indicating statistical significances(both P<0.05).The intravenous injection of urapidil was not applied during operation in the two groups,without statistical difference between the groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Wrist-ankle acupuncture reduces the intraoperative demand of sufentanil in radiofrequency ablation of thyroid nodule and this therapy is preventive for PONV.展开更多
Wrist cracks are the most common sort of cracks with an excessive occurrence rate.For the routine detection of wrist cracks,conventional radiography(X-ray medical imaging)is used but periodically issues are presented ...Wrist cracks are the most common sort of cracks with an excessive occurrence rate.For the routine detection of wrist cracks,conventional radiography(X-ray medical imaging)is used but periodically issues are presented by crack depiction.Wrist cracks often appear in the human arbitrary bone due to accidental injuries such as slipping.Indeed,many hospitals lack experienced clinicians to diagnose wrist cracks.Therefore,an automated system is required to reduce the burden on clinicians and identify cracks.In this study,we have designed a novel residual network-based convolutional neural network(CNN)for the crack detection of the wrist.For the classification of wrist cracks medical imaging,the diagnostics accuracy of the RN-21CNN model is compared with four well-known transfer learning(TL)models such as Inception V3,Vgg16,ResNet-50,and Vgg19,to assist the medical imaging technologist in identifying the cracks that occur due to wrist fractures.The RN-21CNN model achieved an accuracy of 0.97 which is much better than its competitor`s approaches.The results reveal that implementing a correct generalization that a computer-aided recognition system precisely designed for the assistance of clinician would limit the number of incorrect diagnoses and also saves a lot of time.展开更多
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance(IR)is the main complication found in 35%-80%of women with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).However,there is no definite consensus regarding which marker to use for its assessment in PCOS w...BACKGROUND Insulin resistance(IR)is the main complication found in 35%-80%of women with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).However,there is no definite consensus regarding which marker to use for its assessment in PCOS women.Research has shown that hyperinsulinemia is correlated with increased bone mass.Given that most women with PCOS are insulin resistant,which is independent from body fat and characterized by hyperinsulinemia,it could be hypothesized that there would be an increased bone mass in the patient as a result.Subsequently,increased bone mass could be measured using the wrist circumference method.AIM To assess the wrist circumference as an easy-to-detect marker of IR in Congolese women with PCOS.METHODS Seventy-two Congolese women with PCOS and seventy-one controls from the same ethnic group,were enrolled in the study(mean age 24.33±5.36 years).Fasting biochemical parameters,and the Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR)and body composition were evaluated.The nondominant wrist circumference was measured manually,as was the waist circumference(WC),hip circumference,height and weight.Calculated measures included evaluation of body mass index(BMI),Waist-to-Height(WHtR)and Waist-to-hip ratio(WHR).In addition,body composition was assessed by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis using a body fat analyzer.RESULTS The non-dominant wrist circumference was more closely correlated with HOMAIR(r=0.346;P=0.003)and was the best anthropometrical marker correlated with IR(P=0.011)compared with other anthropometrical markers in women with PCOS:Dominant Wrist Circumference(r=0.315;P=0.007),Waist Circumference(WC)(r=0.259;P=0.028),BMI(r=0.285;P=0.016),WHR(r=0.216;P=0,068)and WHtR(r=0.263;P=0.027).The diagnostic accuracy of the non-dominant wrist circumference for the presence or absence of IR using Receiver-operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve was 0.72.A cutoff value for the non-dominant wrist circumference of 16.3 cm was found to be the best predictor of IR in Congolese women with PCOS.CONCLUSION Non-dominant wrist circumference is,to date,the best anthropometrical marker of IR in Sub-Saharan African women with PCOS.It could be suggested as an easy-to-detect marker for assessing IR.展开更多
A prototype of a novel hybrid hand is developed by combing a parallel wrist with three flexible fingers.Its dynamics model is established,its grabbed forces are measured,and its grabbing performances are analyzed.Firs...A prototype of a novel hybrid hand is developed by combing a parallel wrist with three flexible fingers.Its dynamics model is established,its grabbed forces are measured,and its grabbing performances are analyzed.First,Jacobian and Hessian matrices of the moving platform in the parallel wrist are derived,the kinematics formulas for solving the general velocity and the general acceleration of the moving platform are derived.Second its dynamics model is established for solving the dynamic actuation forces,the dynamic constrained forces of the developed hybrid hand.Third,its simulation mechanism is constructed in Matlab,and the theoretical solutions of the kinematics and the dynamics of the developed hybrid hand are verified to be correct using its simulation mechanism.Finally,when objects with different mass are grabbed by prototype of hybrid hand in different poses,the grabbed forces are measured,and the grabbing performances are discovered and analyzed to verify its merits.展开更多
AIM: To quantify the wrist cartilage cross-sectional area in humans from a 3D magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) dataset and to assess the corresponding reproducibility. METHODS: The study was conducted in 14 healthy vol...AIM: To quantify the wrist cartilage cross-sectional area in humans from a 3D magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) dataset and to assess the corresponding reproducibility. METHODS: The study was conducted in 14 healthy volunteers(6 females and 8 males) between 30 and 58 years old and devoid of articular pain. Subjectswere asked to lie down in the supine position with the right hand positioned above the pelvic region on top of a home-built rigid platform attached to the scanner bed. The wrist was wrapped with a flexible surface coil. MRI investigations were performed at 3T(Verio-Siemens) using volume interpolated breath hold examination(VIBE) and dual echo steady state(DESS) MRI sequences. Cartilage cross sectional area(CSA) was measured on a slice of interest selected from a 3D dataset of the entire carpus and metacarpalphalangeal areas on the basis of anatomical criteria using conventional image processing radiology software. Cartilage cross-sectional areas between opposite bones in the carpal region were manually selected and quantified using a thresholding method.RESULTS: Cartilage CSA measurements performed on a selected predefined slice were 292.4 ± 39 mm2 using the VIBE sequence and slightly lower, 270.4 ± 50.6 mm2, with the DESS sequence. The inter(14.1%) and intra(2.4%) subject variability was similar for both MRI methods. The coefficients of variation computed for the repeated measurements were also comparable for the VIBE(2.4%) and the DESS(4.8%) sequences. The carpus length averaged over the group was 37.5 ± 2.8 mm with a 7.45% between-subjects coefficient of variation. Of note, wrist cartilage CSA measured with either the VIBE or the DESS sequences was linearly related to the carpal bone length. The variability between subjects was significantly reduced to 8.4% when the CSA was normalized with respect to the carpal bone length.CONCLUSION: The ratio between wrist cartilage CSA and carpal bone length is a highly reproducible standardized measurement which normalizes the natural diversity between individuals.展开更多
Wrist-ankle acupuncture is performed at the specific points of the wrist or ankle to treat diseases inyolving corresponding parts of the body. It is a new therapeutic method enlightened by the theory of channels and c...Wrist-ankle acupuncture is performed at the specific points of the wrist or ankle to treat diseases inyolving corresponding parts of the body. It is a new therapeutic method enlightened by the theory of channels and collaterals and the theory of nerves, and advanced through clinical trials. It, therefore, exhibits not only the advantages of traditional acupuncture, but also its unique characteristics, yielding satisfactory results especially in pain of various origins. A report is presented below.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of wrist–ankle acupuncture combined with pinching along the spine on allergic rhinitis(AR)in children.Methods:A total of 65 children with AR were collected from February 2...Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of wrist–ankle acupuncture combined with pinching along the spine on allergic rhinitis(AR)in children.Methods:A total of 65 children with AR were collected from February 2017 through to December 2018 and they were randomly divided into a combined treatment group with wrist–ankle acupuncture,pinching along the spine and western medication(combined treatment group,32 cases)and a western medication group(33 cases).In the western medication group,loratadine was prescribed for oral administration.In the combined treatment group,on the base of the medication as the western medication group,the wrist–ankle acupuncture was adopted in combination with pinching along the spine.Before and after treatment,the symptoms and physical signs were scored and the clinical effect was observed in the children of the two groups.Results:After the treatment and in the follow-up,the scores of the symptoms and physical signs in the combined treatment group were lower than those of the western medication group,indicating a statistical significance(all P<0.05).The total effective rate was 93.7%in the combined treatment group,which was higher than 63.63%in the western medication group,indicating a statistical significance(P<0.05).Conclusion:The combined treatment of wrist–ankle acupuncture combined with pinching along the spine and loratadine effectively relieves the clinical symptoms and the physical signs in AR children.The clinical effect of this combined treatment is better than the simple use of loratadine.展开更多
Negative step response experimental method is used in wrist force sensor＇s dynamic performance calibration. The exciting manner of negative step response method is the same as wrist force sensor＇s load in working. T...Negative step response experimental method is used in wrist force sensor＇s dynamic performance calibration. The exciting manner of negative step response method is the same as wrist force sensor＇s load in working. This experimental method needn＇t special experiment equipments. Experiment＇s dynamic repeatability is good. So wrist force sensor＇s dynamic performance is suitable to be calibrated by negative step response method. A new correlation wavelet transfer method is studied. By wavelet transfer method, the signal is decomposed into two dimensional spaces of time-frequency. So the problem of negative step exciting energy concentrating in the low frequency band is solved. Correlation wavelet transfer doesn＇t require that wavelet primary function be orthogonal and needn＇t wavelet reconstruction. So analyzing efficiency is high. An experimental bench is designed and manufactured to load the wrist force sensor orthogonal excitation force/moment. A piezoelectric force sensor is used to setup soft trigger and calculate the value of negative step excitation. A wrist force sensor is calibrated. The pulse response function is calculated after negative step excitation and step response have been transformed to positive step excitation and step response. The pulse response function is transferred to frequency response function. The wrist force sensor＇s dynamic characteristics are identified by the frequency response function.展开更多
Introduction and Aims—The Growth stage of a patient can have considerable influence on diagnosis, treatment goals, timing and planning and the eventual outcome of orthodontic/orthopedic treatment. The purpose of this...Introduction and Aims—The Growth stage of a patient can have considerable influence on diagnosis, treatment goals, timing and planning and the eventual outcome of orthodontic/orthopedic treatment. The purpose of this study was to analyze associations between the cervical vertebrae maturation score (CVMS) and skeletal maturation index (SMI). The second objective was to determine the reproducibility of the measurements on lateral cephalograms and hand-wrist radiographs. Materials and Methods—Lateral cephalometric and left hand-wrist radiographs of 92 untreated subjects (44 females and 48 males) aged from 8 to 17 years were obtained from the files of the Columbia University, Division of Orthodontics and measured for growth stage using cervical vertebrae and hand-wrist methods. Results—A high correlation was revealed between the hand-wrist and cervical vertebrae measurements. The Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient was 0.925 and significant at the 0.01 level. The correlation between hand-wrist and age (0.665, p < 0.01) was slightly greater than that of the CVMS (0.611, p < 0.01). Intra rater reliability was high. When the three categorically modified methods of the Fishman’s 11 skeletal maturation stages in hand and wrist analysis were used to compare with CVMS, methods 2 and 3 were both statistically significantly different according to the Wilcoxon signed ranks test and the Sign test at a significance level of less than 0.05. However, for method 1, the tests showed probability scores of 0.028 and 0.151, respectively, showing no significant difference at the 0.01 level in the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, and no significant difference in the 0.01 and 0.05 level in the Signed Test. Conclusions—The Fishman’s hand and wrist skeletal maturation index and Bacetti’s cervical vertebrae maturation stages are both useful tools in evaluating growth stages. Fishman’s hand-wrist method is slightly more accurate.展开更多
Objective:To observe whether wrist-ankle acupuncture can reduce propofol dosage in painless bronchoscopy of elderly patients or not and its potential effect mechanism.Methods:A total of 60 patients undergoing painless...Objective:To observe whether wrist-ankle acupuncture can reduce propofol dosage in painless bronchoscopy of elderly patients or not and its potential effect mechanism.Methods:A total of 60 patients undergoing painless bronchoscopy were randomized into a wrist-ankle acupuncture group and a control group,30 cases in each one.In the wrist-ankle acupuncture group,wrist-ankle acupuncture was received and the needles were retained for 30 min before entering to the operating room.In the control group,no any intervention was provided.The patients in two groups all received venous administration of midazolam,nalorphine and lidocaine and target controlled infusion of propofol.When the patient’s consciousness was lost and the eyelash reflex disappeared,bronchoscopy was performed and the propofol dosage was increased accordingly during operation.Propofol dosage,vital signs and occurrence of adverse reactions,bronchoscopist satisfaction,operation time and recovering time were recorded in the patients of two groups.Results:Propofol dosage in induction period and the total dosage of propofol in the wrist-ankle acupuncture group were lower than those in the control group,indicating the statistical differences(both P<0.05).The vital signs were stable during bronchoscopy in patients of two groups.The occurrence rates of hypoxemia and choking in the wrist-ankle acupuncture groups were lower than those in the control group,indicating the statistical differences(both P <0.05).Bronchoscopist satisfaction in the wrist-ankle acupuncture group was higher than that of the control group,and the operation time and recovering time were lower than the control group,indicating the statistical differences(all P<0.05).Conclusion:In painless bronchoscopy,wrist-ankle acupuncture may effectively reduce propofol dosage,alleviate respiratory suppression,reduce adverse reaction and shorten the recovering time in elderly patients.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China:Exploration of Key Factors and Mechanisms of Modulating Motor Function Reconstruction After Cerebral Infarction Through Multimodal Brain Functional Connectivity Perspective in Procedural Acupoint Electrical Stimulation Research(No.82374601)the Jointly Guided Program of Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province:Quantitative Study on the Role of Scalp Acupuncture in the Motor Area in Promoting Motor Function Reconstruction after Stroke(No.LH2019H113)+1 种基金the Innovation Team Construction Project of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine:Construction of a Doctoral Research and Innovation Team in Acupuncture Science(No.2017sit01)the Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Project of Heilongjiang Province:Clinical Study on the Promotion of Upper Limb Motor Function Reconstruction in Post-Stroke Patients Using Optimal Limb Positioning with Electroacupuncture(No.ZHY2022-171)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of electroacupuncture(EA)at scalp motor area for treating post-stroke wrist dyskinesia and its influence on the function of wrist movement-related agonistic muscles.METHODS:A randomized,single-blind,controlled clinical trial was conducted.Sixty-six patients undergoing post-stroke wrist dyskinesia were enrolled and randomized 1:1 to EA or control group.Patients in the control group received manual acupuncture in the scalp motor area(MS 6)on the lesion side.The same acupoint was selected to accept EA stimulation in the EA group.All patients were treated six times a week for three weeks.The primary outcome was the Chinese Stroke Scale(CSS)score.The secondary outcomes included upper limb-related Barthel Index(BI)score,active range of motion(AROM)of the wrist joint,and root mean square(RMS)of the four agonistic muscles associated with wrist motion on the hemiplegic side of patients,i.e.,the extensor carpi radialis longus(ECRL),extensor digitorum(ED),flexor carpi radialis(FCR)and flexor carpi ulnaris(FCU).The above indicators were measured before and after three weeks of treatment.RESULTS:After 3-week treatment,the CSS score and AROM of wrist dorsiflexion of the EA group were better than those in the control group(P=0.038,P=0.047).The differences between the two groups of BI scores and AROM of wrist flexion were not significant(P>0.05).All RMS of the EA group were higher than those in the control group(ECRL:P=0.047,ED:P=0.048,FCR:P=0.049,FCU:P=0.047).The total effective rate in the EA group was 87.50%(28/32),which was higher than that in the control group(77.42%,24/31,P=0.048).CONCLUSION:EA stimulation of the scalp motor area can promote the recovery of the strength and function of the agonistic muscles related to wrist movement and effectively improve post-stroke wrist dyskinesia.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NO.52175069 and NO.52305043).
文摘The wrist unit is crucial in humanoid robots,determining their operational dexterity and precision.To address current challenges such as excessive size,limited Degrees of Freedom(DoFs),and insufficient load capacity,we propose a 3-DoF humanoid wrist inspired by the human forearm and wrist anatomy.This paper explores the principles of wrist bionic design and introduces a parallel mechanism actuated by a brushless DC motor(BLDC)-ball screw to achieve flexion/extension(F/E)and radial flexion/ulnar deviation(R/U),as along with pronation/supination(P/S)through an end-coupling design.We conducted an analysis on the inverse kinematic model and singularities of the humanoid wrist.Additionally,the workspace and motion capabilities of the humanoid wrist were evaluated.A prototype based on this design was built to demonstrate its motion and functional performance,verifying the feasibility and practicality of the humanoid wrist.This research provides a more compact design approach for future humanoid wrist development.
文摘Based on an analysis of the relative shaft-to-hole position and attiude errors, as well as of the mechanics and Kinematics in the process of automatic assembly of industrial robots, the paper studies the principle of construction of dynamic wrists. Type I-3 and Ⅱ-6 dynamic compliant wrists have been designed and made. Prblems in the production of compliant elements and the connection between compliant elements and wrists were also solved. A study on the results of tests of the function of two kinds of dynamic compliant wrists shows that the dynamic compliant wrist's compliancy function can be improved by adding metallic materials having higher longitudinal and transverse rigidity into the softer elstomer. And the design Principle is proved to be feasible and practicable. It can be expected that the use of dynamic compliant wrist will greatly lower the technical requirements of the shaft-hole assembly and the requirements in the resetting accuracy.
文摘BACKGROUND A snapping wrist is a rare symptom that results from the sudden impingement of one anatomic structure against another,subsequently causing a sudden movement only during wrist movement.CASE SUMMARY A 30-year-old woman with a history of right wrist contusion reported right wrist snapping after overuse.The snapping became symptomatic after moving heavy objects.The pain persisted even when she received 1 mo of conservative treatment.Physical examination showed painful wrist snapping during wrist radioulnar motion and thumb abduction-adduction.Radiography demonstrated bone overgrowth over the radial styloid process.Sonography disclosed a tendon jumping over a bony prominence in the first compartment during wrist motion.Magnetic resonance imaging revealed no anomalous tendon nor tumorlike lesion.Under the wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet(WALANT)technique,the lesion was identified in the first extensor compartment.The patient received stepwise extensor retinaculum release,synovectomy,and bone spur removal.By 6th week,the patient was completely free of pain and unable to snap her wrist.She started working 7 wk after the surgery.One year after the surgery,the wrist snap was not recurrent.CONCLUSION Careful physical examination and dynamic sonography may confirm the diagnosis of a snapping wrist.With the WALANT technique,the lesion could be identified under direct vision,and we could take stepwise interventions according to intraoperative presentations.
文摘BACKGROUND Four-corner fusion(4CF)is a motion sparing salvage procedure that is used to treat osteoarthritis secondary to advanced scapholunate collapse or longstanding scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse.Little is known about the long-term survivorship and outcomes of 4CF.AIM To report on clinical and functional long-term outcomes as well as conversion rates to total wrist fusion or arthroplasty.METHODS The systematic review protocol was registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews(PROSPERO)and followed the PRISMA guidelines.Original articles were screened using four different databases.Studies with a minimum Level IV of evidence that reported on long-term outcome after 4CF with a minimum follow-up of 5 years were included.Quality assessment was performed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies criteria.RESULTS A total of 11 studies including 436 wrists with a mean follow-up of 11±4 years(range:6-18 years)was included.Quality assessment according to Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies criteria tool averaged 69%±11%(range:50%-87%).Fusion rate could be extracted from 9/11 studies and averaged 91%.Patient-reported outcomes were extracted at last follow-up from 8 studies with an average visual analog scale of 1±1(range:0-2)and across 9 studies with an average Disabilities of the Arm,Shoulder and Hand score of 21±8(range:8-37).At last follow-up,the cumulative conversion rate to total wrist fusion averaged 6%.There were no conversions to total wrist arthroplasty.CONCLUSION The 4CF of the wrist is a reliable surgical technique,capable of achieving a good long-term patient satisfaction and survivorship with low rates of conversion to total wrist fusion.
基金Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Nova Program Funding[XKXX201617]。
文摘Objective The objective of this report was to demonstrate the clinical application of free flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps for the treatment of high-tension electrical wrist burns.Methods We collected the data of 8 patients with high-tension electrical wrist burns admitted to Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from January 2014 to December 2018.The clinical and pathological data were extracted from electronic hospital medical records.We obtained follow-up information through clinic visits.Results The injury sites for all 8 patients were the wrists,specifically 5 right and 3 left wrists,all of which were on the flexor side.Five patients had ulnar artery embolism necrosis and patency,with injury to the radial artery.Two patients had ulnar and radial arterial embolization and necrosis.The last patient had ulnar arterial embolization and necrosis with a normal radial artery.After debridement,the wound area ranged from 12 cm×9 cm to 25 cm×16 cm.The diagnoses for the eight patients were type II to type III high-tension electrical wrist burns.Free flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps(combined with great saphenous vein transplantation if necessary)were used to repair the wounds.The prognosis for all patients was good after six months to one year of follow-up.Conclusion Treating wrist types II and III high-tension electrical burns is still challenging in clinical practice.The use of free flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps(combined with great saphenous vein transplantation if necessary)to repair the wound and to restore the blood supply for the hand at the same time is a good choice for treating severe wrist electrical burns.
文摘BACKGROUND Multiple rice bodies in the wrist is a rare disorder that requires surgery,and there are still many uncertainties regarding its diagnosis and treatment.CASE SUMMARY We described a rare case of chronic idiopathic tenosynovitis with rice bodies of the wrist in a 71-year-old man and reviewed similar topics in the literature.A total of 43 articles and 61 cases were included in the literature review.Our case had a usual presentation:it was similar to those in the literature.The affected population was mainly older adults,with an average age of 59.43(range,3 to 90)years.The male-to-female ratio was 1.54:1(37/24).Most of them showed limited swelling and pain,only 23.0%had carpal tunnel symptoms,and the average disease duration was 18.03(0.5-60)mo.Wrist flexor tendon sheath involvement was the most common(95.1%,58/61),and only 3 cases had extensor tendon sheath involvement.The main causes were tuberculosis(34.4%,21/61),nontuberculous mycobacteria(24.6%,15/61),idiopathic tenosynovitis(31.1%,19/61),and others(9.84%,6/61).There were 10 patients with recurrences;in 6 of them,were due to non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections.CONCLUSION We reported a case of wrist idiopathic tenosynovitis with rice body formation,and established a clinical management algorithm for wrist tenosynovitis with rice bodies,which can provide some reference for our clinical diagnosis and treatment.The symptoms of rice-body bursitis of the wrist are insidious,nonspecific,and difficult to identify.The aetiology is mainly idiopathic tenosynovitis and mycobacterial(tuberculosis or non-tuberculous)infections;the latter are difficult to treat and require long-duration systemic combination antibiotic therapies.Therefore,before a diagnosis of idiopathic tenosynovitis is made,we must exclude other causes,especially mycobacterial infections.
文摘In rheumatoid arthritis the small joints of the feet and hands are the first targets of the autoimmune process. In about one half of the patient the wrist is involved in the first stages of the disease(two years) increasing up to nearly 90 percent after a decade often including both sides. Osteoarthritis of the wrist is one of the most common conditions encountered by hand surgeons. One aim of all treatment options is to achieve the best possible hand function without pain. If conservative treatment fails, operative treatment is necessary. Choice of surgical treatment depends on the soft tissue and bone situation. Techniques can be differentiated by joint preservation or joint replacement. The first include radio-synoviorthesis, synovectomy and tendon repair, the latter resection-arthroplasty, total joint arthroplasty and arthrodesis. In this paper arthrodesis of the wrist as one treatment option is reviewed.
基金Excellent Financial Talents Project of Hebei Province:2018133214。
文摘Objective:To observe the influence of wrist-ankle acupuncture(WAA)on postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV)undergoing radiofrequency ablation(RFA)in thyroid nodule and its analgesic effect.Methods:A total of 66 patients with thyroid nodule and undergoing RFA were randomized into a WAA group and a sham-acupuncture(SA)group,33 cases in each one.Acupuncture was exerted after the patients entering operation room.In the WAA group,WAA was applied on the bilateral Upper 1,2 and 3 areas.In the SA group,the sham-acupuncture was given on the same areas.In 30 min after needle insertion,the routine RFA started in the patients of the two groups.All the needles were removed when the operation was finished.The proportion of intraoperative sufentanil supplementation,the incidence of24 h PONV and the proportion of intraoperative intravenous injection of urapidil were recorded in the patients of the two groups.Results:In the WAA group,sufentanil was supplemented by 12.90%,obviously less than 36.36%in the SA group.The incidence of 24 h PONV was 9.68%in the WAA group,remarkably lower than 27.27%in the SA group,indicating statistical significances(both P<0.05).The intravenous injection of urapidil was not applied during operation in the two groups,without statistical difference between the groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Wrist-ankle acupuncture reduces the intraoperative demand of sufentanil in radiofrequency ablation of thyroid nodule and this therapy is preventive for PONV.
文摘Wrist cracks are the most common sort of cracks with an excessive occurrence rate.For the routine detection of wrist cracks,conventional radiography(X-ray medical imaging)is used but periodically issues are presented by crack depiction.Wrist cracks often appear in the human arbitrary bone due to accidental injuries such as slipping.Indeed,many hospitals lack experienced clinicians to diagnose wrist cracks.Therefore,an automated system is required to reduce the burden on clinicians and identify cracks.In this study,we have designed a novel residual network-based convolutional neural network(CNN)for the crack detection of the wrist.For the classification of wrist cracks medical imaging,the diagnostics accuracy of the RN-21CNN model is compared with four well-known transfer learning(TL)models such as Inception V3,Vgg16,ResNet-50,and Vgg19,to assist the medical imaging technologist in identifying the cracks that occur due to wrist fractures.The RN-21CNN model achieved an accuracy of 0.97 which is much better than its competitor`s approaches.The results reveal that implementing a correct generalization that a computer-aided recognition system precisely designed for the assistance of clinician would limit the number of incorrect diagnoses and also saves a lot of time.
文摘BACKGROUND Insulin resistance(IR)is the main complication found in 35%-80%of women with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).However,there is no definite consensus regarding which marker to use for its assessment in PCOS women.Research has shown that hyperinsulinemia is correlated with increased bone mass.Given that most women with PCOS are insulin resistant,which is independent from body fat and characterized by hyperinsulinemia,it could be hypothesized that there would be an increased bone mass in the patient as a result.Subsequently,increased bone mass could be measured using the wrist circumference method.AIM To assess the wrist circumference as an easy-to-detect marker of IR in Congolese women with PCOS.METHODS Seventy-two Congolese women with PCOS and seventy-one controls from the same ethnic group,were enrolled in the study(mean age 24.33±5.36 years).Fasting biochemical parameters,and the Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR)and body composition were evaluated.The nondominant wrist circumference was measured manually,as was the waist circumference(WC),hip circumference,height and weight.Calculated measures included evaluation of body mass index(BMI),Waist-to-Height(WHtR)and Waist-to-hip ratio(WHR).In addition,body composition was assessed by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis using a body fat analyzer.RESULTS The non-dominant wrist circumference was more closely correlated with HOMAIR(r=0.346;P=0.003)and was the best anthropometrical marker correlated with IR(P=0.011)compared with other anthropometrical markers in women with PCOS:Dominant Wrist Circumference(r=0.315;P=0.007),Waist Circumference(WC)(r=0.259;P=0.028),BMI(r=0.285;P=0.016),WHR(r=0.216;P=0,068)and WHtR(r=0.263;P=0.027).The diagnostic accuracy of the non-dominant wrist circumference for the presence or absence of IR using Receiver-operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve was 0.72.A cutoff value for the non-dominant wrist circumference of 16.3 cm was found to be the best predictor of IR in Congolese women with PCOS.CONCLUSION Non-dominant wrist circumference is,to date,the best anthropometrical marker of IR in Sub-Saharan African women with PCOS.It could be suggested as an easy-to-detect marker for assessing IR.
基金This study was funded by MajorResearch Project of National Natural ScienceFoundationof China(Grant number 91748125)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei,China(Grant number E2020203010).
文摘A prototype of a novel hybrid hand is developed by combing a parallel wrist with three flexible fingers.Its dynamics model is established,its grabbed forces are measured,and its grabbing performances are analyzed.First,Jacobian and Hessian matrices of the moving platform in the parallel wrist are derived,the kinematics formulas for solving the general velocity and the general acceleration of the moving platform are derived.Second its dynamics model is established for solving the dynamic actuation forces,the dynamic constrained forces of the developed hybrid hand.Third,its simulation mechanism is constructed in Matlab,and the theoretical solutions of the kinematics and the dynamics of the developed hybrid hand are verified to be correct using its simulation mechanism.Finally,when objects with different mass are grabbed by prototype of hybrid hand in different poses,the grabbed forces are measured,and the grabbing performances are discovered and analyzed to verify its merits.
基金Supported by Aix-Marseille University and APHM(Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille),No.CNRS(UMR#7339)
文摘AIM: To quantify the wrist cartilage cross-sectional area in humans from a 3D magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) dataset and to assess the corresponding reproducibility. METHODS: The study was conducted in 14 healthy volunteers(6 females and 8 males) between 30 and 58 years old and devoid of articular pain. Subjectswere asked to lie down in the supine position with the right hand positioned above the pelvic region on top of a home-built rigid platform attached to the scanner bed. The wrist was wrapped with a flexible surface coil. MRI investigations were performed at 3T(Verio-Siemens) using volume interpolated breath hold examination(VIBE) and dual echo steady state(DESS) MRI sequences. Cartilage cross sectional area(CSA) was measured on a slice of interest selected from a 3D dataset of the entire carpus and metacarpalphalangeal areas on the basis of anatomical criteria using conventional image processing radiology software. Cartilage cross-sectional areas between opposite bones in the carpal region were manually selected and quantified using a thresholding method.RESULTS: Cartilage CSA measurements performed on a selected predefined slice were 292.4 ± 39 mm2 using the VIBE sequence and slightly lower, 270.4 ± 50.6 mm2, with the DESS sequence. The inter(14.1%) and intra(2.4%) subject variability was similar for both MRI methods. The coefficients of variation computed for the repeated measurements were also comparable for the VIBE(2.4%) and the DESS(4.8%) sequences. The carpus length averaged over the group was 37.5 ± 2.8 mm with a 7.45% between-subjects coefficient of variation. Of note, wrist cartilage CSA measured with either the VIBE or the DESS sequences was linearly related to the carpal bone length. The variability between subjects was significantly reduced to 8.4% when the CSA was normalized with respect to the carpal bone length.CONCLUSION: The ratio between wrist cartilage CSA and carpal bone length is a highly reproducible standardized measurement which normalizes the natural diversity between individuals.
文摘Wrist-ankle acupuncture is performed at the specific points of the wrist or ankle to treat diseases inyolving corresponding parts of the body. It is a new therapeutic method enlightened by the theory of channels and collaterals and the theory of nerves, and advanced through clinical trials. It, therefore, exhibits not only the advantages of traditional acupuncture, but also its unique characteristics, yielding satisfactory results especially in pain of various origins. A report is presented below.
文摘Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of wrist–ankle acupuncture combined with pinching along the spine on allergic rhinitis(AR)in children.Methods:A total of 65 children with AR were collected from February 2017 through to December 2018 and they were randomly divided into a combined treatment group with wrist–ankle acupuncture,pinching along the spine and western medication(combined treatment group,32 cases)and a western medication group(33 cases).In the western medication group,loratadine was prescribed for oral administration.In the combined treatment group,on the base of the medication as the western medication group,the wrist–ankle acupuncture was adopted in combination with pinching along the spine.Before and after treatment,the symptoms and physical signs were scored and the clinical effect was observed in the children of the two groups.Results:After the treatment and in the follow-up,the scores of the symptoms and physical signs in the combined treatment group were lower than those of the western medication group,indicating a statistical significance(all P<0.05).The total effective rate was 93.7%in the combined treatment group,which was higher than 63.63%in the western medication group,indicating a statistical significance(P<0.05).Conclusion:The combined treatment of wrist–ankle acupuncture combined with pinching along the spine and loratadine effectively relieves the clinical symptoms and the physical signs in AR children.The clinical effect of this combined treatment is better than the simple use of loratadine.
基金National Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China(863 Program,No.2001AA42330).
文摘Negative step response experimental method is used in wrist force sensor＇s dynamic performance calibration. The exciting manner of negative step response method is the same as wrist force sensor＇s load in working. This experimental method needn＇t special experiment equipments. Experiment＇s dynamic repeatability is good. So wrist force sensor＇s dynamic performance is suitable to be calibrated by negative step response method. A new correlation wavelet transfer method is studied. By wavelet transfer method, the signal is decomposed into two dimensional spaces of time-frequency. So the problem of negative step exciting energy concentrating in the low frequency band is solved. Correlation wavelet transfer doesn＇t require that wavelet primary function be orthogonal and needn＇t wavelet reconstruction. So analyzing efficiency is high. An experimental bench is designed and manufactured to load the wrist force sensor orthogonal excitation force/moment. A piezoelectric force sensor is used to setup soft trigger and calculate the value of negative step excitation. A wrist force sensor is calibrated. The pulse response function is calculated after negative step excitation and step response have been transformed to positive step excitation and step response. The pulse response function is transferred to frequency response function. The wrist force sensor＇s dynamic characteristics are identified by the frequency response function.
文摘Introduction and Aims—The Growth stage of a patient can have considerable influence on diagnosis, treatment goals, timing and planning and the eventual outcome of orthodontic/orthopedic treatment. The purpose of this study was to analyze associations between the cervical vertebrae maturation score (CVMS) and skeletal maturation index (SMI). The second objective was to determine the reproducibility of the measurements on lateral cephalograms and hand-wrist radiographs. Materials and Methods—Lateral cephalometric and left hand-wrist radiographs of 92 untreated subjects (44 females and 48 males) aged from 8 to 17 years were obtained from the files of the Columbia University, Division of Orthodontics and measured for growth stage using cervical vertebrae and hand-wrist methods. Results—A high correlation was revealed between the hand-wrist and cervical vertebrae measurements. The Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient was 0.925 and significant at the 0.01 level. The correlation between hand-wrist and age (0.665, p < 0.01) was slightly greater than that of the CVMS (0.611, p < 0.01). Intra rater reliability was high. When the three categorically modified methods of the Fishman’s 11 skeletal maturation stages in hand and wrist analysis were used to compare with CVMS, methods 2 and 3 were both statistically significantly different according to the Wilcoxon signed ranks test and the Sign test at a significance level of less than 0.05. However, for method 1, the tests showed probability scores of 0.028 and 0.151, respectively, showing no significant difference at the 0.01 level in the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, and no significant difference in the 0.01 and 0.05 level in the Signed Test. Conclusions—The Fishman’s hand and wrist skeletal maturation index and Bacetti’s cervical vertebrae maturation stages are both useful tools in evaluating growth stages. Fishman’s hand-wrist method is slightly more accurate.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Program of Hebei Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine:2020006。
文摘Objective:To observe whether wrist-ankle acupuncture can reduce propofol dosage in painless bronchoscopy of elderly patients or not and its potential effect mechanism.Methods:A total of 60 patients undergoing painless bronchoscopy were randomized into a wrist-ankle acupuncture group and a control group,30 cases in each one.In the wrist-ankle acupuncture group,wrist-ankle acupuncture was received and the needles were retained for 30 min before entering to the operating room.In the control group,no any intervention was provided.The patients in two groups all received venous administration of midazolam,nalorphine and lidocaine and target controlled infusion of propofol.When the patient’s consciousness was lost and the eyelash reflex disappeared,bronchoscopy was performed and the propofol dosage was increased accordingly during operation.Propofol dosage,vital signs and occurrence of adverse reactions,bronchoscopist satisfaction,operation time and recovering time were recorded in the patients of two groups.Results:Propofol dosage in induction period and the total dosage of propofol in the wrist-ankle acupuncture group were lower than those in the control group,indicating the statistical differences(both P<0.05).The vital signs were stable during bronchoscopy in patients of two groups.The occurrence rates of hypoxemia and choking in the wrist-ankle acupuncture groups were lower than those in the control group,indicating the statistical differences(both P <0.05).Bronchoscopist satisfaction in the wrist-ankle acupuncture group was higher than that of the control group,and the operation time and recovering time were lower than the control group,indicating the statistical differences(all P<0.05).Conclusion:In painless bronchoscopy,wrist-ankle acupuncture may effectively reduce propofol dosage,alleviate respiratory suppression,reduce adverse reaction and shorten the recovering time in elderly patients.
