A new species, Tsuga nanfengensis sp.nov.（Pinaceae）, is described on the basis of lignified fossil wood from the late Miocene of the Xianfeng Basin, central Yunnan, southwestern China.Detailed observation of the fos...A new species, Tsuga nanfengensis sp.nov.（Pinaceae）, is described on the basis of lignified fossil wood from the late Miocene of the Xianfeng Basin, central Yunnan, southwestern China.Detailed observation of the fossil wood specimens show the following characteristics： distinct growth rings, absence of resin canals, uniseriate bordered pits in the radial wall of tracheids, ray tracheids and piceoid and cupressoid cross-field pits.These features indicate similarities to the wood of extant Tsuga canadensis, T.chinensis, and T.dumosa.According to the fossil record, Tsuga was present in Xundian County during the Miocene.Today Tsuga is drought intolerant, preferring wet conditions with no extant species growing naturally in Xundian County.The presence of Tsuga in the Miocene of Xundian County indicates a humid climate consistent with previous palaeoclimatic reconstructions showing a wetter and probably shorter dry season in the Miocene, relative to the present day.Therefore, the change in the local climate such as increasing aridity through the Miocene might explain the local extinction of Tsuga from central Yunnan.展开更多
Six water-soluble polysaccharide-protein complexes coded as GM1, GM2, GM3, GM4, GM5 and GM6 wereisolated from the mycelium of Ganoderma tsugae by extracting with 0.2 mol/L phosphate buffer solution at 25, 40 and80℃, ...Six water-soluble polysaccharide-protein complexes coded as GM1, GM2, GM3, GM4, GM5 and GM6 wereisolated from the mycelium of Ganoderma tsugae by extracting with 0.2 mol/L phosphate buffer solution at 25, 40 and80℃, water at 120℃, 0.5 mol/L aqueous NaOH solution at 25 and 65℃, consecutively. Their chemical components wereanalyzed by using IR, GC, HPLC and ^(13)C-NMR, and some new results were obtained. The four samples GM1, GM2, GM3and GM4 are heteropolysaccharide-prote in complexes, in which, α- (1→3) linked D-glucose is the major monosaccharidewhile galactose, mannose and ribose are the secondary ones. GM5 and GM6 are β-(1→3)-D-glucan-protein complexes. Theprotein content increased from 32% to 69% with the progress of isolation. Weight-average molecu1ar mass M_w and theintrinsic viscosity [η] of the GM samples in 0.5 mol/L aqueous NaCl solution at 25℃ were measured systematically by laserlight scartering (LLS), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) combined with LLS, and viscometry. The M_w of GM1 to GM6are 35.5, 46.8, 58.9, 41.6, 3.3 and 22.0×10~4, respectively. The conformation and molecular mass of the two fractions of sample GM5 were characterized satisfactorily by SEC-LLS without further fractionation.展开更多
To explore the effects of traditional herbal medicine Ganoderrna tsugae（G, tsugae） on immunomodulatory and antitumor activities, the crude polysaccharides of G. tsugae were purified by filtration, diethylaminoethyl...To explore the effects of traditional herbal medicine Ganoderrna tsugae（G, tsugae） on immunomodulatory and antitumor activities, the crude polysaccharides of G. tsugae were purified by filtration, diethylaminoethyl（DEAE） sepharose-fast flow chromatography and sephadex G-100 size-exclusion chromatography. Two main fractions, pro- tein-containing glyeans CSSLP-1 and CSSLP-2, were obtained via the gradient elution. The protein content, molecu- lar weight, and monosaccharide composition of the two fractions were analyzed. Furthermore, the influence of the protein-containing glycans from G. tsugae on the activation of human acute monocytic leukemia cell line（THP-l） and their antitumor activities to the human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell（HepG-2） in vitro were evaluated. The re- sults indicate that CSSLP-1 and CSSLP-2 could increase the pinocytie activity of THP-1 cells and induce THP-1 cells to produce the eytokines of TNFa and IL-2, significantly. CSSLP-1 and CSSLP-2 also played an inhibiting effect on the cancer cell（HepG-2）. Moreover, the anti-proliferation activity of CSSLP-1 and CSSLP-2 increased with the par- ticipation of TNFa and IL-2 or other antitumor factors induced from THP-1 cells by G. tsugae protein-containing glycan fractions.展开更多
The essential oil composition leaves of Juniperus communis L.,Taxus canadensis Marshall.and Tsuga canadensis(L.)Carr.from Canada were investigated by head space solid phase microextraction(HS-SPME)and gas chromatograp...The essential oil composition leaves of Juniperus communis L.,Taxus canadensis Marshall.and Tsuga canadensis(L.)Carr.from Canada were investigated by head space solid phase microextraction(HS-SPME)and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Thirty-three,thirty and thirty-one components were identified representing 95.78%,93.89%,96.14%of the oil,respectively.Limonene(26.12%),benzene(15.62%),13-mrycene(9.08%)andβ-pinene(7.30%)were found to be the main constituents of J.communis;1-propanone(36.38%),morpholine(10.95%),methylamine(9.10%)and methanone(8.14%)were detected main components of Taxus canadensis;bornylacetate(26.84%),α-pinene(23.74%),camphene(11.93%)and limonene(6.02%)were determined as major constituents of Tsuga canadensis.The chemical distributions of the essential oil compounds in the genus pattern were discussed in means of chemotaxonomy and natural products.展开更多
Germplasm collection is important to preserve and maximize genetic diversity for germplasm conservation.Tsuga dumosa(D.Don)Eichler in Engler & Prantl.and T.chinensis var.forrestii(Downie)Silba germplasm was collec...Germplasm collection is important to preserve and maximize genetic diversity for germplasm conservation.Tsuga dumosa(D.Don)Eichler in Engler & Prantl.and T.chinensis var.forrestii(Downie)Silba germplasm was collected from three localities in China:Mt.Yulong,Wenfeng Temple and Mt.Dishiergu,Yunnan Province.Accessions were identified based on morphological characters and RAPD markers.The shapes of the apices and margins of needles were examined,and the length and width of needles,cones and seeds from accessions of mature plants were used to compare the morphological differences and to identify the germplasm.Molecular markers generated by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)were also used to characterize the taxa.Although the clustering based on RAPD markers was inconsistent with the morphological characters of the needles,based on the overall morphological characters and on RAPD markers,the accessions from Mt.Yulong and Wenfeng Temple were identified as T.chinensis var.forrestii,and those from Mt.Dishiergu identified as T.dumosa.Taxonomic identification of the accessions was made based on morphology and by RAPD markers concurred.The results indicate that the shapes of the apices and margins of needles particularly from young plants could not be used as a possible key to identify T.dumosa and T.chinensis var.forrestii.Fig 6,Tab 3,Ref展开更多
The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand is an invasive insect that frequently causes hemlock （Tsuga spp.） mortality in the eastern United States. Studies have shown that once healthy hemlocks become infest...The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand is an invasive insect that frequently causes hemlock （Tsuga spp.） mortality in the eastern United States. Studies have shown that once healthy hemlocks become infested by the adelgid, nutrients are depleted from the tree, leading to both tree decline and a reduction of the adelgid population. Since A. tsugae is dependent on hemlock for nutrients, feeding on trees in poor health may affect the ability of the insect to obtain necessary nutrients and may consequently affect their physiological and population health. Trees were categorized as lightly or moderately impacted by A. tsugae based on quantitative and qualitative tree health measurements. Population health ofA. tsugae on each tree was determined by measuring insect density and peak mean fecundity; A. tsugae physiological health was determined by measuring insect biomass, total carbon, carbohydrate, total nitrogen, and amino nitrogen levels. Adelges tsugae from moderately impacted trees exhibited significantly greater fecundity than from lightly impacted trees. However, A. tsugae from lightly impacted hemlocks contained significantly greater levels of carbohydrates, total nitrogen, and amino nitrogen. While the results of the physiological analysis generally support our hypothesis that A. tsugae on lightly impacted trees are healthier than those on moderately impacted trees, this was not reflected in the population health measurements. Adelges tsugae egg health in response to tree health should be verified. This study provides the first examination of A. tsugae physiological health in relation to standard A. tsugae population health measures on hemlocks of different health levels.展开更多
Effects of three gaps which are large (118 m2), medium (86 m2) and small (20 m2), respectively, and under canopy of Tsuga longibracteata forest on the seedling establishment of T. longibracteata were studied through s...Effects of three gaps which are large (118 m2), medium (86 m2) and small (20 m2), respectively, and under canopy of Tsuga longibracteata forest on the seedling establishment of T. longibracteata were studied through seed burial experiments from December 2003 to January 2005 in Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve of Fujian, China. The results showed that the area of gap had an evident effect on the seedling establishment of T. longibracteata. The seedling emergence rates of T. longibracteata in plots of large gap, medium gap, small gap and under canopy were 10%, 10%, 4% and 6%, representing an increasing trend along with the gap size increasing without a significant difference. Rain eroding and insects feeding were two main factors leading to seedling death. The larger the gap size was, the more seedlings were killed by rain erosion and the fewer seedlings were killed by insects feeding. The emergence time of seedlings was almost same in all plots while their death time was different respectively. The gap size had a significant impact on seedling survival rate. The seedling survival rate was highest in the medium gap plot (27.0%) and next to the highest in large gap plot (7.3%), and seedling in small gap plot and under canopy plot died out after one growing season. Increased light supply in gaps was favorable for the seedlings growth and survival. Increased light supply in the large gap could enhance the growth of seedling leaf and root of T. longibracteata, and the seedling in turn allocated more dry mass to root and leaf, but it has little impact on the growth of stem. This research indicates that T. longibracteata is a pioneer species and its seedling establishment need a medium or large gap (>50 m2).展开更多
基金supported by a 973 program of the Ministry of Science and Technology (Mo ST) of China (20120CB821900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 41272007, 41030212, 31350110504)+2 种基金the Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botanythe Chinese Academy of Sciences (KLBB 201201 and 2013Y1SA002)part of the NECLIME (Neogene Climate of Eurasia) network
文摘A new species, Tsuga nanfengensis sp.nov.（Pinaceae）, is described on the basis of lignified fossil wood from the late Miocene of the Xianfeng Basin, central Yunnan, southwestern China.Detailed observation of the fossil wood specimens show the following characteristics： distinct growth rings, absence of resin canals, uniseriate bordered pits in the radial wall of tracheids, ray tracheids and piceoid and cupressoid cross-field pits.These features indicate similarities to the wood of extant Tsuga canadensis, T.chinensis, and T.dumosa.According to the fossil record, Tsuga was present in Xundian County during the Miocene.Today Tsuga is drought intolerant, preferring wet conditions with no extant species growing naturally in Xundian County.The presence of Tsuga in the Miocene of Xundian County indicates a humid climate consistent with previous palaeoclimatic reconstructions showing a wetter and probably shorter dry season in the Miocene, relative to the present day.Therefore, the change in the local climate such as increasing aridity through the Miocene might explain the local extinction of Tsuga from central Yunnan.
基金This work was supported by the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20074025).
文摘Six water-soluble polysaccharide-protein complexes coded as GM1, GM2, GM3, GM4, GM5 and GM6 wereisolated from the mycelium of Ganoderma tsugae by extracting with 0.2 mol/L phosphate buffer solution at 25, 40 and80℃, water at 120℃, 0.5 mol/L aqueous NaOH solution at 25 and 65℃, consecutively. Their chemical components wereanalyzed by using IR, GC, HPLC and ^(13)C-NMR, and some new results were obtained. The four samples GM1, GM2, GM3and GM4 are heteropolysaccharide-prote in complexes, in which, α- (1→3) linked D-glucose is the major monosaccharidewhile galactose, mannose and ribose are the secondary ones. GM5 and GM6 are β-(1→3)-D-glucan-protein complexes. Theprotein content increased from 32% to 69% with the progress of isolation. Weight-average molecu1ar mass M_w and theintrinsic viscosity [η] of the GM samples in 0.5 mol/L aqueous NaCl solution at 25℃ were measured systematically by laserlight scartering (LLS), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) combined with LLS, and viscometry. The M_w of GM1 to GM6are 35.5, 46.8, 58.9, 41.6, 3.3 and 22.0×10~4, respectively. The conformation and molecular mass of the two fractions of sample GM5 were characterized satisfactorily by SEC-LLS without further fractionation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30870552)
文摘To explore the effects of traditional herbal medicine Ganoderrna tsugae（G, tsugae） on immunomodulatory and antitumor activities, the crude polysaccharides of G. tsugae were purified by filtration, diethylaminoethyl（DEAE） sepharose-fast flow chromatography and sephadex G-100 size-exclusion chromatography. Two main fractions, pro- tein-containing glyeans CSSLP-1 and CSSLP-2, were obtained via the gradient elution. The protein content, molecu- lar weight, and monosaccharide composition of the two fractions were analyzed. Furthermore, the influence of the protein-containing glycans from G. tsugae on the activation of human acute monocytic leukemia cell line（THP-l） and their antitumor activities to the human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell（HepG-2） in vitro were evaluated. The re- sults indicate that CSSLP-1 and CSSLP-2 could increase the pinocytie activity of THP-1 cells and induce THP-1 cells to produce the eytokines of TNFa and IL-2, significantly. CSSLP-1 and CSSLP-2 also played an inhibiting effect on the cancer cell（HepG-2）. Moreover, the anti-proliferation activity of CSSLP-1 and CSSLP-2 increased with the par- ticipation of TNFa and IL-2 or other antitumor factors induced from THP-1 cells by G. tsugae protein-containing glycan fractions.
文摘The essential oil composition leaves of Juniperus communis L.,Taxus canadensis Marshall.and Tsuga canadensis(L.)Carr.from Canada were investigated by head space solid phase microextraction(HS-SPME)and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Thirty-three,thirty and thirty-one components were identified representing 95.78%,93.89%,96.14%of the oil,respectively.Limonene(26.12%),benzene(15.62%),13-mrycene(9.08%)andβ-pinene(7.30%)were found to be the main constituents of J.communis;1-propanone(36.38%),morpholine(10.95%),methylamine(9.10%)and methanone(8.14%)were detected main components of Taxus canadensis;bornylacetate(26.84%),α-pinene(23.74%),camphene(11.93%)and limonene(6.02%)were determined as major constituents of Tsuga canadensis.The chemical distributions of the essential oil compounds in the genus pattern were discussed in means of chemotaxonomy and natural products.
文摘Germplasm collection is important to preserve and maximize genetic diversity for germplasm conservation.Tsuga dumosa(D.Don)Eichler in Engler & Prantl.and T.chinensis var.forrestii(Downie)Silba germplasm was collected from three localities in China:Mt.Yulong,Wenfeng Temple and Mt.Dishiergu,Yunnan Province.Accessions were identified based on morphological characters and RAPD markers.The shapes of the apices and margins of needles were examined,and the length and width of needles,cones and seeds from accessions of mature plants were used to compare the morphological differences and to identify the germplasm.Molecular markers generated by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)were also used to characterize the taxa.Although the clustering based on RAPD markers was inconsistent with the morphological characters of the needles,based on the overall morphological characters and on RAPD markers,the accessions from Mt.Yulong and Wenfeng Temple were identified as T.chinensis var.forrestii,and those from Mt.Dishiergu identified as T.dumosa.Taxonomic identification of the accessions was made based on morphology and by RAPD markers concurred.The results indicate that the shapes of the apices and margins of needles particularly from young plants could not be used as a possible key to identify T.dumosa and T.chinensis var.forrestii.Fig 6,Tab 3,Ref
文摘The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand is an invasive insect that frequently causes hemlock （Tsuga spp.） mortality in the eastern United States. Studies have shown that once healthy hemlocks become infested by the adelgid, nutrients are depleted from the tree, leading to both tree decline and a reduction of the adelgid population. Since A. tsugae is dependent on hemlock for nutrients, feeding on trees in poor health may affect the ability of the insect to obtain necessary nutrients and may consequently affect their physiological and population health. Trees were categorized as lightly or moderately impacted by A. tsugae based on quantitative and qualitative tree health measurements. Population health ofA. tsugae on each tree was determined by measuring insect density and peak mean fecundity; A. tsugae physiological health was determined by measuring insect biomass, total carbon, carbohydrate, total nitrogen, and amino nitrogen levels. Adelges tsugae from moderately impacted trees exhibited significantly greater fecundity than from lightly impacted trees. However, A. tsugae from lightly impacted hemlocks contained significantly greater levels of carbohydrates, total nitrogen, and amino nitrogen. While the results of the physiological analysis generally support our hypothesis that A. tsugae on lightly impacted trees are healthier than those on moderately impacted trees, this was not reflected in the population health measurements. Adelges tsugae egg health in response to tree health should be verified. This study provides the first examination of A. tsugae physiological health in relation to standard A. tsugae population health measures on hemlocks of different health levels.
基金Supported by the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (No.30370275)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province ofChina ((No. C0310004).
文摘Effects of three gaps which are large (118 m2), medium (86 m2) and small (20 m2), respectively, and under canopy of Tsuga longibracteata forest on the seedling establishment of T. longibracteata were studied through seed burial experiments from December 2003 to January 2005 in Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve of Fujian, China. The results showed that the area of gap had an evident effect on the seedling establishment of T. longibracteata. The seedling emergence rates of T. longibracteata in plots of large gap, medium gap, small gap and under canopy were 10%, 10%, 4% and 6%, representing an increasing trend along with the gap size increasing without a significant difference. Rain eroding and insects feeding were two main factors leading to seedling death. The larger the gap size was, the more seedlings were killed by rain erosion and the fewer seedlings were killed by insects feeding. The emergence time of seedlings was almost same in all plots while their death time was different respectively. The gap size had a significant impact on seedling survival rate. The seedling survival rate was highest in the medium gap plot (27.0%) and next to the highest in large gap plot (7.3%), and seedling in small gap plot and under canopy plot died out after one growing season. Increased light supply in gaps was favorable for the seedlings growth and survival. Increased light supply in the large gap could enhance the growth of seedling leaf and root of T. longibracteata, and the seedling in turn allocated more dry mass to root and leaf, but it has little impact on the growth of stem. This research indicates that T. longibracteata is a pioneer species and its seedling establishment need a medium or large gap (>50 m2).
