Animation has been a popular form of feature length movie.In addition to the mean of entertainment,some animated works move audiences deeply and even arouse their reflection.In order to achieve this,the setup of story...Animation has been a popular form of feature length movie.In addition to the mean of entertainment,some animated works move audiences deeply and even arouse their reflection.In order to achieve this,the setup of story structure is critical,and the arrangement of the time and setting of foreshadowing in plots influence significantly on audiences’understanding and feeling towards films.Your Name,directed by Japanese animation director,Makoto Shinkai,was an animated feature film released in 2016,soon received high praise by audiences and film review critics,and ended with the highest gross in box office of the director’s works ever.The story of this animation is special for its non-linear structure,which is seldom seen in feature length animated works.The question on how this non-linear structure presents a compelling story and touch audiences so deeply is worth to explore in depth.There is very few analytical study that dedicates on the examination of the foreshadowing based on timeline from an empirical point of view in the area of narrative studies.Hence,this study investigates the spatial-time arrangement,and foreshadowing of plots in Your Name with the basis of timeline in the film.The textual analysis is undertaken with timeline by deconstructing events and elements in the story to look into the arrangement of foreshadowing.The result indicates that the spatial-time structure is complicated by keeps jumping between the year 2013 and 2016 from the two main characters’point of views in different locations,and ends in the year 2021.There are six elements of foreshadowing in this story,and each of them corresponds to important turning points of the story.They appear in the first and the second act of the story to progress the storyline and make the story reasonable through the functions of advanced notice and advanced mention,and gradually echo and accumulate to build up the climax of the narrative to cross over to the third act.In spite of the three settings of the story,the crash of meteorite,the exchanging of body and soul,and the time traveling are rather ordinary,elements of foreshadowing originated form Japanese folk culture interweave plots of the story to create its specialty.展开更多
Many existing studies have considered the factors influencing review helpfulness,mainly focusing on reviewer impact,review informativeness,and managerial response,based on signaling theory.However,previous studies hav...Many existing studies have considered the factors influencing review helpfulness,mainly focusing on reviewer impact,review informativeness,and managerial response,based on signaling theory.However,previous studies have simply regarded these factors as independent signals,thus ignoring their in-depth transmission and reception processes.The conclusions about the impact of reviewers on review helpfulness are also inconsistent due to the inaccurate measure-ment of variables.To fill the above gaps,we followed the signaling timeline theoretical framework used in signaling the-ory and employed a bootstrapping analysis to examine how reviewer impact,review informativeness,and hotel manageri-al responses interact to influence review helpfulness.In this study,we used a unique dataset that included official labels from one leading online travel agency.The results show that reviewer impact may affect review helpfulness sequentially through review informativeness and hotel managerial response.Furthermore,by using official labels,both reviewer expert-ise and reviewer experience significantly affect review helpfulness.Finally,we discussed the theoretical and practical im-plications of these findings.展开更多
Purpose： In this paper, we combined the method of co-word analysis and alluvial diagram to detect hot topics and illustrate their dynamics. Design/methodology/approach： Articles in the field of scientometrics were c...Purpose： In this paper, we combined the method of co-word analysis and alluvial diagram to detect hot topics and illustrate their dynamics. Design/methodology/approach： Articles in the field of scientometrics were chosen as research cases in this study. A time-sliced co-word network was generated and then clustered. Afterwards, we generated an alluvial diagram to show dynamic changes of hot topics, including their merges and splits over time. Findings： After analyzing the dynamic changes in the field of scientometrics from 2011 to 2015, we found that two clusters being merged did not mean that the old topics had disappeared and a totally new one had emerged. The topics were possibly still active the following year, but the newer topics had drawn more attention. The changes of hot topics reflected the shift in researchers＇ interests. subdivided and re-merged. For example, several topics as research progressed. Research topics in scientometrics were constantly a cluster involving ＂industry＂ was divided into Research limitations： When examining longer time periods, we encounter the problem of dealing with bigger data sets. Analyzing data year by year would be tedious, but if we combine, e.g. two years into one time slice, important details would be missed. Practical implications： This method can be applied to any research field to illustrate the dynamics of hot topics. It can indicate the promising directions for researchers and provide guidance to decision makers. Originality/value： The use of alluvial diagrams is a distinctive and meaningful approach to detecting hot topics and especially to illustrating their dynamics.展开更多
In order to realize the explorer autonomy, the software architecture of autonomous mission management system (AMMS) is given for the deep space explorer, and the autonomous mission planning system, the kernel part of ...In order to realize the explorer autonomy, the software architecture of autonomous mission management system (AMMS) is given for the deep space explorer, and the autonomous mission planning system, the kernel part of this architecture, is designed in detail. In order to describe the parallel activity, the state timeline is introduced to build the formal model of the planning system and based on this model, the temporal constraint satisfaction planning algorithm is proposed to produce the explorer’s activity sequence. With some key subsystems of the deep space explorer as examples, the autonomous mission planning simulation system is designed. The results show that this system can calculate the executable activity sequence with the given mission goals and initial state of the explorer.展开更多
This biographical timeline complements the biography of Professor Karl Pister at the beginning of this special issue in providing the background information of some of Professor Karl Pister’s influential teachers,men...This biographical timeline complements the biography of Professor Karl Pister at the beginning of this special issue in providing the background information of some of Professor Karl Pister’s influential teachers,mentors,colleagues,research collaborators,and students.展开更多
在过去的30年中,Timeliner语言被成功应用在国际空间站和轨道快车的任务管理、核心操作与有效载荷操作、运载火箭提供自主发射控制系统等诸多方面。然而Timeliner的相关技术研究大多集中在欧美发达国家,因此开展和掌握Timeliner相关技...在过去的30年中,Timeliner语言被成功应用在国际空间站和轨道快车的任务管理、核心操作与有效载荷操作、运载火箭提供自主发射控制系统等诸多方面。然而Timeliner的相关技术研究大多集中在欧美发达国家,因此开展和掌握Timeliner相关技术对促进我国相关领域研究和应用水平的提高具有重要意义。本文基于对Timeliner语言的深入分析和将其在自主任务规划调度领域应用的成功经验,借鉴Timeliner思想设计了TSCL(Timeliner-based Spacecraft Control Language)脚本控制语言规范,实现了一个简单的编译执行环境原型,为今后的研究与应用打下良好的基础。展开更多
Human ancestors first set foot on the interior of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau around 30,000–40,000 years ago, according to new research by scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS). This new finding moves ...Human ancestors first set foot on the interior of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau around 30,000–40,000 years ago, according to new research by scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS). This new finding moves back the earliest data of habitation in the interior by 20,000 years or more.展开更多
250B.C.Ctesibius of Alexandriabuilds organs and water clockswith movable figures.1495The first humanoidrobot was designed to situp,wave its arms,and moveits head via a flexible neckwhile opening and closing itsjaw.
Ischemic stroke(IS),a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide,primarily results from blood clot formation in cerebral vessels,leading to vessel occlusion,reduced cerebral blood flow,and subsequent tissue is...Ischemic stroke(IS),a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide,primarily results from blood clot formation in cerebral vessels,leading to vessel occlusion,reduced cerebral blood flow,and subsequent tissue ischemia.While thrombolytic therapies and mechanical thrombectomy remain cornerstone treatments for restoring blood flow,their clinical efficacy is significantly limited by the narrow therapeutic window,which underscores the critical need for novel,safe,and effective therapeutic strategies.In this review,we present an intensive analysis of four pathophysiological stages of IS progression and their intervention targets,and evaluate both established and emerging therapeutic strategies with the molecular mechanisms underpinning these methods,aiming to enhance the understanding of IS intervention.Additionally,we discuss current challenges in IS therapy,emphasizing the importance of timely,stage-specific approaches to optimize therapeutic outcomes.Finally,we highlight some promising research directions and innovations to advance IS field.展开更多
Accurately correlating the sweating rate and the concentration of biomarkers in sweat is essential in many sweat-based diagnostic applications.These two measurements are always done simultaneously in wearable sweat se...Accurately correlating the sweating rate and the concentration of biomarkers in sweat is essential in many sweat-based diagnostic applications.These two measurements are always done simultaneously in wearable sweat sensing platforms.However,concentration measurements of biomarkers are always delayed on the timeline compared with their production,whereas there is no such delay for sweating rate.Thus,a timeline mismatch exists between these two measurements.This means that the concentration vs rate correlation constructed on the basis of such measurements will deviate from the actual correlation.This study demonstrates the existence of this mismatch and explains its cause using sweat Na^(+)measurements.It also proposes an effective approach that applies a point-by-point compensation for the delay between Na+measurements and the real-time sweating rates,such that the data on the repositioned concentration vs time curve correspond to exactly the same point on the timeline as their production.A vison sensor is developed to measure the sweating rate with high accuracy at a frequency of more than 0.1 Hz.Off-body and on-body measurements of sweating rate and Na^(+)concentration are carried out,and concentration–rate correlations are constructed using both measured and repositioned concentration curves.The least squares and random forest methods are employed to fit the constructed correlations and evaluate the reliability of the proposed approach.The use of the repositioned concentration curve gives a constructed correlation that is much closer to the actual one.This study indicates the necessity to rearrange sensor-measured biomarker concentration vs time curves when correlations of concentration with sweating rate need to be constructed and proposes a practical point-by-point data repositioning strategy for doing so.The results presented here will benefit the study of sweat biomarkers with unclear correlations with sweating rate,as well as providing a basis for the development of more reliable sweat-based diagnostic methods.展开更多
With the increase of space debris,space debris removal has gradually become a major issue to address by worldwide space agencies.Multiple debris removal missions,in which multiple debris objects are removed in a singl...With the increase of space debris,space debris removal has gradually become a major issue to address by worldwide space agencies.Multiple debris removal missions,in which multiple debris objects are removed in a single mission,are an economical approach to purify the space environment.Such missions can be considered typical time-dependent traveling salesman problems(TDTSPs).In this study,an intelligent global optimization algorithm called Timeline Club Optimization(TCO)is proposed to solve multiple debris removal missions of the TDTSP model.TCO adopts the traditional ant colony optimization(ACO)framework and replaces the pheromone matrix of the ACO with a new structure called the Timeline Club.The Timeline Club records which debris object to be removed next at a certain moment from elitist solutions and decides the probability criterion to generate debris sequences in new solutions.Two hypothetical scenarios,the Iridium-33 mission and the GTOC9 mission,are considered in this study.Simulation results show that TCO offers better performance than those of beam search,ant colony optimization,and the genetic algorithm in multiple debris removal missions of the TDTSP model.展开更多
Timeline generation is an important research task which can help users to have a quick understanding of the overall evolution of one given topic. Previous methods simply split the time span into fixed, equal time inte...Timeline generation is an important research task which can help users to have a quick understanding of the overall evolution of one given topic. Previous methods simply split the time span into fixed, equal time intervals without studying the role of the evolutionary patterns of the underlying topic in timeline generation. In addition, few of these methods take users＇ collective interests into considerations to generate timelines. We consider utilizing social media attention to address these two problems due to the facts： 1） social media is an important pool of real users＇ collective interests; 2） the information cascades generated in it might be good indicators for boundaries of topic phases. Employing Twitter as a basis, we propose to incorporate topic phases and user＇s collective interests which are learnt from social media into a unified timeline generation algorithm. We construct both one informativeness-oriented and three interestingness-oriented evaluation sets over five topics. We demonstrate that it is very effective to generate both informative and interesting timelines. In addition, our idea naturally leads to a novel presen- tation of timelines, i.e., phase based timelines, which can potentially improve user experience.展开更多
Google Location Timeline,once activated,allows to track devices and save their locations.This feature might be useful in the future as available data for evidence in investigations.For that,the court would be interest...Google Location Timeline,once activated,allows to track devices and save their locations.This feature might be useful in the future as available data for evidence in investigations.For that,the court would be interested in the reliability of these data.The position is presented in the form of a pair of coordinates and a radius,hence the estimated area for tracked device is enclosed by a circle.This research focuses on the assessment of the accuracy of the locations given by Google Location History Timeline,which variables affect this accuracy and the initial steps to develop a linear multivariate model that can potentially predict the actual error with respect to the true location considering environmental variables.The determination of the potential influential variables(configuration of mobile device connectivity,speed of movement and environment)was set through a series of experiments in which the true position of the device was recorded with a reference Global Positioning System(GPS)device with a superior order of accuracy.The accuracy was assessed measuring the distance between the Google provided position and the de facto one,later referred to as Google error.If this Google error distance is less than the radius provided,we define it as a hit.The configuration that has the largest hit rate is when the mobile device has GPS available,with a 52%success.Then the use of 3G and 2G connection go with 38%and 33%respectively.The Wi-Fi connection only has a hit rate of 7%.Regarding the means of transport,when the connection is 2G or 3G,the worst results are in Still with a hit rate of 9%and the best in Car with 57%.Regarding the prediction model,the distances and angles from the position of the device to the three nearest cell towers,and the categorical(nonnumerical)variables of Environment and means of transport were taking as input variables in this initial study.To evaluate the usability of a model,a Model hit is defined when the actual observation is within the 95%confidence interval provided by the model.Out of the models developed,the one that shows the best results was the one that predicted the accuracy when the used network is 2G,with 76%of Model hits.The second model with best performance had only a 23%success(with the mobile network set to 3G).展开更多
文摘Animation has been a popular form of feature length movie.In addition to the mean of entertainment,some animated works move audiences deeply and even arouse their reflection.In order to achieve this,the setup of story structure is critical,and the arrangement of the time and setting of foreshadowing in plots influence significantly on audiences’understanding and feeling towards films.Your Name,directed by Japanese animation director,Makoto Shinkai,was an animated feature film released in 2016,soon received high praise by audiences and film review critics,and ended with the highest gross in box office of the director’s works ever.The story of this animation is special for its non-linear structure,which is seldom seen in feature length animated works.The question on how this non-linear structure presents a compelling story and touch audiences so deeply is worth to explore in depth.There is very few analytical study that dedicates on the examination of the foreshadowing based on timeline from an empirical point of view in the area of narrative studies.Hence,this study investigates the spatial-time arrangement,and foreshadowing of plots in Your Name with the basis of timeline in the film.The textual analysis is undertaken with timeline by deconstructing events and elements in the story to look into the arrangement of foreshadowing.The result indicates that the spatial-time structure is complicated by keeps jumping between the year 2013 and 2016 from the two main characters’point of views in different locations,and ends in the year 2021.There are six elements of foreshadowing in this story,and each of them corresponds to important turning points of the story.They appear in the first and the second act of the story to progress the storyline and make the story reasonable through the functions of advanced notice and advanced mention,and gradually echo and accumulate to build up the climax of the narrative to cross over to the third act.In spite of the three settings of the story,the crash of meteorite,the exchanging of body and soul,and the time traveling are rather ordinary,elements of foreshadowing originated form Japanese folk culture interweave plots of the story to create its specialty.
基金supported by the Philosophy and Social Science Planning Program of Shanghai(2021BGL018).
文摘Many existing studies have considered the factors influencing review helpfulness,mainly focusing on reviewer impact,review informativeness,and managerial response,based on signaling theory.However,previous studies have simply regarded these factors as independent signals,thus ignoring their in-depth transmission and reception processes.The conclusions about the impact of reviewers on review helpfulness are also inconsistent due to the inaccurate measure-ment of variables.To fill the above gaps,we followed the signaling timeline theoretical framework used in signaling the-ory and employed a bootstrapping analysis to examine how reviewer impact,review informativeness,and hotel manageri-al responses interact to influence review helpfulness.In this study,we used a unique dataset that included official labels from one leading online travel agency.The results show that reviewer impact may affect review helpfulness sequentially through review informativeness and hotel managerial response.Furthermore,by using official labels,both reviewer expert-ise and reviewer experience significantly affect review helpfulness.Finally,we discussed the theoretical and practical im-plications of these findings.
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China (Grant No.: 14BTQ030)
文摘Purpose： In this paper, we combined the method of co-word analysis and alluvial diagram to detect hot topics and illustrate their dynamics. Design/methodology/approach： Articles in the field of scientometrics were chosen as research cases in this study. A time-sliced co-word network was generated and then clustered. Afterwards, we generated an alluvial diagram to show dynamic changes of hot topics, including their merges and splits over time. Findings： After analyzing the dynamic changes in the field of scientometrics from 2011 to 2015, we found that two clusters being merged did not mean that the old topics had disappeared and a totally new one had emerged. The topics were possibly still active the following year, but the newer topics had drawn more attention. The changes of hot topics reflected the shift in researchers＇ interests. subdivided and re-merged. For example, several topics as research progressed. Research topics in scientometrics were constantly a cluster involving ＂industry＂ was divided into Research limitations： When examining longer time periods, we encounter the problem of dealing with bigger data sets. Analyzing data year by year would be tedious, but if we combine, e.g. two years into one time slice, important details would be missed. Practical implications： This method can be applied to any research field to illustrate the dynamics of hot topics. It can indicate the promising directions for researchers and provide guidance to decision makers. Originality/value： The use of alluvial diagrams is a distinctive and meaningful approach to detecting hot topics and especially to illustrating their dynamics.
文摘In order to realize the explorer autonomy, the software architecture of autonomous mission management system (AMMS) is given for the deep space explorer, and the autonomous mission planning system, the kernel part of this architecture, is designed in detail. In order to describe the parallel activity, the state timeline is introduced to build the formal model of the planning system and based on this model, the temporal constraint satisfaction planning algorithm is proposed to produce the explorer’s activity sequence. With some key subsystems of the deep space explorer as examples, the autonomous mission planning simulation system is designed. The results show that this system can calculate the executable activity sequence with the given mission goals and initial state of the explorer.
文摘This biographical timeline complements the biography of Professor Karl Pister at the beginning of this special issue in providing the background information of some of Professor Karl Pister’s influential teachers,mentors,colleagues,research collaborators,and students.
文摘在过去的30年中,Timeliner语言被成功应用在国际空间站和轨道快车的任务管理、核心操作与有效载荷操作、运载火箭提供自主发射控制系统等诸多方面。然而Timeliner的相关技术研究大多集中在欧美发达国家,因此开展和掌握Timeliner相关技术对促进我国相关领域研究和应用水平的提高具有重要意义。本文基于对Timeliner语言的深入分析和将其在自主任务规划调度领域应用的成功经验,借鉴Timeliner思想设计了TSCL(Timeliner-based Spacecraft Control Language)脚本控制语言规范,实现了一个简单的编译执行环境原型,为今后的研究与应用打下良好的基础。
文摘Human ancestors first set foot on the interior of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau around 30,000–40,000 years ago, according to new research by scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS). This new finding moves back the earliest data of habitation in the interior by 20,000 years or more.
文摘250B.C.Ctesibius of Alexandriabuilds organs and water clockswith movable figures.1495The first humanoidrobot was designed to situp,wave its arms,and moveits head via a flexible neckwhile opening and closing itsjaw.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82473773,82104004,82173681,and 82273780)supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022D01D38 and 2023D01D16,China)+2 种基金Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Science and Technology Support Project(2022E02123,China)open project of the State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis,Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia Fund(SKL-HIDCA-2024-4,China)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2632023TD04,China)and“Double First-Class”University projects CPU2022PZQ15 from China Pharmaceutical University.
文摘Ischemic stroke(IS),a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide,primarily results from blood clot formation in cerebral vessels,leading to vessel occlusion,reduced cerebral blood flow,and subsequent tissue ischemia.While thrombolytic therapies and mechanical thrombectomy remain cornerstone treatments for restoring blood flow,their clinical efficacy is significantly limited by the narrow therapeutic window,which underscores the critical need for novel,safe,and effective therapeutic strategies.In this review,we present an intensive analysis of four pathophysiological stages of IS progression and their intervention targets,and evaluate both established and emerging therapeutic strategies with the molecular mechanisms underpinning these methods,aiming to enhance the understanding of IS intervention.Additionally,we discuss current challenges in IS therapy,emphasizing the importance of timely,stage-specific approaches to optimize therapeutic outcomes.Finally,we highlight some promising research directions and innovations to advance IS field.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61901295)the Nanchang Microsystem Institute of Tianjin University.
文摘Accurately correlating the sweating rate and the concentration of biomarkers in sweat is essential in many sweat-based diagnostic applications.These two measurements are always done simultaneously in wearable sweat sensing platforms.However,concentration measurements of biomarkers are always delayed on the timeline compared with their production,whereas there is no such delay for sweating rate.Thus,a timeline mismatch exists between these two measurements.This means that the concentration vs rate correlation constructed on the basis of such measurements will deviate from the actual correlation.This study demonstrates the existence of this mismatch and explains its cause using sweat Na^(+)measurements.It also proposes an effective approach that applies a point-by-point compensation for the delay between Na+measurements and the real-time sweating rates,such that the data on the repositioned concentration vs time curve correspond to exactly the same point on the timeline as their production.A vison sensor is developed to measure the sweating rate with high accuracy at a frequency of more than 0.1 Hz.Off-body and on-body measurements of sweating rate and Na^(+)concentration are carried out,and concentration–rate correlations are constructed using both measured and repositioned concentration curves.The least squares and random forest methods are employed to fit the constructed correlations and evaluate the reliability of the proposed approach.The use of the repositioned concentration curve gives a constructed correlation that is much closer to the actual one.This study indicates the necessity to rearrange sensor-measured biomarker concentration vs time curves when correlations of concentration with sweating rate need to be constructed and proposes a practical point-by-point data repositioning strategy for doing so.The results presented here will benefit the study of sweat biomarkers with unclear correlations with sweating rate,as well as providing a basis for the development of more reliable sweat-based diagnostic methods.
基金This research was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFA0706500).
文摘With the increase of space debris,space debris removal has gradually become a major issue to address by worldwide space agencies.Multiple debris removal missions,in which multiple debris objects are removed in a single mission,are an economical approach to purify the space environment.Such missions can be considered typical time-dependent traveling salesman problems(TDTSPs).In this study,an intelligent global optimization algorithm called Timeline Club Optimization(TCO)is proposed to solve multiple debris removal missions of the TDTSP model.TCO adopts the traditional ant colony optimization(ACO)framework and replaces the pheromone matrix of the ACO with a new structure called the Timeline Club.The Timeline Club records which debris object to be removed next at a certain moment from elitist solutions and decides the probability criterion to generate debris sequences in new solutions.Two hypothetical scenarios,the Iridium-33 mission and the GTOC9 mission,are considered in this study.Simulation results show that TCO offers better performance than those of beam search,ant colony optimization,and the genetic algorithm in multiple debris removal missions of the TDTSP model.
文摘Timeline generation is an important research task which can help users to have a quick understanding of the overall evolution of one given topic. Previous methods simply split the time span into fixed, equal time intervals without studying the role of the evolutionary patterns of the underlying topic in timeline generation. In addition, few of these methods take users＇ collective interests into considerations to generate timelines. We consider utilizing social media attention to address these two problems due to the facts： 1） social media is an important pool of real users＇ collective interests; 2） the information cascades generated in it might be good indicators for boundaries of topic phases. Employing Twitter as a basis, we propose to incorporate topic phases and user＇s collective interests which are learnt from social media into a unified timeline generation algorithm. We construct both one informativeness-oriented and three interestingness-oriented evaluation sets over five topics. We demonstrate that it is very effective to generate both informative and interesting timelines. In addition, our idea naturally leads to a novel presen- tation of timelines, i.e., phase based timelines, which can potentially improve user experience.
基金supported by the Nederlands Forensisch Instituut.
文摘Google Location Timeline,once activated,allows to track devices and save their locations.This feature might be useful in the future as available data for evidence in investigations.For that,the court would be interested in the reliability of these data.The position is presented in the form of a pair of coordinates and a radius,hence the estimated area for tracked device is enclosed by a circle.This research focuses on the assessment of the accuracy of the locations given by Google Location History Timeline,which variables affect this accuracy and the initial steps to develop a linear multivariate model that can potentially predict the actual error with respect to the true location considering environmental variables.The determination of the potential influential variables(configuration of mobile device connectivity,speed of movement and environment)was set through a series of experiments in which the true position of the device was recorded with a reference Global Positioning System(GPS)device with a superior order of accuracy.The accuracy was assessed measuring the distance between the Google provided position and the de facto one,later referred to as Google error.If this Google error distance is less than the radius provided,we define it as a hit.The configuration that has the largest hit rate is when the mobile device has GPS available,with a 52%success.Then the use of 3G and 2G connection go with 38%and 33%respectively.The Wi-Fi connection only has a hit rate of 7%.Regarding the means of transport,when the connection is 2G or 3G,the worst results are in Still with a hit rate of 9%and the best in Car with 57%.Regarding the prediction model,the distances and angles from the position of the device to the three nearest cell towers,and the categorical(nonnumerical)variables of Environment and means of transport were taking as input variables in this initial study.To evaluate the usability of a model,a Model hit is defined when the actual observation is within the 95%confidence interval provided by the model.Out of the models developed,the one that shows the best results was the one that predicted the accuracy when the used network is 2G,with 76%of Model hits.The second model with best performance had only a 23%success(with the mobile network set to 3G).
