High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HVTM)is a crucial polymetallic-associated resource to be developed.The allpellet operation is a blast furnace trend that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the future....High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HVTM)is a crucial polymetallic-associated resource to be developed.The allpellet operation is a blast furnace trend that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the future.By referencing the production data of vanadium-titanium magnetite blast furnaces,this study explored the softening-melting behavior of high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite and obtained the optimal integrated burden based on flux pellets.The results show that the burden with a composition of 70wt%flux pellets and 30wt%acid pellets exhibits the best softening-melting properties.In comparison to that of the single burden,the softening-melting characteristic temperature of this burden composition was higher.The melting interval first increased from 307 to 362℃and then decreased to 282℃.The maximum pressure drop(ΔPmax)decreased from 26.76 to 19.01 kPa.The permeability index(S)dropped from 4643.5 to 2446.8 kPa·℃.The softening-melting properties of the integrated burden were apparently improved.The acid pellets played a role in withstanding load during the softening process.The flux pellets in the integrated burden exhibited a higher slag melting point,which increased the melting temperature during the melting process.The slag homogeneity and the TiC produced by over-reduction led to the gas permeability deterioration of the single burden.The segregation of the flux and acid pellets in the HVTM proportion and basicity mainly led to the better softening-melting properties of the integrated burden.展开更多
The sodium smelting of vanadium-titanium magnetite can achieve the comprehensive utilization of Fe,V,and Ti.However,the generation of alkaline slag during this process may cause damage to refractory materials.The wett...The sodium smelting of vanadium-titanium magnetite can achieve the comprehensive utilization of Fe,V,and Ti.However,the generation of alkaline slag during this process may cause damage to refractory materials.The wettability and corrosion behavior of alkaline slag on three types of refractory(MgO-C,SiC,and high alumina refractory)substrates were investigated at temperatures up to 1200℃.The effects of duration on the wettability of molten slag on SiC substrates were also investigated.Results showed that the high alumina refractory exhibited better wettability with the molten slag than the others,and thus,it is easier to be corroded.The results of scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy showed that MgO-C and high alumina refractory substrates were severely eroded.There was a visible and regular interfacial reaction layer between the slag and SiC refractory substrate,which was produced by the redox reaction between the metal oxides in the slag and the SiC refractory substrate.With the increase in holding time,the interface layer expands and silico-ferrite phases are generated at the interface.The redox reaction between Fe_(2)O_(3) and SiC substrate is the main reason for the corrosion.By comparing the differences in wettability and corrosion behavior between the alkaline slag from sodium smelting of vanadium-titanium magnetite and MgO-C,SiC and high alumina refractories,it is concluded that SiC refractory has good corrosion resistance to the slag.Iron oxides in the slag accelerate the oxidation rate of SiC refractory.展开更多
To comprehensively utilize the low-iron high-vanadium-titanium magnetite,a new method of vortex smelting reduction of vanadium-titanium magnetite was proposed,and the enrichment and reconstitution regularity of Ti-bea...To comprehensively utilize the low-iron high-vanadium-titanium magnetite,a new method of vortex smelting reduction of vanadium-titanium magnetite was proposed,and the enrichment and reconstitution regularity of Ti-bearing phases in the slag was investigated through X-ray fluorescence spectrometry,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction analysis,and optical microscopy.The phase diagram revealed that the preferential crystallization of MgTi_(2)O_(5) can be achieved by adjusting the CaO,MgO,and TiO_(2) contents of slag.The predominant Ti-bearing phases in the slag obtained from the reduction process are MgxTi_(3_x)O_(5)(0≤x≤1)and CaTiO_(3).FeTiO_(3) is present at carbon-iron ratio(CR)=1.3,while MgTi_(2)O4 and TiC are formed at CR=1.3.The enrichment of TiO_(2) in the slag increases first and then decreases as the CR increases,and at CR=1.1,the enrichment of TiO_(2) in the slag reaches 51.3 wt.%.Additionally,the concentrations of MgxTi_(3_x)O_(5)(0≤x≤1)and CaTiO_(3) in the slag,along with the grain width of MgxTi_(3_x)O_(5)(0≤x≤1),decrease with the increase in CR.展开更多
Basicity has an important effect on the sinter quality, especially for low-titanium vanadium-titanium sinter. The effect of basieity on sintering behavior of low-titanium vanadium-titanium mixture, and the transferenc...Basicity has an important effect on the sinter quality, especially for low-titanium vanadium-titanium sinter. The effect of basieity on sintering behavior of low-titanium vanadium-titanium mixture, and the transference and distribution of element in sintering process were researched by sinter pot test, mineralogical analysis, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） analysis. The results show that CaO preferentially reacts with TiO2, generating pervoskite, so that the total liquid phase content of the sinter is low. There is an increase in the perovskite concentration of the sinter with the basicity ranging from 1.9：1 to 2.7：1. With increasing the basicity, the calcium ferrite content increases slightly and then rises rapidly, while the silicate content decreases and the metallurgical property of the sinter is improved. As for the distribution of these elements in the sinter, Ti occurs mainly in perovskite, V occurs mainly in silicate, and Fe occurs mainly in magnetite and hematite. The most abundant occurrence of Ca and Si occurs in silicate and perovskite. With increasing the basicity, the contents of A1 and Mg increase in calcium ferrite, while they decrease in other minerals.展开更多
The solid-state reduction kinetics of pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate was studied. The phase and microstructure of the reduction product were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDS methods, based on wh...The solid-state reduction kinetics of pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate was studied. The phase and microstructure of the reduction product were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDS methods, based on which the mechanism of the solid-state reduction was investigated. The results showed that using coal as reductant at 950-1100 °C, the solid-state reduction of the pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate was controlled by interface chemical reaction and the apparent activation energy was 67.719 k J/mol. The mineral phase transformation during the reduction process can be described as follows： pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate → ulvospinel → ilmenite → Fe Ti2O5 →（FenTi1-n）Ti2O5. M3O5-type（M can be Fe, Ti, Mg, Mn, etc） solid solutions would be formed during the reduction process of the pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate at 1050 °C for 60 min. The poor reducibility of iron in M3O5 solid solutions is the main reason to limit the reduction property of pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate.展开更多
In order to clarify the slag system of high Cr2O3 vanadium-titanium magnetite smelting in BF （blast furnace）, the melting properties of slag samples prepared by analytically pure reagents were measured. By means of ...In order to clarify the slag system of high Cr2O3 vanadium-titanium magnetite smelting in BF （blast furnace）, the melting properties of slag samples prepared by analytically pure reagents were measured. By means of orthogonal test synthetic weighted score method, the optimal slag for high Cr2O3 vanadium-titanium magnetite was obtained, which contained 10% MgO, 8% TiO2 and 15% Al2O3, with the binary basicity being 1.15. In addition, the effects of basicity, MgO, TiO2 and A12 03 on slag melting properties were investigated by single factor test, and the results showed that, with increasing the basicity or TiO2 content, melting temperature （Tin） increased, whereas initial vis- cosity （r/0） and high temperature viscosity （r/h） decreased. With increasing the MgO content, Tm decreased firstly and then increased. With increasing the Al2 O3 content, Tm increased, and η0 and r/h decreased firstly and then increased.展开更多
Based on density functional theory(DFT)and basic structure models,the chemical reactions on the surface of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction(SCR)denitrification catalysts were summarized.Reasonable...Based on density functional theory(DFT)and basic structure models,the chemical reactions on the surface of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction(SCR)denitrification catalysts were summarized.Reasonable structural models(non-periodic and periodic structural models)are the basis of density functional calculations.A periodic structure model was more appropriate to represent the catalyst surface,and its theoretical calculation results were more comparable with the experimental results than a nonperiodic model.It is generally believed that the SCR mechanism where NH3 and NO react to produce N2 and H2 O follows an Eley-Rideal type mechanism.NH2 NO was found to be an important intermediate in the SCR reaction,with multiple production routes.Simultaneously,the effects of H2 O,SO2 and metal on SCR catalysts were also summarized.展开更多
The oxidation kinetics, structural changes, and elements migration during the oxidation process of the va- nadium-titanium magnetite （VTM） ore were analyzed. Kinetics analysis indicated that the oxidation process wa...The oxidation kinetics, structural changes, and elements migration during the oxidation process of the va- nadium-titanium magnetite （VTM） ore were analyzed. Kinetics analysis indicated that the oxidation process was con- trolled by diffusion control and could be divided into interface diffusion and lattice diffusion with apparent activation energy of 99.69 kJ/mol and 144.08 kJ/mol in the range of 800--1000℃, respectively. The surface structure changed with the oxidization temperature as follows： dense surface→nano sized sheets→submicron particles→molten particles. The compact structure changed into porous one because of the elements migration and enrichment. Both Fe and Ti elements migrated in the opposite direction during the oxidation process. The V etement in the raw ore stably existed in the form of V^5＋ state, some vanadium migrated and occupied the tetrahedral sites of the hematite during the oxidation process.展开更多
A large number of spent selective catalytic reduction(SCR)denitration catalysts are produced after the ultra-low emission transformation of coal-fired power plants in China.According to the China’s“Directory of Nati...A large number of spent selective catalytic reduction(SCR)denitration catalysts are produced after the ultra-low emission transformation of coal-fired power plants in China.According to the China’s“Directory of National Hazardous Wastes(Version 2021)”,these spent vanadium-tungsten-titanium catalysts are classified as“HW50”hazardous waste,and their disposal and utilization processes have been strictly controlled.Thus,an effective and low-cost technique was developed to treat and utilize these spent SCR catalysts by the vanadium-titanium magnetite sintering process.Effects of adding spent SCR catalysts on the sintering production process and product quality indexes of sinter were studied.The results showed that adding spent SCR catalysts can improve the sintering granulation and green feed permeability,thereby increasing the productivity and flame front speed.When the addition proportion of spent SCR catalysts is less than 1 wt.%,the performance indexes of the finished sinter are basically equal to those of the finished sinter without adding spent SCR catalysts.Further increasing the proportion of spent SCR catalysts to 2.0 wt.%results in a decrease in product quality indexes,which could be attributed to the increase in perovskite content in the finished sinter.展开更多
The sintering of chromium-containing vanadium-titanium magnetite using different coke contents was studied through the sintering pot tests, X-ray diffraction analysis and mineralogical phase analysis. Results showed t...The sintering of chromium-containing vanadium-titanium magnetite using different coke contents was studied through the sintering pot tests, X-ray diffraction analysis and mineralogical phase analysis. Results showed that, as the coke content increased from 3.2% to 4.4%, the liquid phase and combustion zone thickness increased while the vertical sintering rate and ratio of sintered product decreased. In addition, the combustion ratio of exhaust gas also increased with increasing the coke content, indicating that combustion zone temperature also increased, and the excessive the coke content in the sintering process of vanadiumtitanium magnetite is harmful. As the coke content increased, the magnetite, silicates, and perovskite contents of the sintered ore increased while the contents of hematite and calcium ferrite of sintered ore decreased; drum strength decreased, and reduction degradation properties increased while reduction ability decreased. We found that the appropriate coke content for the sintering process is 3.6 wt%.展开更多
To achieve the high-efficiency utilization of vanadium-titanium magnetite（ VTM）,reduction experiments were conducted to determine the carbothermic reduction mechanism of VTM. Effects of volatile matter,temperature,t...To achieve the high-efficiency utilization of vanadium-titanium magnetite（ VTM）,reduction experiments were conducted to determine the carbothermic reduction mechanism of VTM. Effects of volatile matter,temperature,time,and carbon ratio（ molar ratio of fixed carbon in coal to oxygen in iron oxides of VTM） on reduction degree were investigated.Results show that reduction degree increases with increasing volatile matter in coal,temperature,time,and carbon ratio.Phase transformation,microstructure,and reduction path were analyzed by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy,and Fact Sage 6. 0. The thermoravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry-quadrupole mass spectrometer method was used for kinetic analysis of the main reduction process. Results indicate that the kinetic mechanism follows the principle of random nucleation and growth（ n = 4）,and the activation energy values at 600-900 and 900-1 350 ℃ are 88. 7 and 295. 5 kJ / mol,respectively.展开更多
The effects of basicity and temperature on the reduction process of Hongge high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HCVTM)sinter were investigated in this work.The main characterization methods of X-ray fluorescence(...The effects of basicity and temperature on the reduction process of Hongge high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HCVTM)sinter were investigated in this work.The main characterization methods of X-ray fluorescence(XRF),X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),and metallographic microscope were employed in this study.In this work,the reduction of HCVTM sinter with different temperature and basicity were experimented.The Fe,FeO,and TiO in reductive samples increase with increasing basicity and temperatures.The increase of basicity and temperature is favorable to the reduction of HCVTM sinter.The Fe phase has out-migration tendency to the surface of sinter while the perovskite and silicate phases have in-migration tendency to the inside of sinter.The reduction degradation index(RDI)decreases while the reduction index(RI)increases with increasing basicity.The RI increases from 67.14%to 82.09%with increasing temperature from 1073 K to 1373 K.展开更多
High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HCVTM)is a valuable resource containing metal elements such as iron,vanadium,titanium,and chromium.To recycle these elements,direct reduction is an efficient way.The mechanism...High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HCVTM)is a valuable resource containing metal elements such as iron,vanadium,titanium,and chromium.To recycle these elements,direct reduction is an efficient way.The mechanism and reaction kinetic parameters for the direct reduction of HCVTM were studied.Experimental results show that the reduction degree increases obviously when the C/O ratio and temperature increase.Thermodynamic analysis showed a dramatic mass loss in the direct reduction of HCVTM in the temperature range of 985-1160℃.From 1200 to 1350℃,the reduction curves for the isothermal reduction of HCVTM followed the same trend,with a sharp increase in the initial reaction zone and a slight increase in the reduction rate with increasing time,and finally,the isothermal reduction process of HCVTM was divided into several limiting stages with varying degrees,with inconsistent limiting factors for the reaction rate at different stages.The results also show that the activation energy decreases slightly at larger degrees of reduction.Also,the apparent rate constant k(T)increased with increasing reduction temperature,with lnk(T)showing a good linear relationship with temperature.展开更多
To achieve high-efficiency utilization of complex and unmanageable iron-containing minerals,the effects of oxygen enrichment on productivity,yield,flame front speed,exhaust gas peak temperature,and desulphurization re...To achieve high-efficiency utilization of complex and unmanageable iron-containing minerals,the effects of oxygen enrichment on productivity,yield,flame front speed,exhaust gas peak temperature,and desulphurization reaction of the vanadium-titanium magnetite sintering process as well as sinter tumble index and mineralogy were clarified,with oxygen enrichment concentrations ranging from 21 to 29 vol.%.Results indicated that with increasing the oxygen enrichment concentration from 21 to 27 vol.%,the flame front speed increased from 30.3 to 40.0 mm min^(-1),the yield enhanced from 72%to 77%,and the productivity augmented from 1.83 to 2.67t m^(-2)h^(-1);in the meantime,the tumble index was improved from 73.7%to 77.9%,and the exhaust gas peak temperature rose from 376.4 to 484.8℃.The main reason for the improvement in sintering properties was the increased combustibility of fuels and the generation of proper liquid phase that improved the permeability of the packed bed.The improved sinter strength is mainly due to the increase in the phase fraction of silico-ferrites of calcium and aluminium.In addition,oxygen enrichment sintering could significantly increase the desulphurization level of vanadium-titanium magnetite sinter and the rate of desulphurization reaction during sintering process.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52174277 and 52204309)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2022M720683).
文摘High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HVTM)is a crucial polymetallic-associated resource to be developed.The allpellet operation is a blast furnace trend that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the future.By referencing the production data of vanadium-titanium magnetite blast furnaces,this study explored the softening-melting behavior of high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite and obtained the optimal integrated burden based on flux pellets.The results show that the burden with a composition of 70wt%flux pellets and 30wt%acid pellets exhibits the best softening-melting properties.In comparison to that of the single burden,the softening-melting characteristic temperature of this burden composition was higher.The melting interval first increased from 307 to 362℃and then decreased to 282℃.The maximum pressure drop(ΔPmax)decreased from 26.76 to 19.01 kPa.The permeability index(S)dropped from 4643.5 to 2446.8 kPa·℃.The softening-melting properties of the integrated burden were apparently improved.The acid pellets played a role in withstanding load during the softening process.The flux pellets in the integrated burden exhibited a higher slag melting point,which increased the melting temperature during the melting process.The slag homogeneity and the TiC produced by over-reduction led to the gas permeability deterioration of the single burden.The segregation of the flux and acid pellets in the HVTM proportion and basicity mainly led to the better softening-melting properties of the integrated burden.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDC04010100)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFC1900500)+1 种基金the Special Project for Transformation of Major Technological Achievements in Hebei Province(Grant No.19044012Z)the Science and Technology Program of Hengshui(Grant No.2020016004B).
文摘The sodium smelting of vanadium-titanium magnetite can achieve the comprehensive utilization of Fe,V,and Ti.However,the generation of alkaline slag during this process may cause damage to refractory materials.The wettability and corrosion behavior of alkaline slag on three types of refractory(MgO-C,SiC,and high alumina refractory)substrates were investigated at temperatures up to 1200℃.The effects of duration on the wettability of molten slag on SiC substrates were also investigated.Results showed that the high alumina refractory exhibited better wettability with the molten slag than the others,and thus,it is easier to be corroded.The results of scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy showed that MgO-C and high alumina refractory substrates were severely eroded.There was a visible and regular interfacial reaction layer between the slag and SiC refractory substrate,which was produced by the redox reaction between the metal oxides in the slag and the SiC refractory substrate.With the increase in holding time,the interface layer expands and silico-ferrite phases are generated at the interface.The redox reaction between Fe_(2)O_(3) and SiC substrate is the main reason for the corrosion.By comparing the differences in wettability and corrosion behavior between the alkaline slag from sodium smelting of vanadium-titanium magnetite and MgO-C,SiC and high alumina refractories,it is concluded that SiC refractory has good corrosion resistance to the slag.Iron oxides in the slag accelerate the oxidation rate of SiC refractory.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1908225)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities (N2225012 and N232405-06).
文摘To comprehensively utilize the low-iron high-vanadium-titanium magnetite,a new method of vortex smelting reduction of vanadium-titanium magnetite was proposed,and the enrichment and reconstitution regularity of Ti-bearing phases in the slag was investigated through X-ray fluorescence spectrometry,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction analysis,and optical microscopy.The phase diagram revealed that the preferential crystallization of MgTi_(2)O_(5) can be achieved by adjusting the CaO,MgO,and TiO_(2) contents of slag.The predominant Ti-bearing phases in the slag obtained from the reduction process are MgxTi_(3_x)O_(5)(0≤x≤1)and CaTiO_(3).FeTiO_(3) is present at carbon-iron ratio(CR)=1.3,while MgTi_(2)O4 and TiC are formed at CR=1.3.The enrichment of TiO_(2) in the slag increases first and then decreases as the CR increases,and at CR=1.1,the enrichment of TiO_(2) in the slag reaches 51.3 wt.%.Additionally,the concentrations of MgxTi_(3_x)O_(5)(0≤x≤1)and CaTiO_(3) in the slag,along with the grain width of MgxTi_(3_x)O_(5)(0≤x≤1),decrease with the increase in CR.
基金Projects(2012AA062302,2012AA062304) supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)Projects(51090384,51174051) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2012DFR60210) supported by the International Cooperation of Ministry of China
文摘Basicity has an important effect on the sinter quality, especially for low-titanium vanadium-titanium sinter. The effect of basieity on sintering behavior of low-titanium vanadium-titanium mixture, and the transference and distribution of element in sintering process were researched by sinter pot test, mineralogical analysis, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） analysis. The results show that CaO preferentially reacts with TiO2, generating pervoskite, so that the total liquid phase content of the sinter is low. There is an increase in the perovskite concentration of the sinter with the basicity ranging from 1.9：1 to 2.7：1. With increasing the basicity, the calcium ferrite content increases slightly and then rises rapidly, while the silicate content decreases and the metallurgical property of the sinter is improved. As for the distribution of these elements in the sinter, Ti occurs mainly in perovskite, V occurs mainly in silicate, and Fe occurs mainly in magnetite and hematite. The most abundant occurrence of Ca and Si occurs in silicate and perovskite. With increasing the basicity, the contents of A1 and Mg increase in calcium ferrite, while they decrease in other minerals.
基金Project(NCET-10-0834)supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University,China
文摘The solid-state reduction kinetics of pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate was studied. The phase and microstructure of the reduction product were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDS methods, based on which the mechanism of the solid-state reduction was investigated. The results showed that using coal as reductant at 950-1100 °C, the solid-state reduction of the pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate was controlled by interface chemical reaction and the apparent activation energy was 67.719 k J/mol. The mineral phase transformation during the reduction process can be described as follows： pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate → ulvospinel → ilmenite → Fe Ti2O5 →（FenTi1-n）Ti2O5. M3O5-type（M can be Fe, Ti, Mg, Mn, etc） solid solutions would be formed during the reduction process of the pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate at 1050 °C for 60 min. The poor reducibility of iron in M3O5 solid solutions is the main reason to limit the reduction property of pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51090384)National High Technology Research and Development Program(863 Program)of China(2012AA062302,2012AA062304)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(N110202001)
文摘In order to clarify the slag system of high Cr2O3 vanadium-titanium magnetite smelting in BF （blast furnace）, the melting properties of slag samples prepared by analytically pure reagents were measured. By means of orthogonal test synthetic weighted score method, the optimal slag for high Cr2O3 vanadium-titanium magnetite was obtained, which contained 10% MgO, 8% TiO2 and 15% Al2O3, with the binary basicity being 1.15. In addition, the effects of basicity, MgO, TiO2 and A12 03 on slag melting properties were investigated by single factor test, and the results showed that, with increasing the basicity or TiO2 content, melting temperature （Tin） increased, whereas initial vis- cosity （r/0） and high temperature viscosity （r/h） decreased. With increasing the MgO content, Tm decreased firstly and then increased. With increasing the Al2 O3 content, Tm increased, and η0 and r/h decreased firstly and then increased.
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development(R&D)Program of China(No.2017YFC0210500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51938014)
文摘Based on density functional theory(DFT)and basic structure models,the chemical reactions on the surface of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction(SCR)denitrification catalysts were summarized.Reasonable structural models(non-periodic and periodic structural models)are the basis of density functional calculations.A periodic structure model was more appropriate to represent the catalyst surface,and its theoretical calculation results were more comparable with the experimental results than a nonperiodic model.It is generally believed that the SCR mechanism where NH3 and NO react to produce N2 and H2 O follows an Eley-Rideal type mechanism.NH2 NO was found to be an important intermediate in the SCR reaction,with multiple production routes.Simultaneously,the effects of H2 O,SO2 and metal on SCR catalysts were also summarized.
基金Item Sponsored by State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China(2013CB632603)National Natural Science Foundation of China(51404228)
文摘The oxidation kinetics, structural changes, and elements migration during the oxidation process of the va- nadium-titanium magnetite （VTM） ore were analyzed. Kinetics analysis indicated that the oxidation process was con- trolled by diffusion control and could be divided into interface diffusion and lattice diffusion with apparent activation energy of 99.69 kJ/mol and 144.08 kJ/mol in the range of 800--1000℃, respectively. The surface structure changed with the oxidization temperature as follows： dense surface→nano sized sheets→submicron particles→molten particles. The compact structure changed into porous one because of the elements migration and enrichment. Both Fe and Ti elements migrated in the opposite direction during the oxidation process. The V etement in the raw ore stably existed in the form of V^5＋ state, some vanadium migrated and occupied the tetrahedral sites of the hematite during the oxidation process.
基金suppored by the National Natural Science Foundation_of China(52174290 and 51704009)the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province(GXXT-2020-072).
文摘A large number of spent selective catalytic reduction(SCR)denitration catalysts are produced after the ultra-low emission transformation of coal-fired power plants in China.According to the China’s“Directory of National Hazardous Wastes(Version 2021)”,these spent vanadium-tungsten-titanium catalysts are classified as“HW50”hazardous waste,and their disposal and utilization processes have been strictly controlled.Thus,an effective and low-cost technique was developed to treat and utilize these spent SCR catalysts by the vanadium-titanium magnetite sintering process.Effects of adding spent SCR catalysts on the sintering production process and product quality indexes of sinter were studied.The results showed that adding spent SCR catalysts can improve the sintering granulation and green feed permeability,thereby increasing the productivity and flame front speed.When the addition proportion of spent SCR catalysts is less than 1 wt.%,the performance indexes of the finished sinter are basically equal to those of the finished sinter without adding spent SCR catalysts.Further increasing the proportion of spent SCR catalysts to 2.0 wt.%results in a decrease in product quality indexes,which could be attributed to the increase in perovskite content in the finished sinter.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51604065,51674084)the Fundamental Funds for the Program of the Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.20170540316)
文摘The sintering of chromium-containing vanadium-titanium magnetite using different coke contents was studied through the sintering pot tests, X-ray diffraction analysis and mineralogical phase analysis. Results showed that, as the coke content increased from 3.2% to 4.4%, the liquid phase and combustion zone thickness increased while the vertical sintering rate and ratio of sintered product decreased. In addition, the combustion ratio of exhaust gas also increased with increasing the coke content, indicating that combustion zone temperature also increased, and the excessive the coke content in the sintering process of vanadiumtitanium magnetite is harmful. As the coke content increased, the magnetite, silicates, and perovskite contents of the sintered ore increased while the contents of hematite and calcium ferrite of sintered ore decreased; drum strength decreased, and reduction degradation properties increased while reduction ability decreased. We found that the appropriate coke content for the sintering process is 3.6 wt%.
基金Item Sponsored by National High-tech Research and Development Project of China(2012AA062302)Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(51090384)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(N130602003)
文摘To achieve the high-efficiency utilization of vanadium-titanium magnetite（ VTM）,reduction experiments were conducted to determine the carbothermic reduction mechanism of VTM. Effects of volatile matter,temperature,time,and carbon ratio（ molar ratio of fixed carbon in coal to oxygen in iron oxides of VTM） on reduction degree were investigated.Results show that reduction degree increases with increasing volatile matter in coal,temperature,time,and carbon ratio.Phase transformation,microstructure,and reduction path were analyzed by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy,and Fact Sage 6. 0. The thermoravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry-quadrupole mass spectrometer method was used for kinetic analysis of the main reduction process. Results indicate that the kinetic mechanism follows the principle of random nucleation and growth（ n = 4）,and the activation energy values at 600-900 and 900-1 350 ℃ are 88. 7 and 295. 5 kJ / mol,respectively.
基金Project(2013CB632603)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(2015BAB19B02)supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of ChinaProjects(51674084,51174051,51574082)supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The effects of basicity and temperature on the reduction process of Hongge high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HCVTM)sinter were investigated in this work.The main characterization methods of X-ray fluorescence(XRF),X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),and metallographic microscope were employed in this study.In this work,the reduction of HCVTM sinter with different temperature and basicity were experimented.The Fe,FeO,and TiO in reductive samples increase with increasing basicity and temperatures.The increase of basicity and temperature is favorable to the reduction of HCVTM sinter.The Fe phase has out-migration tendency to the surface of sinter while the perovskite and silicate phases have in-migration tendency to the inside of sinter.The reduction degradation index(RDI)decreases while the reduction index(RI)increases with increasing basicity.The RI increases from 67.14%to 82.09%with increasing temperature from 1073 K to 1373 K.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52074081 and 52174319)the National Key Research and Development Plan(No.2021YFC290IOOO).
文摘High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HCVTM)is a valuable resource containing metal elements such as iron,vanadium,titanium,and chromium.To recycle these elements,direct reduction is an efficient way.The mechanism and reaction kinetic parameters for the direct reduction of HCVTM were studied.Experimental results show that the reduction degree increases obviously when the C/O ratio and temperature increase.Thermodynamic analysis showed a dramatic mass loss in the direct reduction of HCVTM in the temperature range of 985-1160℃.From 1200 to 1350℃,the reduction curves for the isothermal reduction of HCVTM followed the same trend,with a sharp increase in the initial reaction zone and a slight increase in the reduction rate with increasing time,and finally,the isothermal reduction process of HCVTM was divided into several limiting stages with varying degrees,with inconsistent limiting factors for the reaction rate at different stages.The results also show that the activation energy decreases slightly at larger degrees of reduction.Also,the apparent rate constant k(T)increased with increasing reduction temperature,with lnk(T)showing a good linear relationship with temperature.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51974054 and 52174300)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China(No.cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0583).
文摘To achieve high-efficiency utilization of complex and unmanageable iron-containing minerals,the effects of oxygen enrichment on productivity,yield,flame front speed,exhaust gas peak temperature,and desulphurization reaction of the vanadium-titanium magnetite sintering process as well as sinter tumble index and mineralogy were clarified,with oxygen enrichment concentrations ranging from 21 to 29 vol.%.Results indicated that with increasing the oxygen enrichment concentration from 21 to 27 vol.%,the flame front speed increased from 30.3 to 40.0 mm min^(-1),the yield enhanced from 72%to 77%,and the productivity augmented from 1.83 to 2.67t m^(-2)h^(-1);in the meantime,the tumble index was improved from 73.7%to 77.9%,and the exhaust gas peak temperature rose from 376.4 to 484.8℃.The main reason for the improvement in sintering properties was the increased combustibility of fuels and the generation of proper liquid phase that improved the permeability of the packed bed.The improved sinter strength is mainly due to the increase in the phase fraction of silico-ferrites of calcium and aluminium.In addition,oxygen enrichment sintering could significantly increase the desulphurization level of vanadium-titanium magnetite sinter and the rate of desulphurization reaction during sintering process.
