This study examines the intricate occurrences of thermal and solutal Marangoni convection in three-layered flows of viscous fluids,with a particular emphasis on their relevance to renewable energy systems.This researc...This study examines the intricate occurrences of thermal and solutal Marangoni convection in three-layered flows of viscous fluids,with a particular emphasis on their relevance to renewable energy systems.This research examines the flow of a three-layered viscous fluid,considering the combined influence of heat and solutal buoyancy driven Rayleigh-Bénard convection,as well as thermal and solutal Marangoni convection.The homotopy perturbation method is used to examine and simulate complex fluid flow and transport phenomena,providing important understanding of the fundamental physics and assisting in the optimization of various battery configurations.The inquiry examines the primary elements that influence Marangoni convection and its impact on battery performance,providing insights on possible enhancements in energy storage devices.The findings indicate that the velocity profiles shown graphically exhibit a prominent core zone characterized by the maximum speed,which progressively decreases as it approaches the walls of the channel.This study enhances our comprehension of fluid dynamics and the transmission of heat and mass in intricate systems,which has substantial ramifications for the advancement of sustainable energy solutions.展开更多
Once more to the lake is a representative work of the American Writer, Elwyn Brooks White, and has been acclaimed by people in the world. The paper offers a three-layered contrasting analysis of the essay. By detailed...Once more to the lake is a representative work of the American Writer, Elwyn Brooks White, and has been acclaimed by people in the world. The paper offers a three-layered contrasting analysis of the essay. By detailed analysis of the contrasts running through the whole essay, the author finds that those contrasts are symbol of White's internal struggle and reflection for life.On the foundation of the three-layered contrasts, the paper presents the theme analysis and clarifies the content of the essay.展开更多
Next generation grid systems where the emphasis shifts to distributed global collaboration, a service-oriented approach and information layer issues exhibit a strong sense of automation. Requirements for these systems...Next generation grid systems where the emphasis shifts to distributed global collaboration, a service-oriented approach and information layer issues exhibit a strong sense of automation. Requirements for these systems resemble the self-organizing and the healing properties of natural ecosystems. Some key ecological concepts and mechanisms are introduced into the design for the third generation grid computing architectures by inspiration of this resemblance. Also, an Ecological Network-based Computing Environment (ENCE) platform is designed in this paper. Based on the ENCE platform, a grid-computing model of three-layered grid conceptual prototype that embeds the ENCE layers is presented from the viewpoint of implementation. The implementation model should be useful to the design of the third generation grid systems.展开更多
Purpose: Comparison of transcutaneous immunization of ovalbumin (OA) between two-and three-layered dissolving microneedles (MN) in rats. Methods: We prepared 500 μm long two-layered and three-layered dissolving micro...Purpose: Comparison of transcutaneous immunization of ovalbumin (OA) between two-and three-layered dissolving microneedles (MN) in rats. Methods: We prepared 500 μm long two-layered and three-layered dissolving microneedle (2-MN and 3-MN, respectively) arrays from chondroitin sulfate as the base, and OA as the model antigen. The 2-MN containing OA at the acral portion and 3-MN with OA at the second portion were administered to rat skin transcutaneously. As a positive control, OA solution was injected subcutaneously (sc). The OA delivery and diffusion in the rat skin were studied using confocal microscopy with fluorescein-conjugated OA (FL-OA). Results: The formulated positions of OA were 0-155 ± 5 μm for 2-MN and 175 ± 4 – 225 ± 5 μm for 3-MN. The administered doses of OA were 2.2 ± 0.1 μg, 12.0 ± 0.2 μg and 22.0 ± 0.2 μg for 2-MN, 1.8 ± 0.2 μg, 12.6 ± 0.7 μg, and 20.4 ± 0.3 μg for 3-MN, 10 μg, 100 μg and 1000 μg for sc injection. At 4 weeks after the first administration, 3-MN showed about 2.5-7.0 fold and 5.4 fold higher total Ig (G + A + M) antibody than 2-MN and sc injection of the OA solution. Conclusions: The 3-MN, which delivered OA to the epidermis, is a useful drug delivery system for transcutaneous antigen delivery.展开更多
In the present study, vibration analysis of a three-layered cylindrical shell is performed whose inner and outer layers are composed of functionally graded materials whereas the middle one is assumed to be of isotropi...In the present study, vibration analysis of a three-layered cylindrical shell is performed whose inner and outer layers are composed of functionally graded materials whereas the middle one is assumed to be of isotropic material. This formation of a cylindrical shell influences stiffness modulii and the resultant material properties. The shell problem is formulated from the constitutive relations of stresses and strains with the displacement deformations and they are taken from Love’s thin shell theory. This problem is transformed into the integral form by evaluating the expressions for the strain and kinetic energies of the shell. Rayleigh-Ritz method is employed to solve the shell dynamic equations. Vibration characteristics of these cylindrical shells are investigated for a number of physical parameters and configurations of the fabrication of shells. The axial modal dependence is approximated by the characteristic beam functions that satisfy the boundary conditions. Results evaluated, show good agreement with the open literature.展开更多
Information plays a crucial role in guiding behavioral decisions during public health emergencies. Individuals communicate to acquire relevant knowledge about an epidemic, which influences their decisions to adopt pro...Information plays a crucial role in guiding behavioral decisions during public health emergencies. Individuals communicate to acquire relevant knowledge about an epidemic, which influences their decisions to adopt protective measures.However, whether to disseminate specific information is also a behavioral decision. In light of this understanding, we develop a coupled information–vaccination–epidemic model to depict these co-evolutionary dynamics in a three-layer network. Negative information dissemination and vaccination are treated as separate decision-making processes. We then examine the combined effects of herd and risk motives on information dissemination and vaccination decisions through the lens of game theory. The microscopic Markov chain approach(MMCA) is used to describe the dynamic process and to derive the epidemic threshold. Simulation results indicate that increasing the cost of negative information dissemination and providing timely clarification can effectively control the epidemic. Furthermore, a phenomenon of diminishing marginal utility is observed as the cost of dissemination increases, suggesting that authorities do not need to overinvest in suppressing negative information. Conversely, reducing the cost of vaccination and increasing vaccine efficacy emerge as more effective strategies for outbreak control. In addition, we find that the scale of the epidemic is greater when the herd motive dominates behavioral decision-making. In conclusion, this study provides a new perspective for understanding the complexity of epidemic spreading by starting with the construction of different behavioral decisions.展开更多
Accurate acquisition of the rock stress is crucial for various rock engineering applications.The hollow inclusion (HI) technique is widely used for measuring in-situ rock stress.This technique calculates the stress te...Accurate acquisition of the rock stress is crucial for various rock engineering applications.The hollow inclusion (HI) technique is widely used for measuring in-situ rock stress.This technique calculates the stress tensor by measuring strain using an HI strain cell.However,existing analytical solutions for stress calculation based on an HI strain cell in a double-layer medium are not applicable when an HI strain cell is used in a three-layer medium,leading to erroneous stress calculations.To address this issue,this paper presents a method for calculating stress tensors in a three-layer medium using numerical simulations,specifically by obtaining a constitutive matrix that relates strain measurements to stress tensors in a three-layer medium.Furthermore,using Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and orthogonal experimental design strategies,764 groups of numerical models encompassing various stress measurement scenarios have been established and calculated using FLAC^(3D)software.Finally,a surrogate model based on artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to predict constitutive matrices,achieving a goodness of fit (R^(2)) of 0.999 and a mean squared error (MSE) of 1.254.A software program has been developed from this surrogate model for ease of use in practical engineering applications.The method’s accuracy was verified through numerical simulations,analytical solution and laboratory experiment,demonstrating its effectiveness in calculating stress in a three-layer medium.The surrogate model was applied to calculate mining-induced stress in the roadway roof rock of a coal mine,a typical case for stress measurement in a three-layer medium.Errors in stress calculations arising from the use of existing analytical solutions were corrected.The study also highlights the significant errors associated with using double-layer analytical solutions in a three-layer medium,which could lead to inappropriate engineering design.展开更多
A three-layered phosphor structure was designed and prepared by the spin coating of BaSi_(2)N_(2)O_(2):Eu(cyan-emitting)and(Sr,Ca)AlSiN_(3):Eu(red-emitting)phosphor films on the yellowemitting Y_(3)Al_(5)O_(12):Ce(YAG...A three-layered phosphor structure was designed and prepared by the spin coating of BaSi_(2)N_(2)O_(2):Eu(cyan-emitting)and(Sr,Ca)AlSiN_(3):Eu(red-emitting)phosphor films on the yellowemitting Y_(3)Al_(5)O_(12):Ce(YAG:Ce)phosphor ceramic synthesized by the solid-state reaction under vacuum sintering.In order to achieve high color rendering lighting,the influence of the composition and structure of the three-layered phosphors on the optical,thermal,and electrical properties of the chip-on-board(COB)packaged white-light-emitting diodes(WLEDs)was studied systematically.The WLED with the structure of“red+cyan+yellow”(R+C+Y)three-layered phosphor generated neutral white light and had a luminous efficacy of 75 lm/W,the fidelity index(R_(f))of 93,the gamut index(R_(g))of 97,and the correlated color temperature(CCT)of 3852 K.Under the excitation of laser diode(LD),the layer-structured phosphor yielded the white light with a luminous efficacy of 120 lm/W,color rendering index(CRI)of 90,and CCT of 5988 K.The result indicates that the three-layered phosphor structure is a promising candidate to achieve high color rendering and high luminous efficacy lighting.展开更多
The present study explores the influence of electromagnetic effects on the flow of a nanofluid in a saturated permeable medium,confined between a clear viscous fluid in an inclined channel.The nanofluid consists of co...The present study explores the influence of electromagnetic effects on the flow of a nanofluid in a saturated permeable medium,confined between a clear viscous fluid in an inclined channel.The nanofluid consists of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene glycol.The governing equations are derived considering Darcy's law for the permeable medium and Tiwari's model for fluids containing nano-sized particles.Additionally,radiation and dissipation effects are incorporated into the energy equation.The equations are transformed into dimensionless form and solved analytically using the perturbation technique.The results are analyzed through graphs and tables for different material parameters.The findings reveal that higher electric and magnetic strengths have a significant impact on the fluid velocity at the interface of the two fluids,resulting in reduced shear both at the clear fluid surface and the interface between them.This highlights the crucial role played by electric and magnetic strengths in modifying flow phenomena.Consequently,combining electric and magnetic strengths with nanofluids can be utilized to achieve desired qualities in multi-fluid flow and enhance heat transfer characteristics.展开更多
Three-layer composite ingot of 4045/3004/4045 aluminum alloys was prepared by direct-chill semi-continuous casting process,the temperature field distribution near the composite interface,macro-morphology,microstructur...Three-layer composite ingot of 4045/3004/4045 aluminum alloys was prepared by direct-chill semi-continuous casting process,the temperature field distribution near the composite interface,macro-morphology,microstructure and composition distribution of the composite interface were investigated.The results show that semi-solid layer with a certain thickness forms near the interface due to the effect of cooling plate,which ensures successful implementation of casting the composite ingot.Two different aluminum alloys are well bonded metallurgically.The mechanical properties of composite interface were measured,the tensile and shearing strengths of composite interface are 105 and 88 MPa,respectively,which proves that the composite interface is a kind of metallurgical bonding.展开更多
As an improvement on the conventional two-layer electrode （active material layerlcurrent collector）, a novel sandwich-like three-layer electrode （conductive layerlactive material layertcurrent collector） for catho...As an improvement on the conventional two-layer electrode （active material layerlcurrent collector）, a novel sandwich-like three-layer electrode （conductive layerlactive material layertcurrent collector） for cathode material LiFePO4/C was introduced in order to improve its electrochemical performance. LiFePO4/C in the three-layer electrode exhibited superior rate capability in comparison with that in the two-layer electrode in accordance with charge-discharge examination. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that Fe3＋/Fe2＋ redox couple for LiFePO4 in the three-layer electrode displayed faster kinetics, better reversibility and much lower charge transfer resistance than that in the two-layer electrode in electrochemical process. For three-layer electrode, the holes in the surface of active material layer were filled by smaller acetylene black grains, which formed electrical connections and provided more pathways to electron transport to/from LiFePO4/C particles exposed to the bulk electrolyte.展开更多
Three-layer6009/7050/6009aluminum alloy clad slab was fabricated by an innovative direct-chill casting process.To study the response of the clad slab to plastic deformation and heat treatments,homogenization annealing...Three-layer6009/7050/6009aluminum alloy clad slab was fabricated by an innovative direct-chill casting process.To study the response of the clad slab to plastic deformation and heat treatments,homogenization annealing,hot rolling,solution and aging were successively performed on the as-cast6009/7050/6009clad samples.The results revealed that excellent metallurgical bonding between7050alloy layer and6009alloy layer was achieved under optimal parameters.The clad ratio obviously decreased when the annealed sample was rolled to55%hot reduction level,and then changed slightly with further rolling.Furthermore,the content of rodlike Zn-rich phases increased significantly in7050alloy layer in the homogenized clad samples after rolling at55%,65%and75%hot reduction levels,and the higher level of hot reduction resulted in narrower diffusion layer.Subsequent solution and aging significantly improved the hardness in7050alloy layer,interfaces and6009alloy layers of the rolled samples except for the thin side for the75%hot reduction sample.展开更多
Using linear water wave theory,three-dimensional problems concerning the interaction of waves with spherical structures in a fluid which contains a three-layer fluid consisting of a layer of finite depth bounded above...Using linear water wave theory,three-dimensional problems concerning the interaction of waves with spherical structures in a fluid which contains a three-layer fluid consisting of a layer of finite depth bounded above by freshwater of finite depth with free surface and below by an infinite layer of water of greater density are considered.In such a situation timeharmonic waves with a given frequency can propagate with three wavenumbers.The sphere is submerged in either of the three layers.Each problem is reduced to an infinite system of linear equations by employing the method of multipoles and the system of equations is solved numerically by standard technique.The hydrodynamic forces(vertical and horizontal forces)are obtained and depicted graphically against the wavenumber.When the density ratio of the upper and middle layer is made to approximately one,curves for vertical and horizontal forces almost coincide with the corresponding curves for the case of a two-layer fluid with a free surface.This means that in the limit,the density ratio of the upper and middle layer goes to approximately one,the solution agrees with the solution for the case of a two-layer fluid with a free surface.展开更多
The addition of 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid(2,5-PDCA)to the Mg-Al LDH coating,which was prepared by one-step hydrothermal synthesis,had extremely enhanced the corrosion protection of AZ31 Mg alloy,although the 2,5-P...The addition of 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid(2,5-PDCA)to the Mg-Al LDH coating,which was prepared by one-step hydrothermal synthesis,had extremely enhanced the corrosion protection of AZ31 Mg alloy,although the 2,5-PDCA could not be intercalated into the interlayer spacing.The corrosion current density of 0.05 mol L^(−1)2,5-PDCA LDH containing LDH coating is 3.18 nA cm^(−2),reduced by two orders of magnitude compared to the LDH coating without inhibitor,and the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the coating is 98.05%.The coating formed on the surface of AZ31 was peeled off from the substrate by using a mechanical method and SEM observation of the cross-section showed that the coating consisted of three different layers.The innermost layer is a thick layer that consists of Mg(OH)_(2)and the intermediate layer is LDH,which is vertical to the substrate and the outmost layer is a thin but very dense deposit layer of LDH agglomerates with complexes of 2,5-PDCA and Mg.This kind of sediment/LDH/Mg(OH)_(2)three-layer composite structure was accountable for the increase in the corrosion resistance of AZ31 Mg alloy.展开更多
Short-term traffic flow is one of the core technologies to realize traffic flow guidance. In this article, in view of the characteristics that the traffic flow changes repeatedly, a short-term traffic flow forecasting...Short-term traffic flow is one of the core technologies to realize traffic flow guidance. In this article, in view of the characteristics that the traffic flow changes repeatedly, a short-term traffic flow forecasting method based on a three-layer K-nearest neighbor non-parametric regression algorithm is proposed. Specifically, two screening layers based on shape similarity were introduced in K-nearest neighbor non-parametric regression method, and the forecasting results were output using the weighted averaging on the reciprocal values of the shape similarity distances and the most-similar-point distance adjustment method. According to the experimental results, the proposed algorithm has improved the predictive ability of the traditional K-nearest neighbor non-parametric regression method, and greatly enhanced the accuracy and real-time performance of short-term traffic flow forecasting.展开更多
In this study,the effects of three different particle sizes of wood wastes(A=–8+12 mesh;B=–12+20 mesh;C=–20+30 mesh)and factory shavings(D)on the properties of particleboard were investigated.According to the test ...In this study,the effects of three different particle sizes of wood wastes(A=–8+12 mesh;B=–12+20 mesh;C=–20+30 mesh)and factory shavings(D)on the properties of particleboard were investigated.According to the test results,three-layer particleboard was designed.Particleboard face layers made with mixture of A,B,and C.The core layer made with D.The ratio of core layer to face layers is 50:50.Three-layer particleboard were fabricated with 12%urea-formaldehyde(UF)resins and three different high voltage electrostatic field intensities(0 kv,30 kv,60 kv).The internal bond(IB)strength,modulus of rupture(MOR),modulus of elasticity(MOE),thickness swelling(TS),and water absorption(WA)of particleboard were evaluated.The density distribution of the three-layer particleboard were examined by vertical density profiles(VDP),and the bonding mechanism and functional groups changes in the particles were analyzed by FTIR analysis.The results showed that HVEF treatment intensity play a remarkable role in properties of particleboard.The particleboard with higher electrostatic field intensities treatment has higher MOE,MOR,IB,and TS.Under HVEF treatment(60 kv),the MOR,modulus of MOE,and IB of three-layer particleboard were 23.61 N/mm^(2),2787.09 N/mm^(2),and 0.86 N/mm^(2),respectively.FTIR indicated that the surface activity of wood particles was increased electric field treatment.展开更多
The three-layer structure model of the fiber Bragg grating is proposed in this paper. And through experimental study and reasoning calculation to verify the three layer structure of the optical waveguide model, so the...The three-layer structure model of the fiber Bragg grating is proposed in this paper. And through experimental study and reasoning calculation to verify the three layer structure of the optical waveguide model, so the sensitivity characteristic of the Bragg wavelength to the refractive index of chemical solution is obtained. And the relationships between the concentration and the shift of Bragg wavelength of sucrose, ethanol, and Nacl solution are achieved. Finally the shifts of the Bragg wavelength with the external concentration are obtained by experiments. A kind of simple structure, small size, good stability, high sensitivity chemical concentration sensor is obtained.展开更多
In this work,trapped mode frequencies are computed for a submerged horizontal circular cylinder with the hydrodynamic set-up involving an infinite depth three-layer incompressible fluid with layer-wise different densi...In this work,trapped mode frequencies are computed for a submerged horizontal circular cylinder with the hydrodynamic set-up involving an infinite depth three-layer incompressible fluid with layer-wise different densities.The impermeable cylinder is fully immersed in either the bottom layer or the upper layer.The effect of surface tension at the surface of separation is neglected.In this set-up,there exist three wave numbers:the lowest one on the free surface and the other two on the internal interfaces.For each wave number,there exist two modes for which trapped waves exist.The existence of these trapped modes is shown by numerical evidence.We investigate the variation of these trapped modes subject to change in the depth of the middle layer as well as the submergence depth.We show numerically that two-layer and single-layer results cannot be recovered in the double and single limiting cases of the density ratios tending to unity.The existence of trapped modes shows that in general,a radiation condition for the waves at infinity is insufficient for the uniqueness of the solution of the scattering problem.展开更多
The quantum fluctuations of a three-layer Heisenberg model with six sublattices are studied by the retarded Green＇s function method and the spin-wave theory. The effects of anisotropy on the quantum fluctuations at z...The quantum fluctuations of a three-layer Heisenberg model with six sublattices are studied by the retarded Green＇s function method and the spin-wave theory. The effects of anisotropy on the quantum fluctuations at zero temperature are discussed. The results show that the interlayer anisotropy plays an important role in balancing the quantum competitions.展开更多
A three-layer model of the thermohaline structure is developed on the basis of the two -layer model of thermocline. The model is able to simulate the depth,thickness and intensity of both thermocline and halocline, an...A three-layer model of the thermohaline structure is developed on the basis of the two -layer model of thermocline. The model is able to simulate the depth,thickness and intensity of both thermocline and halocline, and the temperature and salinity of both upper layer and lower layer in the shallow seas.Camparison of simulation with data is favorable.Detailed analysis is made on a variety of factors affecting the intensity of the thermocline.展开更多
基金Project(52276068)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘This study examines the intricate occurrences of thermal and solutal Marangoni convection in three-layered flows of viscous fluids,with a particular emphasis on their relevance to renewable energy systems.This research examines the flow of a three-layered viscous fluid,considering the combined influence of heat and solutal buoyancy driven Rayleigh-Bénard convection,as well as thermal and solutal Marangoni convection.The homotopy perturbation method is used to examine and simulate complex fluid flow and transport phenomena,providing important understanding of the fundamental physics and assisting in the optimization of various battery configurations.The inquiry examines the primary elements that influence Marangoni convection and its impact on battery performance,providing insights on possible enhancements in energy storage devices.The findings indicate that the velocity profiles shown graphically exhibit a prominent core zone characterized by the maximum speed,which progressively decreases as it approaches the walls of the channel.This study enhances our comprehension of fluid dynamics and the transmission of heat and mass in intricate systems,which has substantial ramifications for the advancement of sustainable energy solutions.
文摘Once more to the lake is a representative work of the American Writer, Elwyn Brooks White, and has been acclaimed by people in the world. The paper offers a three-layered contrasting analysis of the essay. By detailed analysis of the contrasts running through the whole essay, the author finds that those contrasts are symbol of White's internal struggle and reflection for life.On the foundation of the three-layered contrasts, the paper presents the theme analysis and clarifies the content of the essay.
基金Supported in part by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 60474037 and 60004006) and Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education from Educational Committee of China (No. 20030255009)
文摘Next generation grid systems where the emphasis shifts to distributed global collaboration, a service-oriented approach and information layer issues exhibit a strong sense of automation. Requirements for these systems resemble the self-organizing and the healing properties of natural ecosystems. Some key ecological concepts and mechanisms are introduced into the design for the third generation grid computing architectures by inspiration of this resemblance. Also, an Ecological Network-based Computing Environment (ENCE) platform is designed in this paper. Based on the ENCE platform, a grid-computing model of three-layered grid conceptual prototype that embeds the ENCE layers is presented from the viewpoint of implementation. The implementation model should be useful to the design of the third generation grid systems.
文摘Purpose: Comparison of transcutaneous immunization of ovalbumin (OA) between two-and three-layered dissolving microneedles (MN) in rats. Methods: We prepared 500 μm long two-layered and three-layered dissolving microneedle (2-MN and 3-MN, respectively) arrays from chondroitin sulfate as the base, and OA as the model antigen. The 2-MN containing OA at the acral portion and 3-MN with OA at the second portion were administered to rat skin transcutaneously. As a positive control, OA solution was injected subcutaneously (sc). The OA delivery and diffusion in the rat skin were studied using confocal microscopy with fluorescein-conjugated OA (FL-OA). Results: The formulated positions of OA were 0-155 ± 5 μm for 2-MN and 175 ± 4 – 225 ± 5 μm for 3-MN. The administered doses of OA were 2.2 ± 0.1 μg, 12.0 ± 0.2 μg and 22.0 ± 0.2 μg for 2-MN, 1.8 ± 0.2 μg, 12.6 ± 0.7 μg, and 20.4 ± 0.3 μg for 3-MN, 10 μg, 100 μg and 1000 μg for sc injection. At 4 weeks after the first administration, 3-MN showed about 2.5-7.0 fold and 5.4 fold higher total Ig (G + A + M) antibody than 2-MN and sc injection of the OA solution. Conclusions: The 3-MN, which delivered OA to the epidermis, is a useful drug delivery system for transcutaneous antigen delivery.
文摘In the present study, vibration analysis of a three-layered cylindrical shell is performed whose inner and outer layers are composed of functionally graded materials whereas the middle one is assumed to be of isotropic material. This formation of a cylindrical shell influences stiffness modulii and the resultant material properties. The shell problem is formulated from the constitutive relations of stresses and strains with the displacement deformations and they are taken from Love’s thin shell theory. This problem is transformed into the integral form by evaluating the expressions for the strain and kinetic energies of the shell. Rayleigh-Ritz method is employed to solve the shell dynamic equations. Vibration characteristics of these cylindrical shells are investigated for a number of physical parameters and configurations of the fabrication of shells. The axial modal dependence is approximated by the characteristic beam functions that satisfy the boundary conditions. Results evaluated, show good agreement with the open literature.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 72174121)the Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning, and the Soft Science Research Project of Shanghai (Grant No. 22692112600)。
文摘Information plays a crucial role in guiding behavioral decisions during public health emergencies. Individuals communicate to acquire relevant knowledge about an epidemic, which influences their decisions to adopt protective measures.However, whether to disseminate specific information is also a behavioral decision. In light of this understanding, we develop a coupled information–vaccination–epidemic model to depict these co-evolutionary dynamics in a three-layer network. Negative information dissemination and vaccination are treated as separate decision-making processes. We then examine the combined effects of herd and risk motives on information dissemination and vaccination decisions through the lens of game theory. The microscopic Markov chain approach(MMCA) is used to describe the dynamic process and to derive the epidemic threshold. Simulation results indicate that increasing the cost of negative information dissemination and providing timely clarification can effectively control the epidemic. Furthermore, a phenomenon of diminishing marginal utility is observed as the cost of dissemination increases, suggesting that authorities do not need to overinvest in suppressing negative information. Conversely, reducing the cost of vaccination and increasing vaccine efficacy emerge as more effective strategies for outbreak control. In addition, we find that the scale of the epidemic is greater when the herd motive dominates behavioral decision-making. In conclusion, this study provides a new perspective for understanding the complexity of epidemic spreading by starting with the construction of different behavioral decisions.
基金funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 42477208 and 52079134)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China (No. 2024AFA072)+2 种基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (No. 2022332)the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2024YFF0508203)the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Safety (Nos. SKLGME-JBGS2402 and SKLGME022022)。
文摘Accurate acquisition of the rock stress is crucial for various rock engineering applications.The hollow inclusion (HI) technique is widely used for measuring in-situ rock stress.This technique calculates the stress tensor by measuring strain using an HI strain cell.However,existing analytical solutions for stress calculation based on an HI strain cell in a double-layer medium are not applicable when an HI strain cell is used in a three-layer medium,leading to erroneous stress calculations.To address this issue,this paper presents a method for calculating stress tensors in a three-layer medium using numerical simulations,specifically by obtaining a constitutive matrix that relates strain measurements to stress tensors in a three-layer medium.Furthermore,using Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and orthogonal experimental design strategies,764 groups of numerical models encompassing various stress measurement scenarios have been established and calculated using FLAC^(3D)software.Finally,a surrogate model based on artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to predict constitutive matrices,achieving a goodness of fit (R^(2)) of 0.999 and a mean squared error (MSE) of 1.254.A software program has been developed from this surrogate model for ease of use in practical engineering applications.The method’s accuracy was verified through numerical simulations,analytical solution and laboratory experiment,demonstrating its effectiveness in calculating stress in a three-layer medium.The surrogate model was applied to calculate mining-induced stress in the roadway roof rock of a coal mine,a typical case for stress measurement in a three-layer medium.Errors in stress calculations arising from the use of existing analytical solutions were corrected.The study also highlights the significant errors associated with using double-layer analytical solutions in a three-layer medium,which could lead to inappropriate engineering design.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFB0310500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61775226)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA22010301)the key research project of the frontier science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.QYZDB-SSW-JSC022).
文摘A three-layered phosphor structure was designed and prepared by the spin coating of BaSi_(2)N_(2)O_(2):Eu(cyan-emitting)and(Sr,Ca)AlSiN_(3):Eu(red-emitting)phosphor films on the yellowemitting Y_(3)Al_(5)O_(12):Ce(YAG:Ce)phosphor ceramic synthesized by the solid-state reaction under vacuum sintering.In order to achieve high color rendering lighting,the influence of the composition and structure of the three-layered phosphors on the optical,thermal,and electrical properties of the chip-on-board(COB)packaged white-light-emitting diodes(WLEDs)was studied systematically.The WLED with the structure of“red+cyan+yellow”(R+C+Y)three-layered phosphor generated neutral white light and had a luminous efficacy of 75 lm/W,the fidelity index(R_(f))of 93,the gamut index(R_(g))of 97,and the correlated color temperature(CCT)of 3852 K.Under the excitation of laser diode(LD),the layer-structured phosphor yielded the white light with a luminous efficacy of 120 lm/W,color rendering index(CRI)of 90,and CCT of 5988 K.The result indicates that the three-layered phosphor structure is a promising candidate to achieve high color rendering and high luminous efficacy lighting.
基金This work was supported by the research seed grant Ref no:RU:EST:MT:2022/4 funded by REVA University and also this work was supported by the research fund of Hanyang University(HY-202300000000544).
文摘The present study explores the influence of electromagnetic effects on the flow of a nanofluid in a saturated permeable medium,confined between a clear viscous fluid in an inclined channel.The nanofluid consists of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene glycol.The governing equations are derived considering Darcy's law for the permeable medium and Tiwari's model for fluids containing nano-sized particles.Additionally,radiation and dissipation effects are incorporated into the energy equation.The equations are transformed into dimensionless form and solved analytically using the perturbation technique.The results are analyzed through graphs and tables for different material parameters.The findings reveal that higher electric and magnetic strengths have a significant impact on the fluid velocity at the interface of the two fluids,resulting in reduced shear both at the clear fluid surface and the interface between them.This highlights the crucial role played by electric and magnetic strengths in modifying flow phenomena.Consequently,combining electric and magnetic strengths with nanofluids can be utilized to achieve desired qualities in multi-fluid flow and enhance heat transfer characteristics.
基金Project (2005CB623707) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘Three-layer composite ingot of 4045/3004/4045 aluminum alloys was prepared by direct-chill semi-continuous casting process,the temperature field distribution near the composite interface,macro-morphology,microstructure and composition distribution of the composite interface were investigated.The results show that semi-solid layer with a certain thickness forms near the interface due to the effect of cooling plate,which ensures successful implementation of casting the composite ingot.Two different aluminum alloys are well bonded metallurgically.The mechanical properties of composite interface were measured,the tensile and shearing strengths of composite interface are 105 and 88 MPa,respectively,which proves that the composite interface is a kind of metallurgical bonding.
基金Project(2010ZCO51)supported by Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan ProvinceProject supported by Analysis and Testing Foundation(2009-041)Starting Research Fund(14118245)from Kunming University of Science and Technology
文摘As an improvement on the conventional two-layer electrode （active material layerlcurrent collector）, a novel sandwich-like three-layer electrode （conductive layerlactive material layertcurrent collector） for cathode material LiFePO4/C was introduced in order to improve its electrochemical performance. LiFePO4/C in the three-layer electrode exhibited superior rate capability in comparison with that in the two-layer electrode in accordance with charge-discharge examination. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that Fe3＋/Fe2＋ redox couple for LiFePO4 in the three-layer electrode displayed faster kinetics, better reversibility and much lower charge transfer resistance than that in the two-layer electrode in electrochemical process. For three-layer electrode, the holes in the surface of active material layer were filled by smaller acetylene black grains, which formed electrical connections and provided more pathways to electron transport to/from LiFePO4/C particles exposed to the bulk electrolyte.
基金Projects(51375070,51574058) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Three-layer6009/7050/6009aluminum alloy clad slab was fabricated by an innovative direct-chill casting process.To study the response of the clad slab to plastic deformation and heat treatments,homogenization annealing,hot rolling,solution and aging were successively performed on the as-cast6009/7050/6009clad samples.The results revealed that excellent metallurgical bonding between7050alloy layer and6009alloy layer was achieved under optimal parameters.The clad ratio obviously decreased when the annealed sample was rolled to55%hot reduction level,and then changed slightly with further rolling.Furthermore,the content of rodlike Zn-rich phases increased significantly in7050alloy layer in the homogenized clad samples after rolling at55%,65%and75%hot reduction levels,and the higher level of hot reduction resulted in narrower diffusion layer.Subsequent solution and aging significantly improved the hardness in7050alloy layer,interfaces and6009alloy layers of the rolled samples except for the thin side for the75%hot reduction sample.
文摘Using linear water wave theory,three-dimensional problems concerning the interaction of waves with spherical structures in a fluid which contains a three-layer fluid consisting of a layer of finite depth bounded above by freshwater of finite depth with free surface and below by an infinite layer of water of greater density are considered.In such a situation timeharmonic waves with a given frequency can propagate with three wavenumbers.The sphere is submerged in either of the three layers.Each problem is reduced to an infinite system of linear equations by employing the method of multipoles and the system of equations is solved numerically by standard technique.The hydrodynamic forces(vertical and horizontal forces)are obtained and depicted graphically against the wavenumber.When the density ratio of the upper and middle layer is made to approximately one,curves for vertical and horizontal forces almost coincide with the corresponding curves for the case of a two-layer fluid with a free surface.This means that in the limit,the density ratio of the upper and middle layer goes to approximately one,the solution agrees with the solution for the case of a two-layer fluid with a free surface.
文摘The addition of 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid(2,5-PDCA)to the Mg-Al LDH coating,which was prepared by one-step hydrothermal synthesis,had extremely enhanced the corrosion protection of AZ31 Mg alloy,although the 2,5-PDCA could not be intercalated into the interlayer spacing.The corrosion current density of 0.05 mol L^(−1)2,5-PDCA LDH containing LDH coating is 3.18 nA cm^(−2),reduced by two orders of magnitude compared to the LDH coating without inhibitor,and the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the coating is 98.05%.The coating formed on the surface of AZ31 was peeled off from the substrate by using a mechanical method and SEM observation of the cross-section showed that the coating consisted of three different layers.The innermost layer is a thick layer that consists of Mg(OH)_(2)and the intermediate layer is LDH,which is vertical to the substrate and the outmost layer is a thin but very dense deposit layer of LDH agglomerates with complexes of 2,5-PDCA and Mg.This kind of sediment/LDH/Mg(OH)_(2)three-layer composite structure was accountable for the increase in the corrosion resistance of AZ31 Mg alloy.
文摘Short-term traffic flow is one of the core technologies to realize traffic flow guidance. In this article, in view of the characteristics that the traffic flow changes repeatedly, a short-term traffic flow forecasting method based on a three-layer K-nearest neighbor non-parametric regression algorithm is proposed. Specifically, two screening layers based on shape similarity were introduced in K-nearest neighbor non-parametric regression method, and the forecasting results were output using the weighted averaging on the reciprocal values of the shape similarity distances and the most-similar-point distance adjustment method. According to the experimental results, the proposed algorithm has improved the predictive ability of the traditional K-nearest neighbor non-parametric regression method, and greatly enhanced the accuracy and real-time performance of short-term traffic flow forecasting.
基金The Authors acknowledge funding support by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC0703501)The authors wish to acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32071700).
文摘In this study,the effects of three different particle sizes of wood wastes(A=–8+12 mesh;B=–12+20 mesh;C=–20+30 mesh)and factory shavings(D)on the properties of particleboard were investigated.According to the test results,three-layer particleboard was designed.Particleboard face layers made with mixture of A,B,and C.The core layer made with D.The ratio of core layer to face layers is 50:50.Three-layer particleboard were fabricated with 12%urea-formaldehyde(UF)resins and three different high voltage electrostatic field intensities(0 kv,30 kv,60 kv).The internal bond(IB)strength,modulus of rupture(MOR),modulus of elasticity(MOE),thickness swelling(TS),and water absorption(WA)of particleboard were evaluated.The density distribution of the three-layer particleboard were examined by vertical density profiles(VDP),and the bonding mechanism and functional groups changes in the particles were analyzed by FTIR analysis.The results showed that HVEF treatment intensity play a remarkable role in properties of particleboard.The particleboard with higher electrostatic field intensities treatment has higher MOE,MOR,IB,and TS.Under HVEF treatment(60 kv),the MOR,modulus of MOE,and IB of three-layer particleboard were 23.61 N/mm^(2),2787.09 N/mm^(2),and 0.86 N/mm^(2),respectively.FTIR indicated that the surface activity of wood particles was increased electric field treatment.
文摘The three-layer structure model of the fiber Bragg grating is proposed in this paper. And through experimental study and reasoning calculation to verify the three layer structure of the optical waveguide model, so the sensitivity characteristic of the Bragg wavelength to the refractive index of chemical solution is obtained. And the relationships between the concentration and the shift of Bragg wavelength of sucrose, ethanol, and Nacl solution are achieved. Finally the shifts of the Bragg wavelength with the external concentration are obtained by experiments. A kind of simple structure, small size, good stability, high sensitivity chemical concentration sensor is obtained.
文摘In this work,trapped mode frequencies are computed for a submerged horizontal circular cylinder with the hydrodynamic set-up involving an infinite depth three-layer incompressible fluid with layer-wise different densities.The impermeable cylinder is fully immersed in either the bottom layer or the upper layer.The effect of surface tension at the surface of separation is neglected.In this set-up,there exist three wave numbers:the lowest one on the free surface and the other two on the internal interfaces.For each wave number,there exist two modes for which trapped waves exist.The existence of these trapped modes is shown by numerical evidence.We investigate the variation of these trapped modes subject to change in the depth of the middle layer as well as the submergence depth.We show numerically that two-layer and single-layer results cannot be recovered in the double and single limiting cases of the density ratios tending to unity.The existence of trapped modes shows that in general,a radiation condition for the waves at infinity is insufficient for the uniqueness of the solution of the scattering problem.
基金Project supported by the Open Project of Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University,China(Grant No.LZUMMM2010010)the Scientific Foundation of the Educational Department of Liaoning Province,China(Grant No.L2010390)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province of China(Grant No.20102171)the Scientific Technology Plan of Shenyang,China(Grant No.F10-205-1-33)the Excellent Talents Program of the University of Liaoning Province,China(Grant No.LR201031)
文摘The quantum fluctuations of a three-layer Heisenberg model with six sublattices are studied by the retarded Green＇s function method and the spin-wave theory. The effects of anisotropy on the quantum fluctuations at zero temperature are discussed. The results show that the interlayer anisotropy plays an important role in balancing the quantum competitions.
文摘A three-layer model of the thermohaline structure is developed on the basis of the two -layer model of thermocline. The model is able to simulate the depth,thickness and intensity of both thermocline and halocline, and the temperature and salinity of both upper layer and lower layer in the shallow seas.Camparison of simulation with data is favorable.Detailed analysis is made on a variety of factors affecting the intensity of the thermocline.
