The lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase(GCase) belongs to the family of glycosidases and hydrolyses the glycosphingolipid glucosylceramide(GluCer) into glucose and ceramide. The enzyme is of central importance for ...The lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase(GCase) belongs to the family of glycosidases and hydrolyses the glycosphingolipid glucosylceramide(GluCer) into glucose and ceramide. The enzyme is of central importance for two pathologies:(1) the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher's disease(GD) and(2) the neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's disease(PD).展开更多
To promote the global dissemination of Chinese culture,the translation of Chinese classic literature has garnered widespread attention in the translation field.Literary translation criticism plays an essential role in...To promote the global dissemination of Chinese culture,the translation of Chinese classic literature has garnered widespread attention in the translation field.Literary translation criticism plays an essential role in the development of translation endeavors.This paper will analyze three versions of English translations of Shen Congwen’s novella Border Town using Reiss’s translation criticism model and summarize their performance in terms of formal equivalence and aesthetic effect,linguistic components,and extra-linguistic components.展开更多
The translation of ancient Chinese cultural artifacts terminology in museums plays a pivotal role in facilitating cross-cultural communication and preserving cultural heritage in the context of globalization.Through f...The translation of ancient Chinese cultural artifacts terminology in museums plays a pivotal role in facilitating cross-cultural communication and preserving cultural heritage in the context of globalization.Through field research in over ten Chinese museums and analysis of more than 800 terms,this paper explores the most effective translation methods for such terminology,focusing on transliteration and literal translation under the strategy of foreignization as well as liberal translation and imitation under the domesticating strategy.Standardized terminology not only prevents ambiguities but also bridges cultural gaps by preserving phonetic authenticity while contextualizing functionality.By refining translation practices,museums can better fulfill their mission as bridges between cultures,promoting global appreciation of China’s rich historical and artistic legacy.展开更多
This study aims to explore the potential and limitations of ChatGPT in translation,focusing on its application in Neural Machine Translation(NMT).By combining theoretical analysis with empirical research,the study eva...This study aims to explore the potential and limitations of ChatGPT in translation,focusing on its application in Neural Machine Translation(NMT).By combining theoretical analysis with empirical research,the study evaluates ChatGPT’s strengths and weaknesses.It reveals ChatGPT’s superior performance in handling technical documents with high translation quality and efficiency.However,its limitations become evident in addressing cultural nuances and emotional expressions,where semantic deviation or cultural loss often occurs.Moreover,ChatGPT struggles with creative translation,failing to convey the artistic style and emotional depth of original texts,such as literary works and advertisements.The study proposes optimized paths for human-machine collaboration,emphasizing the crucial role of human translators in cultural adaptation and quality assurance.It suggests incorporating multimodal data,dynamic feedback mechanisms,and pragmatic reasoning techniques to enhance machine translation capabilities.The findings conclude that while ChatGPT serves as an efficient translation tool,complex tasks require human-machine synergy to achieve high-quality cross-cultural communication.展开更多
Neural machine translation(NMT)has been widely applied to high-resource language pairs,but its dependence on large-scale data results in poor performance in low-resource scenarios.In this paper,we propose a transfer-l...Neural machine translation(NMT)has been widely applied to high-resource language pairs,but its dependence on large-scale data results in poor performance in low-resource scenarios.In this paper,we propose a transfer-learning-based approach called shared space transfer for zero-resource NMT.Our method leverages a pivot pre-trained language model(PLM)to create a shared representation space,which is used in both auxiliary source→pivot(Ms2p)and(Mp2t)translation models.Specifically,we exploit pivot PLM to initialize the Ms2p decoder pivot→targetand Mp2t encoder,while adopting a freezing strategy during the training process.We further propose a feature converter to mitigate representation space deviations by converting the features from the source encoder into the shared representation space.The converter is trained using the synthetic parallel corpus.The final Ms2t model source→targetcombines the Ms2p encoder,feature converter,and Mp2t decoder.We conduct simulation experiments using English as the pivot language for and translations.We finally test our method German→French,German→Czech,Turkish→Hindion a real zero-resource language pair,with Chinese as the pivot language.Experiment results Mongolian→Vietnameseshow that our method achieves high translation quality,with better Translation Error Rate(TER)and BLEU scores compared with other pivot-based methods.The step-wise pre-training with our feature converter outperforms baseline models in terms of COMET scores.展开更多
This paper examines the Chinese terminology in 2024 Government Work Report and conducts a comparative analysis of its translation into English and Japanese.The study explores the challenges and strategies involved in ...This paper examines the Chinese terminology in 2024 Government Work Report and conducts a comparative analysis of its translation into English and Japanese.The study explores the challenges and strategies involved in translating these terms,taking into account differences in vocabulary,grammatical structure,and cultural context between the two languages.The findings reveal that the same term may be translated differently into English and Japanese due to the distinct linguistic and cultural characteristics of each language.The research emphasizes that understanding and respecting the unique features of each language and culture are essential for accurately conveying the meaning of Chinese terms.This is crucial for enhancing the international influence of Chinese discourse and promoting cross-cultural communication.展开更多
The complexity of idioms poses challenges to online translation.From the perspective of online translation,this study conducts an in-depth exploration of idiom translation strategies by taking Xi Jinping:The Governanc...The complexity of idioms poses challenges to online translation.From the perspective of online translation,this study conducts an in-depth exploration of idiom translation strategies by taking Xi Jinping:The Governance of China(Volume IV)as the research object and extracts 649 idioms from this work,conducting 1,947 translation queries on three major platforms.It helps to reveal the strategic differences and effectiveness of online translation in handling idioms and emphasizes the importance of cultural adaptability in translation practice,which provides theoretical support and practical guidance for optimizing online translation technology and improving the quality of idiom translation into English.展开更多
Osteogenesis is driven by the differentiation of osteoblasts and the mineralization of the bone matrix,with oral-derived stem cells playing a significant role in this process.Various post-translational modifications(P...Osteogenesis is driven by the differentiation of osteoblasts and the mineralization of the bone matrix,with oral-derived stem cells playing a significant role in this process.Various post-translational modifications(PTMs),such as phosphorylation,acetylation,methylation,and glycosylation,regulate osteogenic differentiation(OD).These modifications influence the expression of osteogenic genes by modulating the activity of key transcription factors like runt-related transcription factor 2 and osterix.While the molecular mechanisms behind OD are increasingly understood,many questions remain,particularly regarding how PTMs control the specificity and efficiency of stem cell differentiation.Recent research into these modifications has underscored the potential of stem cell therapy for bone regeneration and treating bone-related diseases.This review summarizes the role of PTMs in the OD of oral-derived stem cells,discusses their clinical applications,and suggests future research directions.展开更多
Based on Katharina Reiss’s text typology theory from the German Functionalist School,this paper systematically explores the strategic differences and practical methods in the mutual translation between Chinese and Ja...Based on Katharina Reiss’s text typology theory from the German Functionalist School,this paper systematically explores the strategic differences and practical methods in the mutual translation between Chinese and Japanese for operative,informative,expressive,and informative+expressive text types.By comparatively analyzing the linguistic functions,communicative features,and cultural cognitive differences of these four text types,the study proposes targeted translation strategies:Operative texts require tone adjustment,localized adaptation,and pragmatic compensation to maximize appeal;informative texts emphasize sentence structure restructuring and terminology standardization to ensure information transfer efficiency;expressive texts focus on formal imitation and rhetorical reproduction to preserve the original aesthetic value;for informative+expressive texts,flexible handling of idioms,proverbs,and stylistic forms is necessary to achieve an optimal balance between informational accuracy and aesthetic form.The study validates the applicability of functionalist theory in Chinese-Japanese translation through empirical case studies,while also revealing the prevalence of mixed text functions and the consequent demand for translator strategic flexibility.These findings not only expand the explanatory dimension of Reiss’s theory,but also provide an operational methodological framework for cross-cultural translation practice,holding practical significance for promoting in-depth communication between China and Japan.展开更多
In the process of machine translation,pre-editing is a crucial step,which can help reduce the cost of post-translation editing and improve the quality of machine translation.By sorting out and reviewing the relevant l...In the process of machine translation,pre-editing is a crucial step,which can help reduce the cost of post-translation editing and improve the quality of machine translation.By sorting out and reviewing the relevant literature about pre-editing of machine translation,this paper summarizes the previous researches on pre-editing of machine translation from three aspects:the theoretical framework,automated and semi-automated pre-translation editing and evaluation of pre-translation editing effect.The possible development direction of pre-translation edting is also put forward.展开更多
Artificial intelligence(AI)is undergoing unprecedented changes,significantly impacting the translation industry.In 2024,UNESCO released the AI Competency Framework for Students,which establishes a comprehensive dimens...Artificial intelligence(AI)is undergoing unprecedented changes,significantly impacting the translation industry.In 2024,UNESCO released the AI Competency Framework for Students,which establishes a comprehensive dimension based on a two-dimensional content structure,four levels of competencies,and three levels of proficiency,promoting a positive interaction between humans and machines.Students in the Master of Translation and Interpreting Program represent the future talent pool of the translation industry.A key issue for every translator in the current era is how to maintain the subjectivity of the translator amid the AI wave,cultivating new opportunities in times of crisis and leveraging the translator’s subjective initiative.展开更多
This article is devoted to the study of one of the most important questions of philology—translation which throughout its centuries-long and rich history has been considered a sphere of philological activity of utmos...This article is devoted to the study of one of the most important questions of philology—translation which throughout its centuries-long and rich history has been considered a sphere of philological activity of utmost significance providing an exceptional possibility for recoding and bringing philological and cultural traditions within the reach of people at large.Through the application of a variety of methods(linguo-stylistic,linguo-poetic,and comparative),the author attempts to study the process of translation,the clash of difficulties inevitably arising in that process,and offers solutions that will help recreate the vitality of the original and the uniqueness of linguistic thinking.Emphasis on the importance of the consideration of intra-and inter-linguistic correlations of language units in the original work of literature drives the author to the conclusion that the most reliable approach to literary translation is to be guided by the principle of“metaphoric displacement”.展开更多
Machine Translation has been playing an important role in modern society due to its effectiveness and efficiency,but the great demand for corpus makes it difficult for users to use traditional Machine Translation syst...Machine Translation has been playing an important role in modern society due to its effectiveness and efficiency,but the great demand for corpus makes it difficult for users to use traditional Machine Translation systems.To solve this problem and improve translation quality,in November 2016,Google introduces Google Neural Machine Translation system,which implements the latest techniques to achieve better outcomes.The conspicuous achievement has been proved by experiments using BLEU score to measure performance of different systems.With GNMT,the gap between human and machine translation is narrowing.展开更多
By comparing the two English versions of Hongloumeng, this paper discusses the reasons why the translators choose different translation strategies in dealing with the cultural context, and points out that translation ...By comparing the two English versions of Hongloumeng, this paper discusses the reasons why the translators choose different translation strategies in dealing with the cultural context, and points out that translation strategy is the translator＇s choice in different translational situations.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)recurrence after liver transplantation(LT)presents a significant challenge,with recurrence rates ranging from 8%to 20%globally.Current biomarkers,such as alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)and des-gamm...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)recurrence after liver transplantation(LT)presents a significant challenge,with recurrence rates ranging from 8%to 20%globally.Current biomarkers,such as alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin(DCP),lack specificity,limiting their utility in risk strati-fication.YKL-40,a glycoprotein involved in extracellular matrix remodeling,hepatic stellate cell activation,and immune modulation,has emerged as a promising biomarker for post-LT surveillance.Elevated serum levels of YKL-40 are associated with advanced liver disease,tumor progression,and poorer post-LT outcomes,highlighting its potential to address gaps in early detection and personalized management of HCC recurrence.This manuscript synthesizes clinical and mechanistic evidence to evaluate YKL-40’s predictive utility in post-LT care.While preliminary findings demonstrate its specificity for liver-related pathologies,challenges remain,including assay standardization,lack of pro-spective validation,and the need to distinguish between malignant and non-malignant causes of elevated levels.Integrating YKL-40 into multi-biomarker panels with AFP and DCP could enhance predictive accuracy and enable tailored therapeutic strategies.Future research should focus on multicenter studies to validate YKL-40’s clinical utility,address confounding factors like graft rejection and systemic inflammation,and explore its role in predictive models driven by emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence.YKL-40 holds transformative potential in reshaping post-LT care through precision medicine,providing a pathway for better outcomes and improved management of high-risk LT recipients.展开更多
基金supported by the Michael J Fox Foundation (to PA and FZ)。
文摘The lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase(GCase) belongs to the family of glycosidases and hydrolyses the glycosphingolipid glucosylceramide(GluCer) into glucose and ceramide. The enzyme is of central importance for two pathologies:(1) the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher's disease(GD) and(2) the neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's disease(PD).
文摘To promote the global dissemination of Chinese culture,the translation of Chinese classic literature has garnered widespread attention in the translation field.Literary translation criticism plays an essential role in the development of translation endeavors.This paper will analyze three versions of English translations of Shen Congwen’s novella Border Town using Reiss’s translation criticism model and summarize their performance in terms of formal equivalence and aesthetic effect,linguistic components,and extra-linguistic components.
文摘The translation of ancient Chinese cultural artifacts terminology in museums plays a pivotal role in facilitating cross-cultural communication and preserving cultural heritage in the context of globalization.Through field research in over ten Chinese museums and analysis of more than 800 terms,this paper explores the most effective translation methods for such terminology,focusing on transliteration and literal translation under the strategy of foreignization as well as liberal translation and imitation under the domesticating strategy.Standardized terminology not only prevents ambiguities but also bridges cultural gaps by preserving phonetic authenticity while contextualizing functionality.By refining translation practices,museums can better fulfill their mission as bridges between cultures,promoting global appreciation of China’s rich historical and artistic legacy.
文摘This study aims to explore the potential and limitations of ChatGPT in translation,focusing on its application in Neural Machine Translation(NMT).By combining theoretical analysis with empirical research,the study evaluates ChatGPT’s strengths and weaknesses.It reveals ChatGPT’s superior performance in handling technical documents with high translation quality and efficiency.However,its limitations become evident in addressing cultural nuances and emotional expressions,where semantic deviation or cultural loss often occurs.Moreover,ChatGPT struggles with creative translation,failing to convey the artistic style and emotional depth of original texts,such as literary works and advertisements.The study proposes optimized paths for human-machine collaboration,emphasizing the crucial role of human translators in cultural adaptation and quality assurance.It suggests incorporating multimodal data,dynamic feedback mechanisms,and pragmatic reasoning techniques to enhance machine translation capabilities.The findings conclude that while ChatGPT serves as an efficient translation tool,complex tasks require human-machine synergy to achieve high-quality cross-cultural communication.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant number:Nos.62172341 and 12204386)Sichuan Natural Science Foundation(Grant number:No.2024NSFSC1375)+1 种基金Youth Foundation of Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation(Grant number:No.2024QN06017)Basic Scientific Research Business Fee Project for Universities in Inner Mongolia(Grant number:No.0406082215).
文摘Neural machine translation(NMT)has been widely applied to high-resource language pairs,but its dependence on large-scale data results in poor performance in low-resource scenarios.In this paper,we propose a transfer-learning-based approach called shared space transfer for zero-resource NMT.Our method leverages a pivot pre-trained language model(PLM)to create a shared representation space,which is used in both auxiliary source→pivot(Ms2p)and(Mp2t)translation models.Specifically,we exploit pivot PLM to initialize the Ms2p decoder pivot→targetand Mp2t encoder,while adopting a freezing strategy during the training process.We further propose a feature converter to mitigate representation space deviations by converting the features from the source encoder into the shared representation space.The converter is trained using the synthetic parallel corpus.The final Ms2t model source→targetcombines the Ms2p encoder,feature converter,and Mp2t decoder.We conduct simulation experiments using English as the pivot language for and translations.We finally test our method German→French,German→Czech,Turkish→Hindion a real zero-resource language pair,with Chinese as the pivot language.Experiment results Mongolian→Vietnameseshow that our method achieves high translation quality,with better Translation Error Rate(TER)and BLEU scores compared with other pivot-based methods.The step-wise pre-training with our feature converter outperforms baseline models in terms of COMET scores.
文摘This paper examines the Chinese terminology in 2024 Government Work Report and conducts a comparative analysis of its translation into English and Japanese.The study explores the challenges and strategies involved in translating these terms,taking into account differences in vocabulary,grammatical structure,and cultural context between the two languages.The findings reveal that the same term may be translated differently into English and Japanese due to the distinct linguistic and cultural characteristics of each language.The research emphasizes that understanding and respecting the unique features of each language and culture are essential for accurately conveying the meaning of Chinese terms.This is crucial for enhancing the international influence of Chinese discourse and promoting cross-cultural communication.
基金funded by Innovation Training Project for University Students of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 2024:“Research on Strategies for English Translation of Idioms Based on Online Translation-A Case Study of Xi Jinping:The Governance of China(Volume Ⅳ)”(No.:2024CX012008).
文摘The complexity of idioms poses challenges to online translation.From the perspective of online translation,this study conducts an in-depth exploration of idiom translation strategies by taking Xi Jinping:The Governance of China(Volume IV)as the research object and extracts 649 idioms from this work,conducting 1,947 translation queries on three major platforms.It helps to reveal the strategic differences and effectiveness of online translation in handling idioms and emphasizes the importance of cultural adaptability in translation practice,which provides theoretical support and practical guidance for optimizing online translation technology and improving the quality of idiom translation into English.
文摘Osteogenesis is driven by the differentiation of osteoblasts and the mineralization of the bone matrix,with oral-derived stem cells playing a significant role in this process.Various post-translational modifications(PTMs),such as phosphorylation,acetylation,methylation,and glycosylation,regulate osteogenic differentiation(OD).These modifications influence the expression of osteogenic genes by modulating the activity of key transcription factors like runt-related transcription factor 2 and osterix.While the molecular mechanisms behind OD are increasingly understood,many questions remain,particularly regarding how PTMs control the specificity and efficiency of stem cell differentiation.Recent research into these modifications has underscored the potential of stem cell therapy for bone regeneration and treating bone-related diseases.This review summarizes the role of PTMs in the OD of oral-derived stem cells,discusses their clinical applications,and suggests future research directions.
基金supported by the Fund from the Professional Degree Graduate Practice Base Project of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology(Project No.1025115004005).
文摘Based on Katharina Reiss’s text typology theory from the German Functionalist School,this paper systematically explores the strategic differences and practical methods in the mutual translation between Chinese and Japanese for operative,informative,expressive,and informative+expressive text types.By comparatively analyzing the linguistic functions,communicative features,and cultural cognitive differences of these four text types,the study proposes targeted translation strategies:Operative texts require tone adjustment,localized adaptation,and pragmatic compensation to maximize appeal;informative texts emphasize sentence structure restructuring and terminology standardization to ensure information transfer efficiency;expressive texts focus on formal imitation and rhetorical reproduction to preserve the original aesthetic value;for informative+expressive texts,flexible handling of idioms,proverbs,and stylistic forms is necessary to achieve an optimal balance between informational accuracy and aesthetic form.The study validates the applicability of functionalist theory in Chinese-Japanese translation through empirical case studies,while also revealing the prevalence of mixed text functions and the consequent demand for translator strategic flexibility.These findings not only expand the explanatory dimension of Reiss’s theory,but also provide an operational methodological framework for cross-cultural translation practice,holding practical significance for promoting in-depth communication between China and Japan.
文摘In the process of machine translation,pre-editing is a crucial step,which can help reduce the cost of post-translation editing and improve the quality of machine translation.By sorting out and reviewing the relevant literature about pre-editing of machine translation,this paper summarizes the previous researches on pre-editing of machine translation from three aspects:the theoretical framework,automated and semi-automated pre-translation editing and evaluation of pre-translation editing effect.The possible development direction of pre-translation edting is also put forward.
文摘Artificial intelligence(AI)is undergoing unprecedented changes,significantly impacting the translation industry.In 2024,UNESCO released the AI Competency Framework for Students,which establishes a comprehensive dimension based on a two-dimensional content structure,four levels of competencies,and three levels of proficiency,promoting a positive interaction between humans and machines.Students in the Master of Translation and Interpreting Program represent the future talent pool of the translation industry.A key issue for every translator in the current era is how to maintain the subjectivity of the translator amid the AI wave,cultivating new opportunities in times of crisis and leveraging the translator’s subjective initiative.
文摘This article is devoted to the study of one of the most important questions of philology—translation which throughout its centuries-long and rich history has been considered a sphere of philological activity of utmost significance providing an exceptional possibility for recoding and bringing philological and cultural traditions within the reach of people at large.Through the application of a variety of methods(linguo-stylistic,linguo-poetic,and comparative),the author attempts to study the process of translation,the clash of difficulties inevitably arising in that process,and offers solutions that will help recreate the vitality of the original and the uniqueness of linguistic thinking.Emphasis on the importance of the consideration of intra-and inter-linguistic correlations of language units in the original work of literature drives the author to the conclusion that the most reliable approach to literary translation is to be guided by the principle of“metaphoric displacement”.
文摘Machine Translation has been playing an important role in modern society due to its effectiveness and efficiency,but the great demand for corpus makes it difficult for users to use traditional Machine Translation systems.To solve this problem and improve translation quality,in November 2016,Google introduces Google Neural Machine Translation system,which implements the latest techniques to achieve better outcomes.The conspicuous achievement has been proved by experiments using BLEU score to measure performance of different systems.With GNMT,the gap between human and machine translation is narrowing.
文摘By comparing the two English versions of Hongloumeng, this paper discusses the reasons why the translators choose different translation strategies in dealing with the cultural context, and points out that translation strategy is the translator＇s choice in different translational situations.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)recurrence after liver transplantation(LT)presents a significant challenge,with recurrence rates ranging from 8%to 20%globally.Current biomarkers,such as alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin(DCP),lack specificity,limiting their utility in risk strati-fication.YKL-40,a glycoprotein involved in extracellular matrix remodeling,hepatic stellate cell activation,and immune modulation,has emerged as a promising biomarker for post-LT surveillance.Elevated serum levels of YKL-40 are associated with advanced liver disease,tumor progression,and poorer post-LT outcomes,highlighting its potential to address gaps in early detection and personalized management of HCC recurrence.This manuscript synthesizes clinical and mechanistic evidence to evaluate YKL-40’s predictive utility in post-LT care.While preliminary findings demonstrate its specificity for liver-related pathologies,challenges remain,including assay standardization,lack of pro-spective validation,and the need to distinguish between malignant and non-malignant causes of elevated levels.Integrating YKL-40 into multi-biomarker panels with AFP and DCP could enhance predictive accuracy and enable tailored therapeutic strategies.Future research should focus on multicenter studies to validate YKL-40’s clinical utility,address confounding factors like graft rejection and systemic inflammation,and explore its role in predictive models driven by emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence.YKL-40 holds transformative potential in reshaping post-LT care through precision medicine,providing a pathway for better outcomes and improved management of high-risk LT recipients.
