The most dangerous places in ships are their power plants. Particularly, they are very unsafe for operators carrying out various necessary operation and maintenance activities. For this reason, ship machinery should b...The most dangerous places in ships are their power plants. Particularly, they are very unsafe for operators carrying out various necessary operation and maintenance activities. For this reason, ship machinery should be designed to ensure the maximum safety for its operators. It is a very difficult task. Therefore, it could not be solved by means of conventional design methods, which are used for design of uncomplicated technical equipment. One of the possible ways of solving this problem is to provide appropriate tools, which allow us to take the operator's safety into account during a design process, especially at its early stages. A computer-aided system supporting design of safe ship power plants could be such a tool. This paper deals with developing process of a prototype of the computer-aided system for hazard zone identification in ship power plants.展开更多
Based on the practical application of Geology Information System（GIS） throughout the world, combined with the characters of road＇s geological hazard and it＇s supervision, the paper introduces on the importance of ...Based on the practical application of Geology Information System（GIS） throughout the world, combined with the characters of road＇s geological hazard and it＇s supervision, the paper introduces on the importance of the research on road＇s geological hazards information management and decision-making support system. The paper also analyzes the system＇s target, the principles and key techniques in developing the system. In the research, we developed the GIS-based road＇s geological hazard information management and decision-making support system and applied it to one speedway in the west of China where contains typical geological hazards. The system based on the database of road＇s geological hazard on the grounds of spatial graphic information and attribute information. By virtue of the scientific assessment and prediction mathematical model, integrating the GIS＇s strongpoint on spatial analyzing, the system is capable of visualizing the regionalization of road according to the geological hazards it contains, and accurately assessing and predicting geological hazards, thus efficiently assists the road construction and management units in the decision making on controlling the geological hazards and reducing the related loss.展开更多
The authors study the structure, functions and data organization for the hazard analysis system of urban post-earthquake fire on the platform of GIS. A general hazard analysis model of the post-earthquake fire is pres...The authors study the structure, functions and data organization for the hazard analysis system of urban post-earthquake fire on the platform of GIS. A general hazard analysis model of the post-earthquake fire is presented. Taking Shanghai central district as background, a system for hazard analysis of the post-earthquake fire and auxiliary decision-against fire is developed.展开更多
The present-day tectonic activities on the northeastern margin of the Pamir Plateau are mainly E-W oriented extensions, among which the Kongur Extensional System(KES) plays an important role in the internal expansion ...The present-day tectonic activities on the northeastern margin of the Pamir Plateau are mainly E-W oriented extensions, among which the Kongur Extensional System(KES) plays an important role in the internal expansion of the Pamir. As the largest earthquake since Taxkorgan earthquakes in 1895 and 1896, the Aketao earthquake occurred on the Muji fault on the northern portion of the KES in 2016. Since then, the trend of seismic activities along the KES has been paid much attention to. Based on the visco elastic layered lithosphere model, we calculate the co-seismic and post-seismic stress changes caused by five historical earthquakes on the KES and its adjacent areas since 1895, and analyze the interaction among strong earthquakes. The results show that all of the historical earthquakes after 1895 occurred in the areas where the co-seismic and post-seismic Coulomb stress increased. Coulomb stress loading at the hypocenters of the 1896 Taxkorgan earthquake, the 1974 Markansu earthquake and the 2016 Aketao earthquake were 0.251 MPa, 0.013 MPa and 0.563 MPa, respectively. The three earthquakes were catalyzed by such variations. The historical earthquakes increased the stress state on most segments of the Southern Kungai Mountain fault and Kongur fault along the KES. In particular, we can identify 2 visible earthquake gaps with increasing seismic hazard formed on the Qimugan segment and Bulunkou segment of the KES. The Qimugan section and the Bulunkou section are located at the fault transition zone with concentrated stress and high extension rate, so great attention should be paid to their seismic hazard at present day.展开更多
Coastal lowlands have large areas of hazard impact and relatively low capacity of prevention to the water related hazards,which have been indicated by the wide_spread flood hazards,high percentages of land with high f...Coastal lowlands have large areas of hazard impact and relatively low capacity of prevention to the water related hazards,which have been indicated by the wide_spread flood hazards,high percentages of land with high flood vulnerability.Increasing population pressure and the shift of resources exploitation from land to sea will force more and more coastal lowlands to be developed in the future,further enhancing the danger of water_related hazards.In this paper,the coastal lowlands in the northern Jiangsu province,China,were selected as a case study.The Interpretation Structural Model (ISM) was employed to analyze the direct and indirect impacts among the elements within the system,and thereby,to identify the causal elements,middle linkages,their expressions,and relations.展开更多
The previous research (Danno & Taniguchi, 2015) showed that near-miss incident experience was basically reduced by the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and was disturbed by the Systemizing Quotient (SQ) when the Empathy Quot...The previous research (Danno & Taniguchi, 2015) showed that near-miss incident experience was basically reduced by the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and was disturbed by the Systemizing Quotient (SQ) when the Empathy Quotient was low, based on the Empathizing and Systemizing (E-S) model using a web survey [1]. It means that drivers whose EQ was low and SQ was high had more near-miss incident experience. It suggested that drivers who have a stronger Empathizing function may have stronger hazard perception ability although the Systemizing function may weaken hazard perception ability when Empathizing is weak. And, then, it was revealed that the D score (standard SQ (T) score minus standard EQ (T) score) had a significant effect on the near-miss incident experience. Those results implied that a D score, which is used to classify “E-S types”, should have a relationship with near-miss incident experience, i.e. , hazard perception ability. The EQ and SQ scores were supposed to relate to the cognitive ability to estimate other road users’ mental situations and predict their behavior or to recognize stable laws in traffic situations. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between a driver’s visual attention ability (gaze movement) and hazard (near-miss incident) perception ability of different EQ and SQ scores. Drivers’ Real-time Useful Field of View (rUFOV) [2] was measured under normal and hasty driving conditions in a driving simulator which had six scenarios of traffic situation. The result from seven participants who had different EQ and SQ scores showed that a driver’s visual attention ability (gaze movement) corresponds to their scores. This pilot test research revealed a possibility that the individual difference in cognitive trait with E-S model could be a promising tool to understand the mechanism of hazard perception since a D score is used to classify “E-S types”.展开更多
Tens of thousands of landslides were triggered by May 12, 2008 earthquake over a broad area. The main purpose of this article is to apply and verify earthquake-triggered landslide hazard analysis techniques by using w...Tens of thousands of landslides were triggered by May 12, 2008 earthquake over a broad area. The main purpose of this article is to apply and verify earthquake-triggered landslide hazard analysis techniques by using weight of evidence modeling in Qingshui （清水） River watershed, Deyang （德阳） City, Sichuan （四川） Province, China. Two thousand three hundred and twenty-one landslides were interpreted in the study area from aerial photographs and multi-source remote sensing imageries post-earthquake, verified by field surveys. The landslide inventory in the study area was established. A spatial database, including landslides and associated controlling parameters that may have influence on the occurrence of landslides, was constructed from topographic maps, geological maps, and enhanced thematic mapper （ETM＋） remote sensing imageries. The factors that influence landslide occurrence,such as slope angle, aspect, curvature, elevation, flow accumulation, distance from drainages, and distance from roads were calculated from the topographic maps. Lithology, distance from seismogenic fault, distance from all faults, and distance from stratigraphic boundaries were derived from the geological maps. Normalized difference vegetation index （NDV1） was extracted from ETM＋ images. Seismic intensity zoning was collected from Wenchuan （汶川） Ms8.0 Earthquake Intensity Distribution Map published by the China Earthquake Administration.Landslide hazard indices were calculated using the weight of evidence model, and landslide hazard maps were calculated from using different controlling parameters cases. The hazard map was compared with known landslide locations and verified. The success accuracy percentage of using all 13 controlling parameters was 71.82%. The resulting landslide hazard map showed five classes of landslide hazard, i.e., very high, high, moderate, low, and very low. The validation results showed satisfactory agreement between the hazard map and the existing landslides distribution data. The landslide hazard map can be used to identify and delineate unstable hazard-prone areas. It can also help planners to choose favorable locations for development schemes, such as infrastructural, buildings, road constructions, and environmental protection.展开更多
The study area, located in the southeast of Tibet along the Sichuan-Tibet highway, is a part of Palongzangbu River basin where mountain hazards take place frequently. On the ground of field surveying, historical data ...The study area, located in the southeast of Tibet along the Sichuan-Tibet highway, is a part of Palongzangbu River basin where mountain hazards take place frequently. On the ground of field surveying, historical data and previous research, a total of 31 debris flow gullies are identified in the study area and 5 factors are chosen as main parameters for evaluating the hazard of debris flows in this study. Spatial analyst functions of geographic information system （GIS） are utilized to produce debris flow inventory and parameter maps. All data are built into a spatial database for evaluating debris flow hazard. Integrated with GIS techniques,the fuzzy relation method is used to calculate the strength of relationship between debris flow inventory and parameters of the database. With this methodology,a hazard map of debris flows is produced. According to this map,6.6% of the study area is classified as very high hazard, 7.3% as high hazard,8.4% as moderate hazard,32. 1% as low hazard and 45.6% as very low hazard or non-hazard areas. After validating the results, this methodology is ultimately confirmed to be available.展开更多
In recent years, global warming has gradually become obvious, thus created the climate change. Typhoon Morakot attacked Taiwan and brought heavy rainfall in August, 2009. In mountainous areas including Central and Sou...In recent years, global warming has gradually become obvious, thus created the climate change. Typhoon Morakot attacked Taiwan and brought heavy rainfall in August, 2009. In mountainous areas including Central and South Taiwan, the flood and debris flow disasters were induced by the typhoon. In this study, Changhua City is selected as the research region and the Delphi method is employed to interview experts and establish comprehensive evaluation criteria for assessing the evacuation plan on disaster areas. The concept is to combine the landslide potential analysis by geographic information systems with the flood or debris flow maps into the potential hazard map. Meanwhile, analytic hierarchy method (AHP) is comprehensively carried on the expert questionnaire survey for the potential hazard map of the compound disaster states. It should be useful for the local government and native people in the future.展开更多
Roads are one of the most important infrastructures in any country. One problem on road based transportation networks is accident. Current methods to identify of high potential segments of roads for accidents are base...Roads are one of the most important infrastructures in any country. One problem on road based transportation networks is accident. Current methods to identify of high potential segments of roads for accidents are based on statistical approaches that need statistical data of accident occurrences over an extended period of time so this cannot be applied to newly-built roads. In this research a new approach for road hazardous segment identification (RHSI) is introduced using Geospatial Information System (GIS) and fuzzy reasoning. In this research among all factors that usually play critical roles in the occurrence of traffic accidents, environmental factors and roadway design are considered. Using incomplete data the consideration of uncertainty is herein investigated using fuzzy reasoning. This method is performed in part of Iran's transit roads (Kohin-Loshan) for less expensive means of analyzing the risks and road safety in Iran. Comparing the results of this approach with existing statistical methods shows advantages when data are uncertain and incomplete, specially for recently built transportation roadways where statistical data are limited. Results show in some instances accident locations are somewhat displaced from the segments of highest risk and in few sites hazardous segments are not determined using traditional statistical methods.展开更多
文摘The most dangerous places in ships are their power plants. Particularly, they are very unsafe for operators carrying out various necessary operation and maintenance activities. For this reason, ship machinery should be designed to ensure the maximum safety for its operators. It is a very difficult task. Therefore, it could not be solved by means of conventional design methods, which are used for design of uncomplicated technical equipment. One of the possible ways of solving this problem is to provide appropriate tools, which allow us to take the operator's safety into account during a design process, especially at its early stages. A computer-aided system supporting design of safe ship power plants could be such a tool. This paper deals with developing process of a prototype of the computer-aided system for hazard zone identification in ship power plants.
基金the Foundation of Project of Development of Transportation in Western of Ministry of Communication of China (200331880201)
文摘Based on the practical application of Geology Information System（GIS） throughout the world, combined with the characters of road＇s geological hazard and it＇s supervision, the paper introduces on the importance of the research on road＇s geological hazards information management and decision-making support system. The paper also analyzes the system＇s target, the principles and key techniques in developing the system. In the research, we developed the GIS-based road＇s geological hazard information management and decision-making support system and applied it to one speedway in the west of China where contains typical geological hazards. The system based on the database of road＇s geological hazard on the grounds of spatial graphic information and attribute information. By virtue of the scientific assessment and prediction mathematical model, integrating the GIS＇s strongpoint on spatial analyzing, the system is capable of visualizing the regionalization of road according to the geological hazards it contains, and accurately assessing and predicting geological hazards, thus efficiently assists the road construction and management units in the decision making on controlling the geological hazards and reducing the related loss.
基金National Outstanding Youth Science Foundation (59825105).
文摘The authors study the structure, functions and data organization for the hazard analysis system of urban post-earthquake fire on the platform of GIS. A general hazard analysis model of the post-earthquake fire is presented. Taking Shanghai central district as background, a system for hazard analysis of the post-earthquake fire and auxiliary decision-against fire is developed.
基金funded by the Spark Program of Earthquake Technology of CEA(XH17023Y)The National Natural Science Foundation of China(41604079,41504011,41574017,41541029)the Science and Technology Partnership Program of Shanghai Cooperation Organization(2017E01030)
文摘The present-day tectonic activities on the northeastern margin of the Pamir Plateau are mainly E-W oriented extensions, among which the Kongur Extensional System(KES) plays an important role in the internal expansion of the Pamir. As the largest earthquake since Taxkorgan earthquakes in 1895 and 1896, the Aketao earthquake occurred on the Muji fault on the northern portion of the KES in 2016. Since then, the trend of seismic activities along the KES has been paid much attention to. Based on the visco elastic layered lithosphere model, we calculate the co-seismic and post-seismic stress changes caused by five historical earthquakes on the KES and its adjacent areas since 1895, and analyze the interaction among strong earthquakes. The results show that all of the historical earthquakes after 1895 occurred in the areas where the co-seismic and post-seismic Coulomb stress increased. Coulomb stress loading at the hypocenters of the 1896 Taxkorgan earthquake, the 1974 Markansu earthquake and the 2016 Aketao earthquake were 0.251 MPa, 0.013 MPa and 0.563 MPa, respectively. The three earthquakes were catalyzed by such variations. The historical earthquakes increased the stress state on most segments of the Southern Kungai Mountain fault and Kongur fault along the KES. In particular, we can identify 2 visible earthquake gaps with increasing seismic hazard formed on the Qimugan segment and Bulunkou segment of the KES. The Qimugan section and the Bulunkou section are located at the fault transition zone with concentrated stress and high extension rate, so great attention should be paid to their seismic hazard at present day.
文摘Coastal lowlands have large areas of hazard impact and relatively low capacity of prevention to the water related hazards,which have been indicated by the wide_spread flood hazards,high percentages of land with high flood vulnerability.Increasing population pressure and the shift of resources exploitation from land to sea will force more and more coastal lowlands to be developed in the future,further enhancing the danger of water_related hazards.In this paper,the coastal lowlands in the northern Jiangsu province,China,were selected as a case study.The Interpretation Structural Model (ISM) was employed to analyze the direct and indirect impacts among the elements within the system,and thereby,to identify the causal elements,middle linkages,their expressions,and relations.
文摘The previous research (Danno & Taniguchi, 2015) showed that near-miss incident experience was basically reduced by the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and was disturbed by the Systemizing Quotient (SQ) when the Empathy Quotient was low, based on the Empathizing and Systemizing (E-S) model using a web survey [1]. It means that drivers whose EQ was low and SQ was high had more near-miss incident experience. It suggested that drivers who have a stronger Empathizing function may have stronger hazard perception ability although the Systemizing function may weaken hazard perception ability when Empathizing is weak. And, then, it was revealed that the D score (standard SQ (T) score minus standard EQ (T) score) had a significant effect on the near-miss incident experience. Those results implied that a D score, which is used to classify “E-S types”, should have a relationship with near-miss incident experience, i.e. , hazard perception ability. The EQ and SQ scores were supposed to relate to the cognitive ability to estimate other road users’ mental situations and predict their behavior or to recognize stable laws in traffic situations. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between a driver’s visual attention ability (gaze movement) and hazard (near-miss incident) perception ability of different EQ and SQ scores. Drivers’ Real-time Useful Field of View (rUFOV) [2] was measured under normal and hasty driving conditions in a driving simulator which had six scenarios of traffic situation. The result from seven participants who had different EQ and SQ scores showed that a driver’s visual attention ability (gaze movement) corresponds to their scores. This pilot test research revealed a possibility that the individual difference in cognitive trait with E-S model could be a promising tool to understand the mechanism of hazard perception since a D score is used to classify “E-S types”.
基金supported by the International Scientific Joint Project of China (No. 2009DFA21280)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40821160550)the Doctoral Candidate Innovation Research Support Program by Science & Technology Review (No. kjdb200902-5)
文摘Tens of thousands of landslides were triggered by May 12, 2008 earthquake over a broad area. The main purpose of this article is to apply and verify earthquake-triggered landslide hazard analysis techniques by using weight of evidence modeling in Qingshui （清水） River watershed, Deyang （德阳） City, Sichuan （四川） Province, China. Two thousand three hundred and twenty-one landslides were interpreted in the study area from aerial photographs and multi-source remote sensing imageries post-earthquake, verified by field surveys. The landslide inventory in the study area was established. A spatial database, including landslides and associated controlling parameters that may have influence on the occurrence of landslides, was constructed from topographic maps, geological maps, and enhanced thematic mapper （ETM＋） remote sensing imageries. The factors that influence landslide occurrence,such as slope angle, aspect, curvature, elevation, flow accumulation, distance from drainages, and distance from roads were calculated from the topographic maps. Lithology, distance from seismogenic fault, distance from all faults, and distance from stratigraphic boundaries were derived from the geological maps. Normalized difference vegetation index （NDV1） was extracted from ETM＋ images. Seismic intensity zoning was collected from Wenchuan （汶川） Ms8.0 Earthquake Intensity Distribution Map published by the China Earthquake Administration.Landslide hazard indices were calculated using the weight of evidence model, and landslide hazard maps were calculated from using different controlling parameters cases. The hazard map was compared with known landslide locations and verified. The success accuracy percentage of using all 13 controlling parameters was 71.82%. The resulting landslide hazard map showed five classes of landslide hazard, i.e., very high, high, moderate, low, and very low. The validation results showed satisfactory agreement between the hazard map and the existing landslides distribution data. The landslide hazard map can be used to identify and delineate unstable hazard-prone areas. It can also help planners to choose favorable locations for development schemes, such as infrastructural, buildings, road constructions, and environmental protection.
文摘The study area, located in the southeast of Tibet along the Sichuan-Tibet highway, is a part of Palongzangbu River basin where mountain hazards take place frequently. On the ground of field surveying, historical data and previous research, a total of 31 debris flow gullies are identified in the study area and 5 factors are chosen as main parameters for evaluating the hazard of debris flows in this study. Spatial analyst functions of geographic information system （GIS） are utilized to produce debris flow inventory and parameter maps. All data are built into a spatial database for evaluating debris flow hazard. Integrated with GIS techniques,the fuzzy relation method is used to calculate the strength of relationship between debris flow inventory and parameters of the database. With this methodology,a hazard map of debris flows is produced. According to this map,6.6% of the study area is classified as very high hazard, 7.3% as high hazard,8.4% as moderate hazard,32. 1% as low hazard and 45.6% as very low hazard or non-hazard areas. After validating the results, this methodology is ultimately confirmed to be available.
文摘In recent years, global warming has gradually become obvious, thus created the climate change. Typhoon Morakot attacked Taiwan and brought heavy rainfall in August, 2009. In mountainous areas including Central and South Taiwan, the flood and debris flow disasters were induced by the typhoon. In this study, Changhua City is selected as the research region and the Delphi method is employed to interview experts and establish comprehensive evaluation criteria for assessing the evacuation plan on disaster areas. The concept is to combine the landslide potential analysis by geographic information systems with the flood or debris flow maps into the potential hazard map. Meanwhile, analytic hierarchy method (AHP) is comprehensively carried on the expert questionnaire survey for the potential hazard map of the compound disaster states. It should be useful for the local government and native people in the future.
文摘Roads are one of the most important infrastructures in any country. One problem on road based transportation networks is accident. Current methods to identify of high potential segments of roads for accidents are based on statistical approaches that need statistical data of accident occurrences over an extended period of time so this cannot be applied to newly-built roads. In this research a new approach for road hazardous segment identification (RHSI) is introduced using Geospatial Information System (GIS) and fuzzy reasoning. In this research among all factors that usually play critical roles in the occurrence of traffic accidents, environmental factors and roadway design are considered. Using incomplete data the consideration of uncertainty is herein investigated using fuzzy reasoning. This method is performed in part of Iran's transit roads (Kohin-Loshan) for less expensive means of analyzing the risks and road safety in Iran. Comparing the results of this approach with existing statistical methods shows advantages when data are uncertain and incomplete, specially for recently built transportation roadways where statistical data are limited. Results show in some instances accident locations are somewhat displaced from the segments of highest risk and in few sites hazardous segments are not determined using traditional statistical methods.
