In order to provide reference for the breeding of new peanut varieties and introduction of peanut cultivars in Fujian Province, the pedigree and trait evolution of 33 peanut varieties registered （certified, identifie...In order to provide reference for the breeding of new peanut varieties and introduction of peanut cultivars in Fujian Province, the pedigree and trait evolution of 33 peanut varieties registered （certified, identified） during 1949-2011 in Fujian Province were analyzed. Results showed that, 45 parents were used as parents for peanut breeding, and 22 parents were originated from Fujian Province, 24 parents were registered varieties; Shitouqi, Yueyou 92, Shanyou 523, Quanhua No.10 and Quanhua 327 were milestone parents of peanut varieties in Fujian Province, and the phylogenetic relationship of varieties mainly came from Guangdong. Systematic se- lection was the main breeding method during 1951-1980 in Fujian Province, while crossbreeding became the main method of peanut breeding since 1991. With the variety update of peanuts, the yield levels were constantly increasing. The gradual increase of 100-pod weight and 100-kernel weight played an important role in the improvement of peanut yield. Fat content increased slightly with time, while protein content changed in contrast. Plant height was gradually decreased, and anti-lodging and fertilizer-tolerance capacity was improved, which were suitable for close planting. The total number of branches was decreased slightly, while the number of bearing branches barely changed.展开更多
Naturally occurring in the subtropical regions of China to Korea,Chinese Holly(Ilex cornuta Lindl.&Paxton,Aquifoliaceae),is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant.However,the origins of the phenotypical diversit...Naturally occurring in the subtropical regions of China to Korea,Chinese Holly(Ilex cornuta Lindl.&Paxton,Aquifoliaceae),is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant.However,the origins of the phenotypical diversity of the species as well as its geographical history remain elusive.Here we report 50 exceptionally well-preserved fossil leaves of the I.cornuta lineage from the middle Miocene of South Korea.These fossils showcase delicate details,encompassing both adaxial and abaxial surfaces,as well as primary to quinternary venation patterns.The varied leaf morphologies,ranging from three to seven spines,demonstrate that these leaf morphologies of I.cornuta were established by the middle Miocene.Furthermore,fossil discoveries from the middle and late Miocene of Korea and China,coupled with the enduring presence of highly suitable habitats in Asia since the late Paleogene,suggest a longstanding persistence of the I.cornuta lineage in this region.The identification of closely related fossils from the Miocene to Pliocene of Europe implies potential floristic interchange between the continents,facilitated by the regression of the Turgai Strait in the Paleogene.This is consistent with the broad suitable habitat of the lineage,which once spanned Europe and Asia from the late Eocene to early Oligocene.Our study provides an example for integrating fossil records with ecological niche modelling to elucidate the biogeographical history of plants.展开更多
Spiders are among the most varied terrestrial predators,with highly diverse morphology,ecology,and behavior.Morphological and molecular data have greatly contributed to advances in the phylogeny and evolutionary dynam...Spiders are among the most varied terrestrial predators,with highly diverse morphology,ecology,and behavior.Morphological and molecular data have greatly contributed to advances in the phylogeny and evolutionary dynamics of spiders.Here,we performed comprehensive mitochondrial phylogenomics analysis on 78 mitochondrial genomes(mitogenomes)representing 29 families;of these,23 species from eight families were newly generated.Mesothelae retained the same gene arrangement as the arthropod ancestor(Limulus polyphemus),while Opisthothelae showed extensive rearrangement,with 12 rearrangement types in transfer RNAs(tRNAs)and control region.Most spider tRNAs were extremely truncated and lacked typical dihydrouridine or TΨC arms,showing high tRNA structural diversity;in particular,trnS1 exhibited anticodon diversity across the phylogeny.The evolutionary rates of mitochondrial genes were potentially associated with gene rearrangement or truncated tRNAs.Both mitogenomic sequences and rearrangements possessed phylogenetic characteristics,providing a robust backbone for spider phylogeny,as previously reported.The monophyly of suborder,infraorder,retrolateral tibial apophysis clade,and families(except for Pisauridae)was separately supported,and high-level relationships were resolved as(Mesothelae,(Mygalomorphae,(Entelegynae,(Synspermiata,Hypochilidae)))).The phylogenetic positions of several families were also resolved(e.g.,Eresidae,Oecobiidae and Titanoecidae).Two reconstructions of ancestral web type obtained almost identical results,indicating that the common ancestor of spiders likely foraged using a silk-lined burrow.This study,the largest mitochondrial phylogenomics analysis of spiders to date,highlights the usefulness of mitogenomic data not only for providing efficient phylogenetic signals for spider phylogeny,but also for characterizing trait diversification in spider evolution.展开更多
The origin of African cultivated rice(Oryza glaberrima)has been debated for over half a century,with many aspects of its domestication process remaining unclear.Through an extensive population analysis of 494 accessio...The origin of African cultivated rice(Oryza glaberrima)has been debated for over half a century,with many aspects of its domestication process remaining unclear.Through an extensive population analysis of 494 accessions,we found that African cultivated rice was domesticated from a subgroup of wild rice in Mali,supporting a centric origin model.The genetic divergence between cultivated rice and its wild progenitor occurred approximately3000-3500 years BP,followedbya wide geographical expansion1500-2100years BP.The non-shattering phenotype,a key domestication trait in cereals,was found to evolve repeatedly,likely at different times and locations.We also identified two genes(OgBh4 and OgPhr1)and six types of causal mutations responsible for the transition of hull color,another important domestication trait,and showed that these were also repeatedly selected across different local groups of rice accessions.These findings provide new insights into the evolutionary history of African cultivated rice and emphasize the importanceof repeatedtrait evolution incropdomestication.展开更多
Wood density(WD)indicates important plant functions and plays a key role in carbon cycling of forest ecosystems by affecting wood decomposition.However,how WD varies globally and how it evolved through the evolutionar...Wood density(WD)indicates important plant functions and plays a key role in carbon cycling of forest ecosystems by affecting wood decomposition.However,how WD varies globally and how it evolved through the evolutionary history of angiosperms remain unclear.Here,by integrating data of WD,phylogeny and distributions for angiosperms worldwide,we estimated global spatiotemporal patterns of WD and their relationships with modern climate and paleoclimate.We found that mean WD decreased with latitude in the northern hemisphere but increased with latitude in the southern hemisphere.The interspecific WD variation within each geographic unit did not show clear latitudinal gradients.Temperature was the best predictor of the global geographic pattern in mean WD,while the geographic variation in mean WD across high-temperature regions could be explained by geographic variation in precipitation and precipitation seasonality(PS).Since the Cenozoic(66 million years ago(Mya)),WD increased first(until 20 Mya)and then decreased.In general,the Cenozoic WD was positively correlated with paleotemperature and negatively correlated with paleoprecipitation,especially during more arid periods.Interestingly,the evolutionary trends of WD on different continents differed,which corresponded to the divergence in WD patterns and their relationships with modern climate on different continents.Our results highlight the dominant effect of environmental temperature on global variation in angiosperm WD with an additional strong effect of PS.Our study also demonstrates the critical role of aridity and biogeographic idiosyncrasies in driving angiosperm WD evolution.展开更多
In this brief report, we analyzed ecological correlates of risk of extinction for mammals endemic to China using phylogenetic eigenvector methods to control for the effect of phylogenetic inertia. Extinction risks wer...In this brief report, we analyzed ecological correlates of risk of extinction for mammals endemic to China using phylogenetic eigenvector methods to control for the effect of phylogenetic inertia. Extinction risks were based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature （IUCN） Red List and ecological explanatory attributes that include range size and climatic variables. When the effect of phylogenetic inertia were controlled, climate became the best predictor for quantifying and evaluating extinction risks of endemic mammals in China, accounting for 13% of the total variation. Range size seems to play a trivial role, explaining -1% of total variation; however, when non-phylogenetic variation partitioning analysis was done, the role of range size then explained 7.4% of total variation. Consequently, phylogenetic inertia plays a substantial role in increasing the explanatory power of range size on the extinction risks of mammals endemic to China. Limitations of the present study are discussed, with a focus on under-represented sampling of endemic mammalian species.展开更多
Trade-offs between performance and tolerance of abiotic and biotic stress have been proposed to explain both the success of invasive species and frequently observed size differences between native and introduced popul...Trade-offs between performance and tolerance of abiotic and biotic stress have been proposed to explain both the success of invasive species and frequently observed size differences between native and introduced populations.Canada thistle seeds collected from across the introduced North American and the native European range were grown in benign and stressful conditions(nutrient stress,shading,simulated herbivory,drought,and mowing),to evaluate whether native and introduced individuals differ in performance or stress tolerance.An additional experiment assessed the strength of maternal effects by comparing plants derived from field-collected seeds with those derived from clones grown in the glasshouse.Introduced populations tended to be larger in size,but no trade-off of stress tolerance with performance was detected;introduced populations had either superior performance or equivalent trait values and survivorship in the treatment common gardens.We also detected evidence of parallel latitudinal clines of some traits in both the native and introduced ranges and associations with climate variables in some treatments,consistent with recent climate adaptation within the introduced range.Our results are consistent with rapid adaptation of introduced populations,but,contrary to predictions,the evolution of invasive traits did not come at the cost of reduced stress tolerance.展开更多
基金Supported by Science and Technology Spark Program of Fujian Province(2010S0018)Putian Science and Technology Project of Fujian Province(2012N05)~~
文摘In order to provide reference for the breeding of new peanut varieties and introduction of peanut cultivars in Fujian Province, the pedigree and trait evolution of 33 peanut varieties registered （certified, identified） during 1949-2011 in Fujian Province were analyzed. Results showed that, 45 parents were used as parents for peanut breeding, and 22 parents were originated from Fujian Province, 24 parents were registered varieties; Shitouqi, Yueyou 92, Shanyou 523, Quanhua No.10 and Quanhua 327 were milestone parents of peanut varieties in Fujian Province, and the phylogenetic relationship of varieties mainly came from Guangdong. Systematic se- lection was the main breeding method during 1951-1980 in Fujian Province, while crossbreeding became the main method of peanut breeding since 1991. With the variety update of peanuts, the yield levels were constantly increasing. The gradual increase of 100-pod weight and 100-kernel weight played an important role in the improvement of peanut yield. Fat content increased slightly with time, while protein content changed in contrast. Plant height was gradually decreased, and anti-lodging and fertilizer-tolerance capacity was improved, which were suitable for close planting. The total number of branches was decreased slightly, while the number of bearing branches barely changed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42272024)Yunnan Basic Research Projects(No.202501AT070256)+2 种基金Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province(No.YDZJ202301ZYTS234)Jilin Normal University(No.Jishifu2021020)Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program"Young Talent"Project.
文摘Naturally occurring in the subtropical regions of China to Korea,Chinese Holly(Ilex cornuta Lindl.&Paxton,Aquifoliaceae),is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant.However,the origins of the phenotypical diversity of the species as well as its geographical history remain elusive.Here we report 50 exceptionally well-preserved fossil leaves of the I.cornuta lineage from the middle Miocene of South Korea.These fossils showcase delicate details,encompassing both adaxial and abaxial surfaces,as well as primary to quinternary venation patterns.The varied leaf morphologies,ranging from three to seven spines,demonstrate that these leaf morphologies of I.cornuta were established by the middle Miocene.Furthermore,fossil discoveries from the middle and late Miocene of Korea and China,coupled with the enduring presence of highly suitable habitats in Asia since the late Paleogene,suggest a longstanding persistence of the I.cornuta lineage in this region.The identification of closely related fossils from the Miocene to Pliocene of Europe implies potential floristic interchange between the continents,facilitated by the regression of the Turgai Strait in the Paleogene.This is consistent with the broad suitable habitat of the lineage,which once spanned Europe and Asia from the late Eocene to early Oligocene.Our study provides an example for integrating fossil records with ecological niche modelling to elucidate the biogeographical history of plants.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)Program(2019QZKK0302)Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(20JR5RA252)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project of Lanzhou University(20210010020,20210010002)。
文摘Spiders are among the most varied terrestrial predators,with highly diverse morphology,ecology,and behavior.Morphological and molecular data have greatly contributed to advances in the phylogeny and evolutionary dynamics of spiders.Here,we performed comprehensive mitochondrial phylogenomics analysis on 78 mitochondrial genomes(mitogenomes)representing 29 families;of these,23 species from eight families were newly generated.Mesothelae retained the same gene arrangement as the arthropod ancestor(Limulus polyphemus),while Opisthothelae showed extensive rearrangement,with 12 rearrangement types in transfer RNAs(tRNAs)and control region.Most spider tRNAs were extremely truncated and lacked typical dihydrouridine or TΨC arms,showing high tRNA structural diversity;in particular,trnS1 exhibited anticodon diversity across the phylogeny.The evolutionary rates of mitochondrial genes were potentially associated with gene rearrangement or truncated tRNAs.Both mitogenomic sequences and rearrangements possessed phylogenetic characteristics,providing a robust backbone for spider phylogeny,as previously reported.The monophyly of suborder,infraorder,retrolateral tibial apophysis clade,and families(except for Pisauridae)was separately supported,and high-level relationships were resolved as(Mesothelae,(Mygalomorphae,(Entelegynae,(Synspermiata,Hypochilidae)))).The phylogenetic positions of several families were also resolved(e.g.,Eresidae,Oecobiidae and Titanoecidae).Two reconstructions of ancestral web type obtained almost identical results,indicating that the common ancestor of spiders likely foraged using a silk-lined burrow.This study,the largest mitochondrial phylogenomics analysis of spiders to date,highlights the usefulness of mitogenomic data not only for providing efficient phylogenetic signals for spider phylogeny,but also for characterizing trait diversification in spider evolution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grants 32261143756 and 31925029)the Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab(grant B21HJ0111).
文摘The origin of African cultivated rice(Oryza glaberrima)has been debated for over half a century,with many aspects of its domestication process remaining unclear.Through an extensive population analysis of 494 accessions,we found that African cultivated rice was domesticated from a subgroup of wild rice in Mali,supporting a centric origin model.The genetic divergence between cultivated rice and its wild progenitor occurred approximately3000-3500 years BP,followedbya wide geographical expansion1500-2100years BP.The non-shattering phenotype,a key domestication trait in cereals,was found to evolve repeatedly,likely at different times and locations.We also identified two genes(OgBh4 and OgPhr1)and six types of causal mutations responsible for the transition of hull color,another important domestication trait,and showed that these were also repeatedly selected across different local groups of rice accessions.These findings provide new insights into the evolutionary history of African cultivated rice and emphasize the importanceof repeatedtrait evolution incropdomestication.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32125026,31988102)the National Key Research Development Program of China(2022YFF0802300).
文摘Wood density(WD)indicates important plant functions and plays a key role in carbon cycling of forest ecosystems by affecting wood decomposition.However,how WD varies globally and how it evolved through the evolutionary history of angiosperms remain unclear.Here,by integrating data of WD,phylogeny and distributions for angiosperms worldwide,we estimated global spatiotemporal patterns of WD and their relationships with modern climate and paleoclimate.We found that mean WD decreased with latitude in the northern hemisphere but increased with latitude in the southern hemisphere.The interspecific WD variation within each geographic unit did not show clear latitudinal gradients.Temperature was the best predictor of the global geographic pattern in mean WD,while the geographic variation in mean WD across high-temperature regions could be explained by geographic variation in precipitation and precipitation seasonality(PS).Since the Cenozoic(66 million years ago(Mya)),WD increased first(until 20 Mya)and then decreased.In general,the Cenozoic WD was positively correlated with paleotemperature and negatively correlated with paleoprecipitation,especially during more arid periods.Interestingly,the evolutionary trends of WD on different continents differed,which corresponded to the divergence in WD patterns and their relationships with modern climate on different continents.Our results highlight the dominant effect of environmental temperature on global variation in angiosperm WD with an additional strong effect of PS.Our study also demonstrates the critical role of aridity and biogeographic idiosyncrasies in driving angiosperm WD evolution.
基金This work was supported by the China Scholarship Council （CSC）（201308180004） Acknowledgements： I would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments on this manuscript.
文摘In this brief report, we analyzed ecological correlates of risk of extinction for mammals endemic to China using phylogenetic eigenvector methods to control for the effect of phylogenetic inertia. Extinction risks were based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature （IUCN） Red List and ecological explanatory attributes that include range size and climatic variables. When the effect of phylogenetic inertia were controlled, climate became the best predictor for quantifying and evaluating extinction risks of endemic mammals in China, accounting for 13% of the total variation. Range size seems to play a trivial role, explaining -1% of total variation; however, when non-phylogenetic variation partitioning analysis was done, the role of range size then explained 7.4% of total variation. Consequently, phylogenetic inertia plays a substantial role in increasing the explanatory power of range size on the extinction risks of mammals endemic to China. Limitations of the present study are discussed, with a focus on under-represented sampling of endemic mammalian species.
基金supported by grants(PBZHP3-123301 and PA00P3_134180)from the Swiss National Science Foundation to A.G.from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Awards(327475 and 353026)to L.H.R.
文摘Trade-offs between performance and tolerance of abiotic and biotic stress have been proposed to explain both the success of invasive species and frequently observed size differences between native and introduced populations.Canada thistle seeds collected from across the introduced North American and the native European range were grown in benign and stressful conditions(nutrient stress,shading,simulated herbivory,drought,and mowing),to evaluate whether native and introduced individuals differ in performance or stress tolerance.An additional experiment assessed the strength of maternal effects by comparing plants derived from field-collected seeds with those derived from clones grown in the glasshouse.Introduced populations tended to be larger in size,but no trade-off of stress tolerance with performance was detected;introduced populations had either superior performance or equivalent trait values and survivorship in the treatment common gardens.We also detected evidence of parallel latitudinal clines of some traits in both the native and introduced ranges and associations with climate variables in some treatments,consistent with recent climate adaptation within the introduced range.Our results are consistent with rapid adaptation of introduced populations,but,contrary to predictions,the evolution of invasive traits did not come at the cost of reduced stress tolerance.
