The accelerated decline of Arctic sea ice since the 1980s has paradoxically amplified greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions through increased shipping activities in this ecologically vulnerable region.This study investigates h...The accelerated decline of Arctic sea ice since the 1980s has paradoxically amplified greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions through increased shipping activities in this ecologically vulnerable region.This study investigates how to reconcile the decarbonization of Arctic shipping with conflicting environmental,economic,and geopolitical interests.Through systematic literature review and interest-balancing analysis,our findings identify three systemic barriers:(1)inadequate adaptation of International Maritime Organization(IMO)regulations to Arctic-specific environmental risks,(2)fragmented enforcement mechanisms among Arctic and non-Arctic States,and(3)technological limitations in clean fuel adoption for ice-class vessels.To address these challenges,a tripartite governance framework is proposed.First,legally binding amendments to International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships(MARPOL)Annex VI introducing Arctic-specific Energy Efficiency eXisting ship Index(EEXI)standards and extending energy efficiency regulations to fishing vessels.Second,a phased fuel transition prioritizing liquefied natural gas(LNG)and methanol,followed by hydrogen-ammonia synthetics.Third,enhanced multilateral cooperation through an Arctic Climate Shipping Alliance to coordinate joint research and development in cold-adapted technologies and ice-route optimization.By integrating United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)obligations with IMO Polar Code implementation,this study advances a dynamic interest-balancing framework for policymakers,offering actionable pathways to achieve Paris Agreement targets while safeguarding Arctic ecosystems.展开更多
Marine services-ranging from ocean tourism and maritime transport to public marine services-have become a powerful driver of China’s ocean economy.In 2024,the country’s gross ocean product(GOP)exceeded 10 trillion y...Marine services-ranging from ocean tourism and maritime transport to public marine services-have become a powerful driver of China’s ocean economy.In 2024,the country’s gross ocean product(GOP)exceeded 10 trillion yuan(US$1.4 trillion)for the first time,with marine services contributing 6.28 trillion yuan(US$880 billion),or 59.6 percent of the total.Among them,marine tourism and maritime transport accounted for the lion’s share.展开更多
Singapore leverages its strategic location as a logistics and financial hub serving Southeast Asia to help companies enhance regional operations and build resilient supply chains,according to Teo Siong Seng,Chairman o...Singapore leverages its strategic location as a logistics and financial hub serving Southeast Asia to help companies enhance regional operations and build resilient supply chains,according to Teo Siong Seng,Chairman of the Singapore Business Federation and Executive Chairman of Pacific International Lines(PIL),at the“Singapore Night”event held on the sidelines of the 21st China-ASEAN Expo.He also expressed hopes to work hand in hand with Chinese enterprises to explore emerging areas of cooperation and realize a vision of mutual benefits.展开更多
To improve the efficiency of ship traffic in frequently traded sea areas and respond to the national“dual-carbon”strategy,a multi-objective ship route induction model is proposed.Considering the energy-saving and en...To improve the efficiency of ship traffic in frequently traded sea areas and respond to the national“dual-carbon”strategy,a multi-objective ship route induction model is proposed.Considering the energy-saving and environmental issues of ships,this study aims to improve the transportation efficiency of ships by providing a ship route induction method.Ship data from a certain bay during a defined period are collected,and an improved backpropagation neural network algorithm is used to forecast ship traffic.On the basis of the forecasted data and ship route induction objectives,dynamic programming of ship routes is performed.Experimental results show that the routes planned using this induction method reduce the combined cost by 17.55%compared with statically induced routes.This method has promising engineering applications in improving ship navigation efficiency,promoting energy conservation,and reducing emissions.展开更多
The global shipping industry,like many others,is under growing pressure to be more sustainable.Regulation,renewable energy advances and customer demand have created a golden opportunity to make shipping more environme...The global shipping industry,like many others,is under growing pressure to be more sustainable.Regulation,renewable energy advances and customer demand have created a golden opportunity to make shipping more environmentally sustainable,which,however,entails significant funding.Traditional ship financing has been done largely on a secured basis,with relatively few considerations around sustainability and environmental protection.This approach is ripe for innovation,given the industry’s significant environmental footprint.Evidence from other industries suggests that borrowers could benefit in pricing and structure from sustainable borrowing mechanisms,such as green bonds(where proceeds are dedicated to environmental and social investment).The trend is also increasing for sustainable loans,which can help to meet the growing demand for retrofit financing within existing vessels to meet CO_(2)emission targets.This paper aims to explore the attitudes of shipping industry participants,through the use of a survey,to green financing,that is,issuing unsecured and covered green,social,and sustainable bonds and other related financing instruments.These could effectively advance the environmental and social agenda in the industry,strengthening environmental,social,and governance(ESG)structures at the same time.Preliminary results suggest that there is considerable scope for improving knowledge and awareness among marine professionals to bridge the sustainability gap.展开更多
From the four aspects of material culture, institutional culture, behavioral culture and spiritual culture, the current situation and problems of China9s shipping culture were analyzed, and corresponding supportive s...From the four aspects of material culture, institutional culture, behavioral culture and spiritual culture, the current situation and problems of China9s shipping culture were analyzed, and corresponding supportive suggestions were proposed.展开更多
Structural properties of the ship container logistics network of China(SCLNC)are studied in the light of recent investigations of complex networks.SCLNC is composed of a set of routes and ports located along the sea o...Structural properties of the ship container logistics network of China(SCLNC)are studied in the light of recent investigations of complex networks.SCLNC is composed of a set of routes and ports located along the sea or river.Network properties including the degree distribution,degree correlations,clustering,shortest path length,centrality and betweenness are studied in different definition of network topology.It is found that geographical constraint plays an important role in the network topology of SCLNC.We also study the traffic flow of SCLNC based on the weighted network representation,and demonstrate the weight distribution can be described by power law or exponential function depending on the assumed definition of network topology.Other features related to SCLNC are also investigated.展开更多
To know the development of shipping economics,it is meaningful to overview shipping economics systemically from the perspective of markets and the shipping industry chain.To stimulate future research,this article pres...To know the development of shipping economics,it is meaningful to overview shipping economics systemically from the perspective of markets and the shipping industry chain.To stimulate future research,this article presents an introduction to the evolution of research models including static models,dynamic models and networks theory,the characteristics of shipping markets including volatility,seasonal and market cycle,and a comprehensive review of the development of shipping economics in the past four decades.We review shipping economics in the following steps:single market’s research is generalized including the freight market,financial market including FFA market and investment market,shipbuilding market,and secondhand market;two markets’correlation,information transmission,spillover effects,and other rules in shipping markets are surveyed;the correlation and risk of multi-markets are also investigated.Then,we summarize relationships of the shipping industry chain.Finally,we figure out issues in this field that need further study.展开更多
Risk management is to identify and assess risk in the process of shipping enterprise operation, then to make resolution to solve the risk, it is very important to the survival and development of shipping enterprises. ...Risk management is to identify and assess risk in the process of shipping enterprise operation, then to make resolution to solve the risk, it is very important to the survival and development of shipping enterprises. In this paper, it analyzes the characteristics of shipping enterprise risk, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to improve the shipping enterprise risk management.展开更多
Shipping accidents are unexpected events that result in financial loss and properties,damages and either loss of people.Several reasons as human errors,technical failures,natural conditions,shipping factors,route cond...Shipping accidents are unexpected events that result in financial loss and properties,damages and either loss of people.Several reasons as human errors,technical failures,natural conditions,shipping factors,route conditions and cargo related factors play role in these accidents.Unfortunately,shipping accidents are inevitable cases of maritime field,in contravention of creative and innovative technologies in shipping sector and execution of precautionary safety rules and regulations.Marine accidents adversely affect the human,the marine environment,properties and activities aboard ships and ashore in various forms and degree of extent.The effects of accidents vary from minor injuries to fatalities and from insignificant damage to very severe damage to the environment and property.The cost of accidents,including fatalities and injuries,damage to property and the environment,prevention and mitigating measures,and insurance accounts for a considerable share of transport costs.Main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of shipping accidents on marine environment in Albanian Seas.Within this scope firstly,the literature related shipping accidents and marine environment were handled.Then,the statistics of shipping accidents and marine environment in Albanian Seas were analyzed.Finally,future projections were provided in the light of presented matters and current developments.展开更多
From the three aspects of material culture,institutional culture and spiritual culture,the connotation and development of Shanghai sand junk culture and the position in Shanghai shipping culture were analyzed,and the ...From the three aspects of material culture,institutional culture and spiritual culture,the connotation and development of Shanghai sand junk culture and the position in Shanghai shipping culture were analyzed,and the relationship between Shanghai sand junk culture and the development of Shanghai International Shipping Center was studied according to the construction target and the soft power demand of Shanghai International Shipping Center.展开更多
In concert with developments in global trade and energy resource transportation, there has been a marked increase in reliance on overseas shipping. Unimpeded marine transportation has therefore become a key issue whic...In concert with developments in global trade and energy resource transportation, there has been a marked increase in reliance on overseas shipping. Unimpeded marine transportation has therefore become a key issue which influences national maritime interests including the security of trade and energy resources. A strategic shipping pivot thus performs a vital controlling function for global shipping networks. In this study strategic shipping pivots are defined and subdivided into sea hubs, channels and areas. We then develop a model to identify strategic shipping pivots on a global scale. The results show that, depending on differences in location, function, and type, the concept of strategic shipping pivot permits the identification of both spatial and structural differentiation with respect to strategic hubs, corridors, and seas. Now 44 strategic hubs have formed across the globe. These hubs have become the control centers of local shipping network organization. At the same time, seven strategic corridors containing most shipping routes and transportation capacity connect important sea areas, and permit a high-degree of control over the transport of strategic materials. The strategic seas, the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific provide vital import and export pathways, so that the formation of strategic shipping pivots is mainly influenced by factors such as physical geographical conditions, the spatial distribution of socio-economic activities, business organization, technical progress, geopolitical patterns and geopolitical disputes. Physical geographical conditions provide the potential foundations for strategic shipping pivots, while the spatial distribution of socio-economic activities and communications determine the strategic value of these points. Finally, business organization, technical progress, and geopolitical disputes all function to strengthen the strategic mechanisms and the mutagenicity of strategic shipping pivots.展开更多
The purpose of shipping risk early-warning is that some effective measures are taken to reduce risk probability before the risk brings heavy loss.The shipping risk has the dynamic characteristic,so the key of early-wa...The purpose of shipping risk early-warning is that some effective measures are taken to reduce risk probability before the risk brings heavy loss.The shipping risk has the dynamic characteristic,so the key of early-warning is to choice risk early-warning index correctly and evaluate risk grade quantitatively.According to the element extension theory,the rhombus inference model is applied to establish the index system.And the problem of risk grade evaluation can be solved by the assessment model of multi-index performance parameter,which is developed by the extension engineering method.Finally,the main shipping risks and their grades are identified by the example analysis based on the statistical data,which shows the effective and feasible of the shipping risk early-warning method.展开更多
Many studies have qualitatively explained that information and communication technology(ICT) has loosened the restrictions of distance and space on retailers' sales. Few empirical studies, however, have explored t...Many studies have qualitatively explained that information and communication technology(ICT) has loosened the restrictions of distance and space on retailers' sales. Few empirical studies, however, have explored the impact of shipping distance on online retailers' sales. This study examined the Maiyang(M-Y) store on Tmall in China as a case study to investigate the relationship between shipping distance and sales. The results showed that sales volume in 2014 at the county level did not strictly obey the distance decay law. The shipped distance of high-priced commodities may not be much longer than that of low-priced commodities. Within the scope of investigation, the relationships between income, cost, and net profit curves do not follow central place theory. Goods have neither thresholds nor ranges. The key factor in the spatial discrepancy of sales is the size of market. The impact of shipping distance on sales is not as strong as that of traditional retailers in Information Era.展开更多
It is very important to establish cooperative mechanism to guarantee allmembers to develop their e-conomies in the Yellow Sea Rim. In this paper, the development strategiesof shipping centers and transportation networ...It is very important to establish cooperative mechanism to guarantee allmembers to develop their e-conomies in the Yellow Sea Rim. In this paper, the development strategiesof shipping centers and transportation network are discussed based on economic globalizationtendency. The results argue that a united transportation network should be built in order to promotethe economic competition of Northeast Asia in the world. As a key component of the economiccooperation, a hierarchical shipping centers network should be established with Hong Kong, Shanghai,Pusan, Kobe, and Tokyo as cores. The authorities of China, Japan, R. 0. Korea and D. P. R. Koreashould make more efforts to build a set of cooperation institutions based on raising thetransportation efficiency.展开更多
Indices of the tomato seedling quality maintenance level after production before field planting were studied through simulated experiments, small—scale operation, indoor analyses and measurements, and field observa...Indices of the tomato seedling quality maintenance level after production before field planting were studied through simulated experiments, small—scale operation, indoor analyses and measurements, and field observation. The results showed that under simulated shipping and storage conditions, seedling quality change following different durations (days) of shipping and storage was correlated significantly or even very significantly with certain physiological and morphological indices. With various measured indices following different periods of shipping and storage treatment subjected to multinomial successive regressive correlation analysis, the principal factors influencing seedling quality maintenance level are identified to be chlorophyll content →dry short weight → leaf freshness index in order of their importance. Significance analysis with multinomial fitted equation indicated that correlations between any one of above three factors and the growth index after field planting reached very significant difference level.展开更多
1.Introduction Maritime transport is the backbone of international trade.The amount of total international maritime trade in million tonnes loaded was 8408 in 2012 and had increased to 11076 by 2019,for an average ann...1.Introduction Maritime transport is the backbone of international trade.The amount of total international maritime trade in million tonnes loaded was 8408 in 2012 and had increased to 11076 by 2019,for an average annual increase of 3.12%.In early 2020,the world fleet contained 98140 ships of 100 gross tonnes and above with 2.06 million dead weight tonnage of capacity[1].The greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions from shipping activities are not negligible.According to the fourth GHG study commissioned by the International Maritime Organization(IMO),in 2018,global shipping emitted a total of 1056 million tonnes of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),accounting for around 2.89%of global anthropogenic CO_(2) emissions[2].Due to the international nature of shipping,efforts to control CO_(2) emissions from ships are absent from the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.In an attempt to phase out carbon emissions from shipping entirely,the IMO formulated a strategy to cut the total annual GHG emissions from shipping by at least 50%from their 2008 levels by 2050[3];however,no mandatory rules have been promulgated since the release of this strategy.展开更多
Abstract With the sea-ice diminishing steadily in the polar regions, there has been growing interest in new transit routes through polar waters using cost-effective transportation. Among the international regulators o...Abstract With the sea-ice diminishing steadily in the polar regions, there has been growing interest in new transit routes through polar waters using cost-effective transportation. Among the international regulators over polar shipping, the International Maritime Organization （IMO） is the leading body concerned with drafting marine safety and environmental protection rules. The mandatory Polar Code （International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters） adopted by the IMO signals the consensus among maritime states to apply compulsory rules to vessels operating in Arctic and Antarctic waters. As the standing member of the IMO and a major global shipping power, China is preparing to adopt national regulatory standards to develop an adequate vessel infrastructure and crew training system. Proceeding in parallel with the developing polar shipping industry, China will also move ahead in comprehensive collaboration with the Nordic states regarding polar issues.展开更多
The rapid decrease in Arctic sea ice cover and thickness not only has a linkage with extreme weather in the midlatitudes but also brings more opportunities for Arctic shipping routes and polar resource exploration,bot...The rapid decrease in Arctic sea ice cover and thickness not only has a linkage with extreme weather in the midlatitudes but also brings more opportunities for Arctic shipping routes and polar resource exploration,both of which motivate us to further understand causes of sea-ice variations and to obtain more accurate estimates of seaice cover in the future.Here,a novel data-driven method,the causal effect networks algorithm,is applied to identify the direct precursors of September sea-ice extent covering the Northern Sea Route and Transpolar Sea Route at different lead times so that statistical models can be constructed for sea-ice prediction.The whole study area was also divided into two parts:the northern region covered by multiyear ice and the southern region covered by seasonal ice.The forecast models of September sea-ice extent in the whole study area(TSIE)and southern region(SSIE)at lead times of 1–4 months can explain over 65%and 79%of the variances,respectively,but the forecast skill of sea-ice extent in the northern region(NSIE)is limited at a lead time of 1 month.At lead times of 1–4 months,local sea-ice concentration and sea-ice thickness have a larger influence on September TSIE and SSIE than other teleconnection factors.When the lead time is more than 4 months,the surface meridional wind anomaly from northern Europe in the preceding autumn or early winter is dominant for September TSIE variations but is comparable to thermodynamic factors for NSIE and SSIE.We suggest that this study provides a complementary approach for predicting regional sea ice and is helpful in evaluating and improving climate models.展开更多
基金supported by the Major Research Projects of the National Social Science Fund of China(NSFC,Grant no.23VHQ015).
文摘The accelerated decline of Arctic sea ice since the 1980s has paradoxically amplified greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions through increased shipping activities in this ecologically vulnerable region.This study investigates how to reconcile the decarbonization of Arctic shipping with conflicting environmental,economic,and geopolitical interests.Through systematic literature review and interest-balancing analysis,our findings identify three systemic barriers:(1)inadequate adaptation of International Maritime Organization(IMO)regulations to Arctic-specific environmental risks,(2)fragmented enforcement mechanisms among Arctic and non-Arctic States,and(3)technological limitations in clean fuel adoption for ice-class vessels.To address these challenges,a tripartite governance framework is proposed.First,legally binding amendments to International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships(MARPOL)Annex VI introducing Arctic-specific Energy Efficiency eXisting ship Index(EEXI)standards and extending energy efficiency regulations to fishing vessels.Second,a phased fuel transition prioritizing liquefied natural gas(LNG)and methanol,followed by hydrogen-ammonia synthetics.Third,enhanced multilateral cooperation through an Arctic Climate Shipping Alliance to coordinate joint research and development in cold-adapted technologies and ice-route optimization.By integrating United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)obligations with IMO Polar Code implementation,this study advances a dynamic interest-balancing framework for policymakers,offering actionable pathways to achieve Paris Agreement targets while safeguarding Arctic ecosystems.
文摘Marine services-ranging from ocean tourism and maritime transport to public marine services-have become a powerful driver of China’s ocean economy.In 2024,the country’s gross ocean product(GOP)exceeded 10 trillion yuan(US$1.4 trillion)for the first time,with marine services contributing 6.28 trillion yuan(US$880 billion),or 59.6 percent of the total.Among them,marine tourism and maritime transport accounted for the lion’s share.
文摘Singapore leverages its strategic location as a logistics and financial hub serving Southeast Asia to help companies enhance regional operations and build resilient supply chains,according to Teo Siong Seng,Chairman of the Singapore Business Federation and Executive Chairman of Pacific International Lines(PIL),at the“Singapore Night”event held on the sidelines of the 21st China-ASEAN Expo.He also expressed hopes to work hand in hand with Chinese enterprises to explore emerging areas of cooperation and realize a vision of mutual benefits.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China project (2017YFC0805309)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60602020)。
文摘To improve the efficiency of ship traffic in frequently traded sea areas and respond to the national“dual-carbon”strategy,a multi-objective ship route induction model is proposed.Considering the energy-saving and environmental issues of ships,this study aims to improve the transportation efficiency of ships by providing a ship route induction method.Ship data from a certain bay during a defined period are collected,and an improved backpropagation neural network algorithm is used to forecast ship traffic.On the basis of the forecasted data and ship route induction objectives,dynamic programming of ship routes is performed.Experimental results show that the routes planned using this induction method reduce the combined cost by 17.55%compared with statically induced routes.This method has promising engineering applications in improving ship navigation efficiency,promoting energy conservation,and reducing emissions.
文摘The global shipping industry,like many others,is under growing pressure to be more sustainable.Regulation,renewable energy advances and customer demand have created a golden opportunity to make shipping more environmentally sustainable,which,however,entails significant funding.Traditional ship financing has been done largely on a secured basis,with relatively few considerations around sustainability and environmental protection.This approach is ripe for innovation,given the industry’s significant environmental footprint.Evidence from other industries suggests that borrowers could benefit in pricing and structure from sustainable borrowing mechanisms,such as green bonds(where proceeds are dedicated to environmental and social investment).The trend is also increasing for sustainable loans,which can help to meet the growing demand for retrofit financing within existing vessels to meet CO_(2)emission targets.This paper aims to explore the attitudes of shipping industry participants,through the use of a survey,to green financing,that is,issuing unsecured and covered green,social,and sustainable bonds and other related financing instruments.These could effectively advance the environmental and social agenda in the industry,strengthening environmental,social,and governance(ESG)structures at the same time.Preliminary results suggest that there is considerable scope for improving knowledge and awareness among marine professionals to bridge the sustainability gap.
基金Supported by Educational Science Research Project of Shanghai City(C16064)
文摘From the four aspects of material culture, institutional culture, behavioral culture and spiritual culture, the current situation and problems of China9s shipping culture were analyzed, and corresponding supportive suggestions were proposed.
基金supported by Youth Foundation for Research of the Waterborne Transportation Institute.
文摘Structural properties of the ship container logistics network of China(SCLNC)are studied in the light of recent investigations of complex networks.SCLNC is composed of a set of routes and ports located along the sea or river.Network properties including the degree distribution,degree correlations,clustering,shortest path length,centrality and betweenness are studied in different definition of network topology.It is found that geographical constraint plays an important role in the network topology of SCLNC.We also study the traffic flow of SCLNC based on the weighted network representation,and demonstrate the weight distribution can be described by power law or exponential function depending on the assumed definition of network topology.Other features related to SCLNC are also investigated.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.18ZR1420200)。
文摘To know the development of shipping economics,it is meaningful to overview shipping economics systemically from the perspective of markets and the shipping industry chain.To stimulate future research,this article presents an introduction to the evolution of research models including static models,dynamic models and networks theory,the characteristics of shipping markets including volatility,seasonal and market cycle,and a comprehensive review of the development of shipping economics in the past four decades.We review shipping economics in the following steps:single market’s research is generalized including the freight market,financial market including FFA market and investment market,shipbuilding market,and secondhand market;two markets’correlation,information transmission,spillover effects,and other rules in shipping markets are surveyed;the correlation and risk of multi-markets are also investigated.Then,we summarize relationships of the shipping industry chain.Finally,we figure out issues in this field that need further study.
文摘Risk management is to identify and assess risk in the process of shipping enterprise operation, then to make resolution to solve the risk, it is very important to the survival and development of shipping enterprises. In this paper, it analyzes the characteristics of shipping enterprise risk, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to improve the shipping enterprise risk management.
文摘Shipping accidents are unexpected events that result in financial loss and properties,damages and either loss of people.Several reasons as human errors,technical failures,natural conditions,shipping factors,route conditions and cargo related factors play role in these accidents.Unfortunately,shipping accidents are inevitable cases of maritime field,in contravention of creative and innovative technologies in shipping sector and execution of precautionary safety rules and regulations.Marine accidents adversely affect the human,the marine environment,properties and activities aboard ships and ashore in various forms and degree of extent.The effects of accidents vary from minor injuries to fatalities and from insignificant damage to very severe damage to the environment and property.The cost of accidents,including fatalities and injuries,damage to property and the environment,prevention and mitigating measures,and insurance accounts for a considerable share of transport costs.Main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of shipping accidents on marine environment in Albanian Seas.Within this scope firstly,the literature related shipping accidents and marine environment were handled.Then,the statistics of shipping accidents and marine environment in Albanian Seas were analyzed.Finally,future projections were provided in the light of presented matters and current developments.
基金Supported by Major Program of National Social Science Foundation of China(20&ZD130)。
文摘From the three aspects of material culture,institutional culture and spiritual culture,the connotation and development of Shanghai sand junk culture and the position in Shanghai shipping culture were analyzed,and the relationship between Shanghai sand junk culture and the development of Shanghai International Shipping Center was studied according to the construction target and the soft power demand of Shanghai International Shipping Center.
基金The Strategic Priority Research Program of the CAS,No.XDA20010101National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41571113The Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.ZDRW-ZS-2017-4
文摘In concert with developments in global trade and energy resource transportation, there has been a marked increase in reliance on overseas shipping. Unimpeded marine transportation has therefore become a key issue which influences national maritime interests including the security of trade and energy resources. A strategic shipping pivot thus performs a vital controlling function for global shipping networks. In this study strategic shipping pivots are defined and subdivided into sea hubs, channels and areas. We then develop a model to identify strategic shipping pivots on a global scale. The results show that, depending on differences in location, function, and type, the concept of strategic shipping pivot permits the identification of both spatial and structural differentiation with respect to strategic hubs, corridors, and seas. Now 44 strategic hubs have formed across the globe. These hubs have become the control centers of local shipping network organization. At the same time, seven strategic corridors containing most shipping routes and transportation capacity connect important sea areas, and permit a high-degree of control over the transport of strategic materials. The strategic seas, the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific provide vital import and export pathways, so that the formation of strategic shipping pivots is mainly influenced by factors such as physical geographical conditions, the spatial distribution of socio-economic activities, business organization, technical progress, geopolitical patterns and geopolitical disputes. Physical geographical conditions provide the potential foundations for strategic shipping pivots, while the spatial distribution of socio-economic activities and communications determine the strategic value of these points. Finally, business organization, technical progress, and geopolitical disputes all function to strengthen the strategic mechanisms and the mutagenicity of strategic shipping pivots.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (No.07JCYBJC13100)
文摘The purpose of shipping risk early-warning is that some effective measures are taken to reduce risk probability before the risk brings heavy loss.The shipping risk has the dynamic characteristic,so the key of early-warning is to choice risk early-warning index correctly and evaluate risk grade quantitatively.According to the element extension theory,the rhombus inference model is applied to establish the index system.And the problem of risk grade evaluation can be solved by the assessment model of multi-index performance parameter,which is developed by the extension engineering method.Finally,the main shipping risks and their grades are identified by the example analysis based on the statistical data,which shows the effective and feasible of the shipping risk early-warning method.
基金Under the auspices of the National Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science(No.17BRK010)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41601161)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2017A030313224)Guangdong Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science(No.2017GZZK16)
文摘Many studies have qualitatively explained that information and communication technology(ICT) has loosened the restrictions of distance and space on retailers' sales. Few empirical studies, however, have explored the impact of shipping distance on online retailers' sales. This study examined the Maiyang(M-Y) store on Tmall in China as a case study to investigate the relationship between shipping distance and sales. The results showed that sales volume in 2014 at the county level did not strictly obey the distance decay law. The shipped distance of high-priced commodities may not be much longer than that of low-priced commodities. Within the scope of investigation, the relationships between income, cost, and net profit curves do not follow central place theory. Goods have neither thresholds nor ranges. The key factor in the spatial discrepancy of sales is the size of market. The impact of shipping distance on sales is not as strong as that of traditional retailers in Information Era.
文摘It is very important to establish cooperative mechanism to guarantee allmembers to develop their e-conomies in the Yellow Sea Rim. In this paper, the development strategiesof shipping centers and transportation network are discussed based on economic globalizationtendency. The results argue that a united transportation network should be built in order to promotethe economic competition of Northeast Asia in the world. As a key component of the economiccooperation, a hierarchical shipping centers network should be established with Hong Kong, Shanghai,Pusan, Kobe, and Tokyo as cores. The authorities of China, Japan, R. 0. Korea and D. P. R. Koreashould make more efforts to build a set of cooperation institutions based on raising thetransportation efficiency.
基金This is a major research program assigned and financed by the National High-Technology R&D Program(863 Plan)(2004AA247010)is also a major research project(2001BA503B)for the 10th Five-year Plan period approved and funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology,.P.R.China.
文摘Indices of the tomato seedling quality maintenance level after production before field planting were studied through simulated experiments, small—scale operation, indoor analyses and measurements, and field observation. The results showed that under simulated shipping and storage conditions, seedling quality change following different durations (days) of shipping and storage was correlated significantly or even very significantly with certain physiological and morphological indices. With various measured indices following different periods of shipping and storage treatment subjected to multinomial successive regressive correlation analysis, the principal factors influencing seedling quality maintenance level are identified to be chlorophyll content →dry short weight → leaf freshness index in order of their importance. Significance analysis with multinomial fitted equation indicated that correlations between any one of above three factors and the growth index after field planting reached very significant difference level.
基金This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72071173,71831008,and 72025103).
文摘1.Introduction Maritime transport is the backbone of international trade.The amount of total international maritime trade in million tonnes loaded was 8408 in 2012 and had increased to 11076 by 2019,for an average annual increase of 3.12%.In early 2020,the world fleet contained 98140 ships of 100 gross tonnes and above with 2.06 million dead weight tonnage of capacity[1].The greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions from shipping activities are not negligible.According to the fourth GHG study commissioned by the International Maritime Organization(IMO),in 2018,global shipping emitted a total of 1056 million tonnes of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),accounting for around 2.89%of global anthropogenic CO_(2) emissions[2].Due to the international nature of shipping,efforts to control CO_(2) emissions from ships are absent from the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.In an attempt to phase out carbon emissions from shipping entirely,the IMO formulated a strategy to cut the total annual GHG emissions from shipping by at least 50%from their 2008 levels by 2050[3];however,no mandatory rules have been promulgated since the release of this strategy.
基金funded by the National Social Science Fund Project:Precautionary Obligations of States in Developing and Utilizing Transboundary Water Resources(Grant no.15BFX205)Shanghai Philosophy and Social Sciences Project:Research on Passage Rights of the Arctic Sea Route(Grant no.2013BFX002)
文摘Abstract With the sea-ice diminishing steadily in the polar regions, there has been growing interest in new transit routes through polar waters using cost-effective transportation. Among the international regulators over polar shipping, the International Maritime Organization （IMO） is the leading body concerned with drafting marine safety and environmental protection rules. The mandatory Polar Code （International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters） adopted by the IMO signals the consensus among maritime states to apply compulsory rules to vessels operating in Arctic and Antarctic waters. As the standing member of the IMO and a major global shipping power, China is preparing to adopt national regulatory standards to develop an adequate vessel infrastructure and crew training system. Proceeding in parallel with the developing polar shipping industry, China will also move ahead in comprehensive collaboration with the Nordic states regarding polar issues.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract Nos 2016YFF0202705 and2018YFA0605904the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean(JISAO)under contract NOAA Cooperative Agreement NA15OAR4320063,contribution No.2019-1044,and PMEL contribution No.5052。
文摘The rapid decrease in Arctic sea ice cover and thickness not only has a linkage with extreme weather in the midlatitudes but also brings more opportunities for Arctic shipping routes and polar resource exploration,both of which motivate us to further understand causes of sea-ice variations and to obtain more accurate estimates of seaice cover in the future.Here,a novel data-driven method,the causal effect networks algorithm,is applied to identify the direct precursors of September sea-ice extent covering the Northern Sea Route and Transpolar Sea Route at different lead times so that statistical models can be constructed for sea-ice prediction.The whole study area was also divided into two parts:the northern region covered by multiyear ice and the southern region covered by seasonal ice.The forecast models of September sea-ice extent in the whole study area(TSIE)and southern region(SSIE)at lead times of 1–4 months can explain over 65%and 79%of the variances,respectively,but the forecast skill of sea-ice extent in the northern region(NSIE)is limited at a lead time of 1 month.At lead times of 1–4 months,local sea-ice concentration and sea-ice thickness have a larger influence on September TSIE and SSIE than other teleconnection factors.When the lead time is more than 4 months,the surface meridional wind anomaly from northern Europe in the preceding autumn or early winter is dominant for September TSIE variations but is comparable to thermodynamic factors for NSIE and SSIE.We suggest that this study provides a complementary approach for predicting regional sea ice and is helpful in evaluating and improving climate models.
