Accurate prediction of Shock-Wave/Boundary Layer Interaction(SWBLI)flows has been a persistent challenge for linear eddy viscosity models.A major limitation lies in the isotropic representation of the Reynolds stress,...Accurate prediction of Shock-Wave/Boundary Layer Interaction(SWBLI)flows has been a persistent challenge for linear eddy viscosity models.A major limitation lies in the isotropic representation of the Reynolds stress,as assumed under the Boussinesq approximation.Recent studies have shown promise in improving the prediction capability for incompressible separation flows by perturbing the Reynolds-stress anisotropy tensor.However,it remains uncertain whether this approach is effective for SWBLI flows,which involve compressibility and discontinuity.To address this issue,this study systematically quantifies the structural uncertainty of the anisotropy for oblique SWBLI flows.The eigenspace perturbation method is applied to perturb the anisotropy tensor predicted by the Menter Shear–Stress Transport(SST)model and reveal the impacts of anisotropy on the prediction of quantities of interest,such as separation and reattachment positions,wall static pressure,skin friction,and heat flux.The results demonstrate the potential and reveal the challenges of eigenspace perturbation in improving the SST model.Furthermore,a detailed analysis of turbulent characteristics is performed to identify the source of uncertainty.The findings indicate that eigenspace perturbation primarily affects turbulent shear stress,while the prediction error of the SST model is more related to turbulent kinetic energy.展开更多
Stem cell transplantation and low-energy shock-wave therapy （LESWT） have emerged as potential and effective treatment protocols for diabetic erectile dysfunction. During the tracking of transplanted stem cells in di...Stem cell transplantation and low-energy shock-wave therapy （LESWT） have emerged as potential and effective treatment protocols for diabetic erectile dysfunction. During the tracking of transplanted stem cells in diabetic erectile dysfunction models, the number of visible stem cells was rather low and decreased quickly. LESWT could recruit endogenous stem cells to the cavernous body and improve the microenvironment in diabetic cavernous tissue. Thus, we deduced that LESWT might benefit transplanted stem cell survival and improve the effects of stem cell transplantation. In this research, 42 streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were randomized into four groups： the diabetic group （n = 6）, the LESWT group （n = 6）, the bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell （BMSC） transplantation group （n = 15）, and the combination of LESWT and BMSC transplantation group （n = 15）. One and three days after BMSC transplantation, three rats were randomly chosen to observe the survival numbers of BMSCs in the cavernous body. Four weeks after BMSC transplantation, the following parameters were assessed： the surviving number of transplanted BMSCs in the cavernous tissue, erectile function, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and penile immunohistochemical assessment. Our research found that LESWT favored the survival of transplanted BMSCs in the cavernous body, which might be related to increased stromal cell-derived factor-1 expression and the enhancement of angiogenesis in the diabetic cavernous tissue. The combination of LESWT and BMSC transplantation could improve the erectile function of diabetic erectile function rats more effectively than LESWT or BMSC transplantation performed alone.展开更多
It is of great significance to improve the accuracy of turbulence models in shock-wave/ boundary layer interaction flow. The relationship between the pressure gradient, as well as the shear layer, and the development ...It is of great significance to improve the accuracy of turbulence models in shock-wave/ boundary layer interaction flow. The relationship between the pressure gradient, as well as the shear layer, and the development of turbulent kinetic energy in impinging shock-wave/turbulent bound- ary layer interaction flow at Mach 2.25 is analyzed based on the data of direct numerical simulation （DNS）. It is found that the turbulent kinetic energy is amplified by strong shear in the separation zone and the adverse pressure gradient near the separation point. The pressure gradient was non-dimensionalised with local density, velocity, and viscosity. Spalart Allmaras （S A） model is modified by introducing the non-dimensional pressure gradient into the production term of the eddy viscosity transportation equation. Simulation results show that the production and dissipation of eddy viscosity are strongly enhanced by the modification of S-A model. Compared with DNS and experimental data, the wall pressure and the wall skin friction coefficient as well as the velocity profile of the modified S-A model are obviously improved. Thus it can be concluded that the mod- ification of S-A model with the pressure gradient can improve the predictive accuracy for simulat- ing the shock-wave/turbulent boundary laver interaction.展开更多
The efficiency and mechanism of an active control device ＂＇Spark Jet＂ and its application in shock-induced separation control are studied using large-eddy simulation in this paper. The base flow is the interaction ...The efficiency and mechanism of an active control device ＂＇Spark Jet＂ and its application in shock-induced separation control are studied using large-eddy simulation in this paper. The base flow is the interaction of an oblique shock-wave generated by 8° wedge and a spatially-developing Ma = 2.3 turbulent boundary layer. The Reynolds number based on the incoming flow property and the boundary layer displacement thickness at the impinging point without shock-wave is 20000. The detailed numerical approaches were presented. The inflow turbulence was generated using the digital filter method to avoid artificial temporal or streamwise periodicity. The , merical results including velocity profile, Reynolds stress profile, skin friction, and wall pressure were sys- tematically validated against the available wind tunnel particle image velocimetry （PIV） measure- ments of the same flow condition. Further study on the control of flow separation due to the strong shock-viscous interaction using an active control actuator ＂＇Spark Jet＇＂ was conducted. The single-pulsed characteristic of the device was obtained and compared with the experiment. Both instantaneous and time-averaged flow fields have shown that the jet flow issuing from the actuator cavity enhances the flow mixing inside the boundary layer, making the boundary layer more resis- tant to flow separation. Skin friction coefficient distribution shows that the separation bubble length is reduced by about 35% with control exerted.展开更多
Degenerative diseases significantly reduce the quality of human life.Non-invasive treatments are used in the initial stages of osteoarthritis(OA).Total knee arthroplasty is used in the late stages of osteoarthritis of...Degenerative diseases significantly reduce the quality of human life.Non-invasive treatments are used in the initial stages of osteoarthritis(OA).Total knee arthroplasty is used in the late stages of osteoarthritis of the knee joint.Non-invasive methods based on mechanical action are also used for the rehabilitation of a patient after arthroplasty.This paper presents numerical models of the knee joint with degenerative OA changes and arthroplasty.Using these models,a computational study was made of the influence of the intensity of shock-wave exposure on the conditioning for the regeneration of bone and cartilage tissues.Based on the modeling results,it was found that in the knee joint with degenerative OA changes,conditions for the regeneration of cartilage and meniscus tissues were fulfilled under medium and highintensity loading.Under high-intensity loading(up to 0.9 m J/mm^(2)),the stress level was significantly below the ultimate value required for fracture.At knee arthroplasty,the conditions for bone tissue regeneration around the tibia component are fulfilled only under high-intensity loading.展开更多
The injury of gunners caused by muzzle shock-wave has always been a great problem when firing inside the protective cover. The distribution regularity and personnel injury from the muzzle blast-wave were investigated ...The injury of gunners caused by muzzle shock-wave has always been a great problem when firing inside the protective cover. The distribution regularity and personnel injury from the muzzle blast-wave were investigated by both test and numerical simulation. Through the inside firing test, the changes of overpressure and noise have been measured at different measuring points in the thin-wall cover structure with different open widths and shallow covering thickness. The distribution regularity of muzzle shock-wave with different firing port widths is calculated by ANSYS/LSDYNA software. The overpressure distribution curves of muzzle shock-wave inside the structure can be obtained by comparing the test results with the numerical results. Then, the influence of open width and shallow covering thickness is proposed to give a reference to the protective design under the condition of the inside firing with the same cannon caliber.展开更多
In this paper, the quantum hydrodynamics (QHD) model is used to study the propagation of small- but finite-amplitude quantum electrostatic shock-wave in an inertial-less symmetric pair (ion) plasma with immobile backg...In this paper, the quantum hydrodynamics (QHD) model is used to study the propagation of small- but finite-amplitude quantum electrostatic shock-wave in an inertial-less symmetric pair (ion) plasma with immobile background positive constituents. The dispersion due to the quantum tunneling and inertial effects as well as dissipation caused by particle collisions leading to the shock-like or double-layer structures are considered. Investigation of both the stationary and traveling-wave solutions to Kortewege-de Veries-Burgers evolution equation show that critical values exist which govern the type of collective plasma structures. Current analysis apply to diverse kind of symmetric plasmas such as laboratory inertially confined or astrophysical pair-ion or electron-positron degenerate plasmas.展开更多
A direct numerical simulation （DNS） on an oblique shock wave with an incident angle of 33.2° impinging on a Mach 2.25 supersonic turbulent boundary layer is performed. The numerical results are confirmed to be ...A direct numerical simulation （DNS） on an oblique shock wave with an incident angle of 33.2° impinging on a Mach 2.25 supersonic turbulent boundary layer is performed. The numerical results are confirmed to be of high accuracy by comparison with the reference data. Particular efforts have been made on the investigation of the near-wall behaviors in the interaction region, where the pressure gradient is so significant that a certain separation zone emerges. It is found that, the traditional linear and loga- rithmic laws, which describe the mean-velocity profiles in the viscous and meso sublayers, respectively, cease to be valid in the neighborhood of the interaction region, and two new laws of the wall are proposed by elevating the pressure gradient to the leading order. The new laws are inspired by the analysis on the incompressible separation flows, while the compressibility is additionally taken into account. It is verified by the DNS results that the new laws are adequate to reproduce the mean-velocity profiles both inside and outside the interaction region. Moreover, the normalization adopted in the new laws is able to regularize the Reynolds stress into an almost universal distribution even with a salient adverse pressure gradient （APG）.展开更多
Lateral elbow tendinopathy(LET) is one of the two most common tendinopathies of the upper limb. The most effective treatment in the management of LET is the exercise program. Clinicians combine exercise program with o...Lateral elbow tendinopathy(LET) is one of the two most common tendinopathies of the upper limb. The most effective treatment in the management of LET is the exercise program. Clinicians combine exercise program with other physiotherapy, electrotherapeutic and no, techniques. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy(ESWT) is one of the most common recommended electrotherapeutic modalities for the management of LET. Further research is needed to find out the optimal treatment protocol of ESWT in the management of展开更多
Structure transformations in the two-phase (Ti, Nb)3Al alloy, induced by shock-wave loading, were studied. The samples were subjected to an impact of a steel plate. The maximum pressure on the samples’ surfaces was 1...Structure transformations in the two-phase (Ti, Nb)3Al alloy, induced by shock-wave loading, were studied. The samples were subjected to an impact of a steel plate. The maximum pressure on the samples’ surfaces was 100 GPa, while the maximum temperature was 573 K. The β0→α2 phase transformation occurred during strong deformations. High temperature rectilinear dislocations (such types of dislocations usually could arise at 1073 K) with the c-component, which occasionally formed slip bands, were located at the α2-phase grains after the shock. The deformation α2-phase twins were not observed.展开更多
Experimental and numerical investigations were conducted to investigate the variations of shock-wave boundary layer interaction(SBLI) phenomena in a highly loaded transonic compressor cascade with Mach numbers.The sch...Experimental and numerical investigations were conducted to investigate the variations of shock-wave boundary layer interaction(SBLI) phenomena in a highly loaded transonic compressor cascade with Mach numbers.The schlieren technique was used to observe the shock structure in the cascade and the pressure tap method to measure the pressure distribution on the blade surface.The unsteady pressure distribution on blade surface was measured with the fast-response pressure-sensitive paint(PSP) technique to obtain the unsteady pressure distribution on the whole blade surface and to capture the shock oscillation characteristics caused by SBLI.In addition,the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes simulations were used to compute the three-dimensional steady flow field in the transonic cascade.It was found that the shock wave patterns and behaviors are affected evidently with the increase in incoming Mach number at the design flow angle,especially with the presence of the separation bubble caused by SBLI.The time-averaged pressure distribution on the blade surface measured by PSP technique showed a symmetric pressure filed at Mach numbers of 0.85,while the pressure field on the blade surface was an asymmetric one at Mach numbers of 0.90 and 0.95.The oscillation of the shock wave was closely with the flow separation bubble on the blade surface and could transverse over nearly one interval of the pressure taps.The oscillation of the shock wave may smear the pressure jump phenomenon measured by the pressure taps.展开更多
Background The incidence of urinary lithiasis following kidney transplantation is very low, and decision-supporting data are not available. The aim of this study was to review the diagnosis and treatment of urinary li...Background The incidence of urinary lithiasis following kidney transplantation is very low, and decision-supporting data are not available. The aim of this study was to review the diagnosis and treatment of urinary lithiasis following kidney transplantation, which is of realistic significance to reduce urinary lithiasis following kidney transplantation, prolong the survival of renal allografts.Methods The incidence, diagnosis and treatment of urinary lithiasis in ten patients following kidney transplantation were analyzed retrospectively. Seven out of these patients had stones sized approximately 0.4-1.1 cm, and they were treated with low-voltage, low-frequency extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy （ESWL）. Two patients had stones sized ＜0.3 cm and they underwent cystoscopy and ureteroscopy. The ureteral catheter endoscopes were inserted in a retrograde manner to mobilize stones repeatedly. After elimination of obstruction, a ureteral double J stent was indwelt.One patient had a pelvic stone （1.2 cm）, which was removed surgically.Results The major clinical manifestations were hematuria, oliguria or anuria. Some patients were asymptomatic and they were diagnosed through laboratory tests and imaging examinations, e.g., ultrasonography. After elimination of obstruction, subjective symptoms disappeared in all patients, and the function of renal allografts recovered. A six-month follow-up indicated no remnant stones or lithiasis relapse.Conclusions The diagnosis and treatment of renal allograft lithiasis are challenging. After prompt and appropriate treatment, the prognosis was satisfactory, and permanent renal functional impairment did not occur in most patients.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92252201 and 11721202)。
文摘Accurate prediction of Shock-Wave/Boundary Layer Interaction(SWBLI)flows has been a persistent challenge for linear eddy viscosity models.A major limitation lies in the isotropic representation of the Reynolds stress,as assumed under the Boussinesq approximation.Recent studies have shown promise in improving the prediction capability for incompressible separation flows by perturbing the Reynolds-stress anisotropy tensor.However,it remains uncertain whether this approach is effective for SWBLI flows,which involve compressibility and discontinuity.To address this issue,this study systematically quantifies the structural uncertainty of the anisotropy for oblique SWBLI flows.The eigenspace perturbation method is applied to perturb the anisotropy tensor predicted by the Menter Shear–Stress Transport(SST)model and reveal the impacts of anisotropy on the prediction of quantities of interest,such as separation and reattachment positions,wall static pressure,skin friction,and heat flux.The results demonstrate the potential and reveal the challenges of eigenspace perturbation in improving the SST model.Furthermore,a detailed analysis of turbulent characteristics is performed to identify the source of uncertainty.The findings indicate that eigenspace perturbation primarily affects turbulent shear stress,while the prediction error of the SST model is more related to turbulent kinetic energy.
文摘Stem cell transplantation and low-energy shock-wave therapy （LESWT） have emerged as potential and effective treatment protocols for diabetic erectile dysfunction. During the tracking of transplanted stem cells in diabetic erectile dysfunction models, the number of visible stem cells was rather low and decreased quickly. LESWT could recruit endogenous stem cells to the cavernous body and improve the microenvironment in diabetic cavernous tissue. Thus, we deduced that LESWT might benefit transplanted stem cell survival and improve the effects of stem cell transplantation. In this research, 42 streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were randomized into four groups： the diabetic group （n = 6）, the LESWT group （n = 6）, the bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell （BMSC） transplantation group （n = 15）, and the combination of LESWT and BMSC transplantation group （n = 15）. One and three days after BMSC transplantation, three rats were randomly chosen to observe the survival numbers of BMSCs in the cavernous body. Four weeks after BMSC transplantation, the following parameters were assessed： the surviving number of transplanted BMSCs in the cavernous tissue, erectile function, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and penile immunohistochemical assessment. Our research found that LESWT favored the survival of transplanted BMSCs in the cavernous body, which might be related to increased stromal cell-derived factor-1 expression and the enhancement of angiogenesis in the diabetic cavernous tissue. The combination of LESWT and BMSC transplantation could improve the erectile function of diabetic erectile function rats more effectively than LESWT or BMSC transplantation performed alone.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.11302012,51376001,51136003)the National Basic Research Program of China (No.2012CB720205)+3 种基金the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research Program of China (No.2012GB102006)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (No.2012ZB51014)the ‘‘111’’ Project(No.B08009)the Astronautical Technology Innovation Foundation of China
文摘It is of great significance to improve the accuracy of turbulence models in shock-wave/ boundary layer interaction flow. The relationship between the pressure gradient, as well as the shear layer, and the development of turbulent kinetic energy in impinging shock-wave/turbulent bound- ary layer interaction flow at Mach 2.25 is analyzed based on the data of direct numerical simulation （DNS）. It is found that the turbulent kinetic energy is amplified by strong shear in the separation zone and the adverse pressure gradient near the separation point. The pressure gradient was non-dimensionalised with local density, velocity, and viscosity. Spalart Allmaras （S A） model is modified by introducing the non-dimensional pressure gradient into the production term of the eddy viscosity transportation equation. Simulation results show that the production and dissipation of eddy viscosity are strongly enhanced by the modification of S-A model. Compared with DNS and experimental data, the wall pressure and the wall skin friction coefficient as well as the velocity profile of the modified S-A model are obviously improved. Thus it can be concluded that the mod- ification of S-A model with the pressure gradient can improve the predictive accuracy for simulat- ing the shock-wave/turbulent boundary laver interaction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11302012,51420105008,51476004,11572025 and 51136003)the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2012CB720205)The computational time for the present study was provided by the UK Turbulence Consortium(EPSRC grant EP/L000261/1)
文摘The efficiency and mechanism of an active control device ＂＇Spark Jet＂ and its application in shock-induced separation control are studied using large-eddy simulation in this paper. The base flow is the interaction of an oblique shock-wave generated by 8° wedge and a spatially-developing Ma = 2.3 turbulent boundary layer. The Reynolds number based on the incoming flow property and the boundary layer displacement thickness at the impinging point without shock-wave is 20000. The detailed numerical approaches were presented. The inflow turbulence was generated using the digital filter method to avoid artificial temporal or streamwise periodicity. The , merical results including velocity profile, Reynolds stress profile, skin friction, and wall pressure were sys- tematically validated against the available wind tunnel particle image velocimetry （PIV） measure- ments of the same flow condition. Further study on the control of flow separation due to the strong shock-viscous interaction using an active control actuator ＂＇Spark Jet＇＂ was conducted. The single-pulsed characteristic of the device was obtained and compared with the experiment. Both instantaneous and time-averaged flow fields have shown that the jet flow issuing from the actuator cavity enhances the flow mixing inside the boundary layer, making the boundary layer more resis- tant to flow separation. Skin friction coefficient distribution shows that the separation bubble length is reduced by about 35% with control exerted.
基金financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research,grant No.20-08-00818(simulation results)the Government research assignment for ISPMS SB RAS,project FWRW-2021-009(in-house software development)。
文摘Degenerative diseases significantly reduce the quality of human life.Non-invasive treatments are used in the initial stages of osteoarthritis(OA).Total knee arthroplasty is used in the late stages of osteoarthritis of the knee joint.Non-invasive methods based on mechanical action are also used for the rehabilitation of a patient after arthroplasty.This paper presents numerical models of the knee joint with degenerative OA changes and arthroplasty.Using these models,a computational study was made of the influence of the intensity of shock-wave exposure on the conditioning for the regeneration of bone and cartilage tissues.Based on the modeling results,it was found that in the knee joint with degenerative OA changes,conditions for the regeneration of cartilage and meniscus tissues were fulfilled under medium and highintensity loading.Under high-intensity loading(up to 0.9 m J/mm^(2)),the stress level was significantly below the ultimate value required for fracture.At knee arthroplasty,the conditions for bone tissue regeneration around the tibia component are fulfilled only under high-intensity loading.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50578082)
文摘The injury of gunners caused by muzzle shock-wave has always been a great problem when firing inside the protective cover. The distribution regularity and personnel injury from the muzzle blast-wave were investigated by both test and numerical simulation. Through the inside firing test, the changes of overpressure and noise have been measured at different measuring points in the thin-wall cover structure with different open widths and shallow covering thickness. The distribution regularity of muzzle shock-wave with different firing port widths is calculated by ANSYS/LSDYNA software. The overpressure distribution curves of muzzle shock-wave inside the structure can be obtained by comparing the test results with the numerical results. Then, the influence of open width and shallow covering thickness is proposed to give a reference to the protective design under the condition of the inside firing with the same cannon caliber.
文摘In this paper, the quantum hydrodynamics (QHD) model is used to study the propagation of small- but finite-amplitude quantum electrostatic shock-wave in an inertial-less symmetric pair (ion) plasma with immobile background positive constituents. The dispersion due to the quantum tunneling and inertial effects as well as dissipation caused by particle collisions leading to the shock-like or double-layer structures are considered. Investigation of both the stationary and traveling-wave solutions to Kortewege-de Veries-Burgers evolution equation show that critical values exist which govern the type of collective plasma structures. Current analysis apply to diverse kind of symmetric plasmas such as laboratory inertially confined or astrophysical pair-ion or electron-positron degenerate plasmas.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11472189 and11332007)
文摘A direct numerical simulation （DNS） on an oblique shock wave with an incident angle of 33.2° impinging on a Mach 2.25 supersonic turbulent boundary layer is performed. The numerical results are confirmed to be of high accuracy by comparison with the reference data. Particular efforts have been made on the investigation of the near-wall behaviors in the interaction region, where the pressure gradient is so significant that a certain separation zone emerges. It is found that, the traditional linear and loga- rithmic laws, which describe the mean-velocity profiles in the viscous and meso sublayers, respectively, cease to be valid in the neighborhood of the interaction region, and two new laws of the wall are proposed by elevating the pressure gradient to the leading order. The new laws are inspired by the analysis on the incompressible separation flows, while the compressibility is additionally taken into account. It is verified by the DNS results that the new laws are adequate to reproduce the mean-velocity profiles both inside and outside the interaction region. Moreover, the normalization adopted in the new laws is able to regularize the Reynolds stress into an almost universal distribution even with a salient adverse pressure gradient （APG）.
文摘Lateral elbow tendinopathy(LET) is one of the two most common tendinopathies of the upper limb. The most effective treatment in the management of LET is the exercise program. Clinicians combine exercise program with other physiotherapy, electrotherapeutic and no, techniques. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy(ESWT) is one of the most common recommended electrotherapeutic modalities for the management of LET. Further research is needed to find out the optimal treatment protocol of ESWT in the management of
文摘Structure transformations in the two-phase (Ti, Nb)3Al alloy, induced by shock-wave loading, were studied. The samples were subjected to an impact of a steel plate. The maximum pressure on the samples’ surfaces was 100 GPa, while the maximum temperature was 573 K. The β0→α2 phase transformation occurred during strong deformations. High temperature rectilinear dislocations (such types of dislocations usually could arise at 1073 K) with the c-component, which occasionally formed slip bands, were located at the α2-phase grains after the shock. The deformation α2-phase twins were not observed.
基金supported by National Science and Technology Major Project (2017-Ⅱ-0007-0021)。
文摘Experimental and numerical investigations were conducted to investigate the variations of shock-wave boundary layer interaction(SBLI) phenomena in a highly loaded transonic compressor cascade with Mach numbers.The schlieren technique was used to observe the shock structure in the cascade and the pressure tap method to measure the pressure distribution on the blade surface.The unsteady pressure distribution on blade surface was measured with the fast-response pressure-sensitive paint(PSP) technique to obtain the unsteady pressure distribution on the whole blade surface and to capture the shock oscillation characteristics caused by SBLI.In addition,the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes simulations were used to compute the three-dimensional steady flow field in the transonic cascade.It was found that the shock wave patterns and behaviors are affected evidently with the increase in incoming Mach number at the design flow angle,especially with the presence of the separation bubble caused by SBLI.The time-averaged pressure distribution on the blade surface measured by PSP technique showed a symmetric pressure filed at Mach numbers of 0.85,while the pressure field on the blade surface was an asymmetric one at Mach numbers of 0.90 and 0.95.The oscillation of the shock wave was closely with the flow separation bubble on the blade surface and could transverse over nearly one interval of the pressure taps.The oscillation of the shock wave may smear the pressure jump phenomenon measured by the pressure taps.
文摘Background The incidence of urinary lithiasis following kidney transplantation is very low, and decision-supporting data are not available. The aim of this study was to review the diagnosis and treatment of urinary lithiasis following kidney transplantation, which is of realistic significance to reduce urinary lithiasis following kidney transplantation, prolong the survival of renal allografts.Methods The incidence, diagnosis and treatment of urinary lithiasis in ten patients following kidney transplantation were analyzed retrospectively. Seven out of these patients had stones sized approximately 0.4-1.1 cm, and they were treated with low-voltage, low-frequency extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy （ESWL）. Two patients had stones sized ＜0.3 cm and they underwent cystoscopy and ureteroscopy. The ureteral catheter endoscopes were inserted in a retrograde manner to mobilize stones repeatedly. After elimination of obstruction, a ureteral double J stent was indwelt.One patient had a pelvic stone （1.2 cm）, which was removed surgically.Results The major clinical manifestations were hematuria, oliguria or anuria. Some patients were asymptomatic and they were diagnosed through laboratory tests and imaging examinations, e.g., ultrasonography. After elimination of obstruction, subjective symptoms disappeared in all patients, and the function of renal allografts recovered. A six-month follow-up indicated no remnant stones or lithiasis relapse.Conclusions The diagnosis and treatment of renal allograft lithiasis are challenging. After prompt and appropriate treatment, the prognosis was satisfactory, and permanent renal functional impairment did not occur in most patients.
