Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)is the primary active component of the traditional Chinese medicine P.notoginseng.This compound exhibits a range of pharmacological effects,including anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,and an...Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)is the primary active component of the traditional Chinese medicine P.notoginseng.This compound exhibits a range of pharmacological effects,including anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,and antiplatelet aggregation properties,as well as the enhancement of microcirculation.The extensive research on the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine has garnered significant attention regarding the application of PNS in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.Research has demonstrated that PNS interventions significantly improve the pathological progression of cardiovascular disease through synergistic effects involving multiple targets and pathways.This paper summarizes the pharmacological mechanisms,clinical research advancements,safety,and potential adverse reactions associated with PNS in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases,in order to provide theoretical references for future research and practical applications in this field.展开更多
Saponins can be potential candidates for the development of safe biopesticides,due to their widely acknowledged insecticidal,fungicidal and nematicidal activity,but information on their effects on soil biological prop...Saponins can be potential candidates for the development of safe biopesticides,due to their widely acknowledged insecticidal,fungicidal and nematicidal activity,but information on their effects on soil biological properties is still limited.This study aimed to investigate the short-term fate of saponins from Medicago sativa in soil and their dose-effect relationship with microbial biomass and selected enzyme activities in soils with different origin,physical and chemical properties.Microbial degradation of total saponins ranged from 46%to 91%,according to soil characteristics,within 28 days from their incorporation into the soil.Both saponin glycosidic chains and triterpenic aglycones were also microbially degraded,though by dynamics changing among the different soils.In all soils,M.sativa saponins significantly reduced microbial biomass at rates of 10 and 20 mg saponin mixture per g of soil.Microbial enzymatic activities were less affected as indicating an adaptive response of soil microbial communities to the presence of saponins.展开更多
Stem-leaf saponins from Panax notoginseng(SLSP)comprise numerous PPD-type saponins with diverse pharmacological properties;however,their role in Parkinson's disease(PD),characterized by microglia-mediated neuroinf...Stem-leaf saponins from Panax notoginseng(SLSP)comprise numerous PPD-type saponins with diverse pharmacological properties;however,their role in Parkinson's disease(PD),characterized by microglia-mediated neuroinflammation,remains unclear.This study evaluated the effects of SLSP on suppressing microglia-driven neuroinflammation in experimental PD models,including the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium(MPTP)-induced mouse model and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglia.Our findings revealed that SLSP mitigated behavioral impairments and excessive microglial activation in models of PD,including MPTP-treated mice.Additionally,SLSP inhibited the upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase(i NOS)and cyclooxygenase-2(COX2)and attenuated the phosphorylation of PI3K,protein kinase B(AKT),nuclear factor-κB(NFκB),and inhibitor of NFκB proteinα(IκBα)both in vivo and in vitro.Moreover,SLSP suppressed the production of inflammatory markers such as interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)in LPS-stimulated BV-2cells.Notably,the P2Y2R agonist partially reversed the inhibitory effects of SLSP in LPStreated BV-2 cells.These results suggest that SLSP inhibit microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in experimental PD models,likely through the P2Y2R/PI3K/AKT/NFκB signaling pathway.These novel findings indicate that SLSP may offer therapeutic potential for PD by attenuating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.展开更多
The objective of the research is to develop a quantitative method by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/ quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UHPLC/Q-TOF MS） for the analysis of seven major steroid...The objective of the research is to develop a quantitative method by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/ quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UHPLC/Q-TOF MS） for the analysis of seven major steroidal saponins （timosaponin N, timosaponin El, timosaponin BII, timosaponin B, anemarrhenasaponin I, anemarrhenasaponin A2, and timosaponin AIII） in Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. The complete separation of these seven steroidal saponins was achieved within 18 min with an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column using an acetonitrile-water （contain 0.1% formic acid） gradient system. The limits of quantitation （LOQ）, 0.18-0.75 ng/pL for seven steroidal saponins, were determined experimentally. The limits of detection （LOD） were found to be 0.05-0.22 ng/μL for these saponins. The correlation coefficients （r2） for calibration curves varied from 0.9902 to 0.9979. This method showed good repeatability for the quantification of these saponins in rhizomes ofA. asphodeloides, with intra-day and inter-day variations of less than 5.0% for seven steroidal saponins. The recoveries of seven steroidal saponins were from 97.13% to 101.98%. The validated method was successfully applied to quantifying seven steroidal saponins in various sources ofA. asphodeloides （different collecting places or processing methods） and Zhimu concentrate-granules （ZMCG）.展开更多
Steroidal saponins are major bioactive compounds of the medicinal plant Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis.In this work,two O-rhamnosyltransferases Pp Rha GT1 and Pp Rha GT2 with strict substrate specificity were charac...Steroidal saponins are major bioactive compounds of the medicinal plant Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis.In this work,two O-rhamnosyltransferases Pp Rha GT1 and Pp Rha GT2 with strict substrate specificity were characterized from this plant.These enzymes could catalyze the synthesis of paris saponinsⅡandⅦ,and realized semi-biosynthesis of a series of paris steroidal saponins in tobacco leaves.Molecular dynamics simulation revealed the substrate specificity of Pp Rha GT1 was due to interactions between the 2-O-rhamnosyl group and surrounding amino acids particularly S382 and E383.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to identify red pigment of Panax notoginseng fruits and explore the correlation between pigment content and total saponins of the fruits. [Method] The red pigment of Panax notoginseng frui...[Objective] This study aimed to identify red pigment of Panax notoginseng fruits and explore the correlation between pigment content and total saponins of the fruits. [Method] The red pigment of Panax notoginseng fruits was preliminarily identi- fied with specific color reactions and UV-vis spectra, and the contents of the pigment and total saponins were determined via spectrophotometry. [Result] The red hues of the fruits were contributed by anthocyanins and/or the anthocyanidins. The contents of anthocyanins and total saponins of the fruits both decreased along with thinning of the red hues. The content difference of the anthocyanins in fruits with different red hues reached extremely significant level, but that of total saponins just reached significant level. [Conclusion] The red pigment of P. notoginseng fruits is anthocyanins which are of extremely significant positive correlation with total saponins in contents.展开更多
Shugan Quzhi capsule is a hospital preparation of Xinhua Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University. It has been used for the treatment of adult patients with fatty liver caused by obesity...Shugan Quzhi capsule is a hospital preparation of Xinhua Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University. It has been used for the treatment of adult patients with fatty liver caused by obesity, high cholesterol and other factors. In the present study, we established an ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UHPLC-MS/MS） method to simultaneously determine 4 saponin ingredients including Notoginsenoside R1, Ginsenoside Rbl, Ginsenoside Re and Ginsenoside Rgl present in Shugan Quzhi capsule. The chromatographic separation was conducted on ZORBAX SB-C18 （2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.8 μm）. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and aqueous solution consisted of 0.05% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium acetate. Gradient elution rate was 0.3 mL/min, the column temperature was 40 ℃ MS was conducted using electrospray ionisation （ESI） and multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） coupled with positive and negative scanning switch. With which, Ginsenoside Re and Ginsenoside Rgl were detected using negative ion mode detection while Notoginsenoside R1, Ginsenoside Rbl and internal standard （Ginsenoside F1） were detected using positive ion mode detection. The limits of quantification （LOQ） for Notoginsenoside R1, Ginsenoside Rbl, Ginsenoside Re and Ginsenoside Rgl were 6.54× 10-4, 2.57×104, 0.11 and 6.91 × 10-3 ng/mL, respectively. The limits of detection （LOD） for these compounds were 1.96×10-4, 7.70×10-5, 3.45× 10-2, and 2.07× 10-3 ng/mL, respectively. All calibration curves showed a good linearity （r2〉0.9633） within the test range. The intra- and inter-day precisions （relative standard deviation, RSD） were lower than 5% and the average recoveries were in the range of 80%-120%. With this method, four kinds of saponins were separated and detected in 6 min. This method is simple, rapid and shows high sensitivity and accuracy.展开更多
Two triterpenoid saponins （compound Ⅰ and Ⅱ） have been isolated from Gymnocladus chinensis Baill., and compound Ⅰ was determined as a new compound. The structure of compound Ⅰ was assigned as 2β,23-dihydroxy-ac...Two triterpenoid saponins （compound Ⅰ and Ⅱ） have been isolated from Gymnocladus chinensis Baill., and compound Ⅰ was determined as a new compound. The structure of compound Ⅰ was assigned as 2β,23-dihydroxy-acacic acid-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-21-O-{（6S）-2-E-2,6-dimethyl-6-O-[4-O-（6S）-2-E- 2,6 -dimethyl-6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-2,7-octadienoyl} -28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl（ 1 →3 ）-β-D-xylopymnosyl （ 1→4）- α-L-rhamnopyranosyl（1→2）-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→6）]-β-D-glucopyranoside by extensive MS and NMR studies.展开更多
Five new saponins,including three steroid saponins,paristenoids A-C(1-3),and two triterpenoid saponins,paristenoids D-E(4-5),along with four known ones(6-9)were isolated from the rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var.steno...Five new saponins,including three steroid saponins,paristenoids A-C(1-3),and two triterpenoid saponins,paristenoids D-E(4-5),along with four known ones(6-9)were isolated from the rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var.stenophylla.The structures of the isolated compounds were identified nainly by detailed spectroscopic analysis,including extensive 1D and 2D NMR,MS,as well as chemical methods.Compound 3 is a new cyclocholestanol-type steroidal saponin with a rare 6/6/6/5/5 fused-rings cholestanol skeleton,and this skeleton has been first found from the genus Paris.The cytotoxicities of the isolated compounds against three human three glioma cell lines(U87MG,U251MG and SHG44)were evaluated,and compound 7 displayed certain inhibitory effect with ICso values of 15.22±1.73,18.87±1.81 and 17.64±1.69μmol^(-1),respectively.展开更多
Phytochemical reinvestigation on the whole plants of Ypsilandra thibetica obtained four new spirostanol glycosides,named ypsilandrosides U-X(1-4),and one new cholestanol glycoside,named ypsilandroside Y(5).Their struc...Phytochemical reinvestigation on the whole plants of Ypsilandra thibetica obtained four new spirostanol glycosides,named ypsilandrosides U-X(1-4),and one new cholestanol glycoside,named ypsilandroside Y(5).Their structures have been established by extensive spectroscopic data and chemical methods.Among them,compound 4 is a rare spirostanol glycoside which possesses a novel 5(6→7)abeo-steroidal aglycone,while compound 1 is a first spiro-stanol bisdesmoside attached to C-3 and C-12,respectively,isolated from the genus Ypsilandra.The induced platelet aggregation activity of the isolates was tested.展开更多
Chronic alcohol consumption induces hepatic steatosis, the early stage of alcoholic liver disease （ALD）. The aim ofpresent study is to investigate the protective effect ofPanax notoginseng saponins （PNS） against c...Chronic alcohol consumption induces hepatic steatosis, the early stage of alcoholic liver disease （ALD）. The aim ofpresent study is to investigate the protective effect ofPanax notoginseng saponins （PNS） against chronic ethanol-induced hepaticsteatosis in vivo. Mice were pair-fed a modified Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing alcohol or isocaloric maltose dextrin ascontrol diet with or without PNS （200 mg/kg, BW） for 8 weeks. Animals supplemented with PNS were protected against hepaticlipid accumulation induced by chronic ethanol exposure. Accordingly, PNS could significantly decrease the elevation of plasmatriglyceride, plasma enzyme activities, i.e. alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST）, and hepaticTNF-ct and IL-6 levels which were induced by chronic alcohol exposure. In addition, PNS markedly reduced the lipolysis ofwhite adipose tissue （WAT） that stimulated by alcohol feeding through the inhibiting protein expression of phosphorylation ofhormone-sensitive lipase （p-HSL）, rather than total HSL. Furthermore, alcohol exposure also enhanced fatty acid uptake capacityin liver by elevated hepatic CD36 expression, which could attenuated by PNS treatment. These results demonstrate that PNSsupplementation protects against chronic ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis, which is associated with ameliorating dysfunctionallipid metabolism of WAT and the reduced inflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggested that PNS might be potential to bedeveloped as an effective agent for the treatment of chronic alcoholic steatosis.展开更多
A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography （RP-HPLC） method with diode array detector （DAD） has been established to simultaneously determine six bioactive compounds in the roots ofllex pubescens, name...A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography （RP-HPLC） method with diode array detector （DAD） has been established to simultaneously determine six bioactive compounds in the roots ofllex pubescens, namely tortoside A, （＋）-syringaresinol, ilexsaponin B3, ilexsaponin A1, ilexsaponin B1, ilexgenin A. The RP-HPLC assay was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column with a gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water containing 0.1% （v/v） phosphoric acid. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the detection wavelength was set at 210 nm. The six marker constituents were separated well with good linearity （r2〉0.9996）, precision, stability and repeatability. The overall recoveries were in the range of 99.00%-104.52%. Cluster analysis was employed to analyze 15 batches of samples. The result indicated this method provide an efficient way to perform quality control as well as a scientific rationale for the Geo-authentication of I. pubescens.展开更多
Aim The several species of the genus Paris called ＂Chonglou＂ are famous traditional Chinese herbal medicines. We established the quantitative analysis method of the steroidal saponins in some species of the genus Pa...Aim The several species of the genus Paris called ＂Chonglou＂ are famous traditional Chinese herbal medicines. We established the quantitative analysis method of the steroidal saponins in some species of the genus Paris and discussed their relations. Methods We detected the contents of 11 steroidal saponins in Paris samples with a Kromasel C18 （ 150 mm× 4.6 mm ID, 5μm） column which was subjected to gradient elution with acetonitrile-water （30：70- 60：40, V/V） at a flow rate of 1 mL· min^-1 by HPLC-ELSD and established chemical cluster tree using SPSS 11 software. Results All the samples could be separated and calibration curves of 11 saponins were prepared. We successfully detected the contents of 11 steroidal saponins in 14 Paris spp. in 30 min. The recovery for the assay of saponins was between 95 % and 97 %. The RSD of precision of 11 saponins and stability of samples were below 3 %. Chemical phylogenetic tree based on saponin contents indicated that 17 samples of Paris spp. clustered separately. Conclusion The established method is accurate and convenient, and suitable for the quantitative analysis of these 11 steroidal saponins in Paris spp.. The chemical phylogenetic tree is in accordance with Takhtajian classical taxonomy.展开更多
Two new tirucallane-type triterpenoid saponins, Sapimukoside A (1) and Sapimukoside B (2), were isolated from the roots of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. On the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence, their structur...Two new tirucallane-type triterpenoid saponins, Sapimukoside A (1) and Sapimukoside B (2), were isolated from the roots of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. On the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence, their structures were elucidated to be 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-21, 23R-epoxyl tirucall-7, 24R-diene-3beta, 21-diol (1) and 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-21, 23R-epoxyl tirucall-7, 24R-diene-3beta, 21-diol (2).展开更多
Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS) are the major components of Panax notoginseng, with multiple pharmacological activities but poor oral bioavailability. PNS could be metabolized by gut microbiota in vitro, while the exa...Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS) are the major components of Panax notoginseng, with multiple pharmacological activities but poor oral bioavailability. PNS could be metabolized by gut microbiota in vitro, while the exact role of gut microbiota of PNS metabolism in vivo remains poorly understood. In this study, pseudo germ-free rat models were constructed by using broad-spectrum antibiotics to validate the gut microbiota-mediated transformation of PNS in vivo. Moreover, a high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed for quantitative analysis of four metabolites of PNS, including ginsenoside F1(GF1), ginsenoside Rh2(GRh2), ginsenoside compound K(GCK) and protopanaxatriol(PPT). The results showed that the four metabolites could be detected in the control rat plasma, while they could not be determined in pseudo germ-free rat plasma. The results implied that PNS could not be biotransformed effectively when gut microbiota was disrupted. In conclusion, gut microbiota plays an important role in biotransformation of PNS into metabolites in vivo.展开更多
Antifungal assay-guided isolation of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Clematis tangutica yielded two novel triterpene saponins. Their structures were determined to be 3-O-a-L-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28...Antifungal assay-guided isolation of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Clematis tangutica yielded two novel triterpene saponins. Their structures were determined to be 3-O-a-L-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl ester (1) and 3-O-b-D- glucopyranosyl(14)-a-L-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl ester (2) on the basis of spectral data and chemical reactions.展开更多
The main active components extracted from Panax notoginseng are total saponins. They have been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation, increase cerebral blood flow, improve neurological behavior, decrease infarct volum...The main active components extracted from Panax notoginseng are total saponins. They have been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation, increase cerebral blood flow, improve neurological behavior, decrease infarct volume and promote proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in the hippocampus and lateral ventricles. However, there is a lack of studies on whether total saponins of Panax notoginsertg have potential benefits on immature neuroblasts in the olfactory bulb following ischemia and reperfusion. This study established a rat model of global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion using four-vessel occlusion. Rats were administered total sa- ponins of Panax notoginseng at 75 mg/kg intraperitoneally 30 minutes after ischemia then once a day, for either 7 or 14 days. Total saponins of Panax notoginseng enhanced the number of dou- blecortin （DCX）＋ neural progenitor ceils and increased co-localization of DCX with neuronal nuclei and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding/DCX＋ neural progenitor cells in the olfactory bulb at 7 and 14 days post ischemia. These findings indicate that following global brain ischemia/reperfusion, total saponins of Panax notoginseng promote differentiation of DCX＋ cells expressing immature neuroblasts in the olfactory bulb and the underlying mechanism is related to the activation of the signaling pathway of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein.展开更多
Vaccines require optimal adjuvants including immunopotentiator and delivery systems to offer long term protection from infectious diseases in animals and man. Initially it was believed that adjuvants are responsible f...Vaccines require optimal adjuvants including immunopotentiator and delivery systems to offer long term protection from infectious diseases in animals and man. Initially it was believed that adjuvants are responsible for promoting strong and sustainable antibody responses. Now it has been shown that adjuvants influence the isotype and avidity of antibody and also affect the properties of cell-mediated immunity. Mostly oil emulsions, lipopolysaccharides, polymers, saponins, liposomes, cytokines, ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes), Freund’s complete adjuvant, Freund’s incomplete adjuvant, alums, bacterial toxins etc., are common adjuvants under investigation. Saponin based adjuvants have the ability to stimulate the cell mediated immune system as well as to enhance antibody production and have the advantage that only a low dose is needed for adjuvant activity. In the present study the importance of adjuvants, their role and the effect of saponin in immune system is reviewed.展开更多
Colorectal cancer(CRC)is the third most lethal cancer and leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide.A key driver of CRC development is colon inflammatory responses especially in patients with inflammatory bowl disea...Colorectal cancer(CRC)is the third most lethal cancer and leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide.A key driver of CRC development is colon inflammatory responses especially in patients with inflammatory bowl disease(IBD).It has been proved that Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)have anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidant and anti-tumor effects.The chemopreventive and immunomodulatory functions of PNS on colitis-associated colorectal cancer(CAC)have not been evaluated.This present study was designed to study the potential protective effects of PNS on AOM/DSS-induced CAC mice to explore the possible mechanism of PNS against CAC.Our study showed that PNS significantly alleviated colitis severity and prevented the occurrence of CAC.Functional assays revealed that PNS relieved immunosuppression of Treg cells in the CAC microenvironment by inhibiting the expression of IDO 1 mediated directly by signal transducer and activator of transcription 1(STAT1)rather than phosphorylated STAT1.Ultimately,Rhl,one of the PNS metabolites,exhibited the best inhibitory effect on IDO1 enzyme activity.Our study showed that PNS exerted significant chemopreventive function and immunomodulatory properties on CAC.It could reduce macrophages accumulation and Treg cells differentiation to reshape the immune microenvironment of CAC.These findings provided a promising approach for CAC intervention.展开更多
文摘Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)is the primary active component of the traditional Chinese medicine P.notoginseng.This compound exhibits a range of pharmacological effects,including anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,and antiplatelet aggregation properties,as well as the enhancement of microcirculation.The extensive research on the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine has garnered significant attention regarding the application of PNS in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.Research has demonstrated that PNS interventions significantly improve the pathological progression of cardiovascular disease through synergistic effects involving multiple targets and pathways.This paper summarizes the pharmacological mechanisms,clinical research advancements,safety,and potential adverse reactions associated with PNS in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases,in order to provide theoretical references for future research and practical applications in this field.
基金supported by the ROP ERDF 2014-2020 Lombardy-Innovation and Competitiveness.
文摘Saponins can be potential candidates for the development of safe biopesticides,due to their widely acknowledged insecticidal,fungicidal and nematicidal activity,but information on their effects on soil biological properties is still limited.This study aimed to investigate the short-term fate of saponins from Medicago sativa in soil and their dose-effect relationship with microbial biomass and selected enzyme activities in soils with different origin,physical and chemical properties.Microbial degradation of total saponins ranged from 46%to 91%,according to soil characteristics,within 28 days from their incorporation into the soil.Both saponin glycosidic chains and triterpenic aglycones were also microbially degraded,though by dynamics changing among the different soils.In all soils,M.sativa saponins significantly reduced microbial biomass at rates of 10 and 20 mg saponin mixture per g of soil.Microbial enzymatic activities were less affected as indicating an adaptive response of soil microbial communities to the presence of saponins.
基金supported by the Educational Commission of Shanghai in China(No.2021LK114)the Organizational Key Research and Development Program of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2023YZZ02)the Xinglin Young Talent Program at Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.A1-U17205010430)。
文摘Stem-leaf saponins from Panax notoginseng(SLSP)comprise numerous PPD-type saponins with diverse pharmacological properties;however,their role in Parkinson's disease(PD),characterized by microglia-mediated neuroinflammation,remains unclear.This study evaluated the effects of SLSP on suppressing microglia-driven neuroinflammation in experimental PD models,including the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium(MPTP)-induced mouse model and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglia.Our findings revealed that SLSP mitigated behavioral impairments and excessive microglial activation in models of PD,including MPTP-treated mice.Additionally,SLSP inhibited the upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase(i NOS)and cyclooxygenase-2(COX2)and attenuated the phosphorylation of PI3K,protein kinase B(AKT),nuclear factor-κB(NFκB),and inhibitor of NFκB proteinα(IκBα)both in vivo and in vitro.Moreover,SLSP suppressed the production of inflammatory markers such as interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)in LPS-stimulated BV-2cells.Notably,the P2Y2R agonist partially reversed the inhibitory effects of SLSP in LPStreated BV-2 cells.These results suggest that SLSP inhibit microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in experimental PD models,likely through the P2Y2R/PI3K/AKT/NFκB signaling pathway.These novel findings indicate that SLSP may offer therapeutic potential for PD by attenuating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.
基金Major National Science and Technology Projects (Grant No. 2009ZX09102-106, 2011ZX09102-002-09)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81274053)
文摘The objective of the research is to develop a quantitative method by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/ quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UHPLC/Q-TOF MS） for the analysis of seven major steroidal saponins （timosaponin N, timosaponin El, timosaponin BII, timosaponin B, anemarrhenasaponin I, anemarrhenasaponin A2, and timosaponin AIII） in Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. The complete separation of these seven steroidal saponins was achieved within 18 min with an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column using an acetonitrile-water （contain 0.1% formic acid） gradient system. The limits of quantitation （LOQ）, 0.18-0.75 ng/pL for seven steroidal saponins, were determined experimentally. The limits of detection （LOD） were found to be 0.05-0.22 ng/μL for these saponins. The correlation coefficients （r2） for calibration curves varied from 0.9902 to 0.9979. This method showed good repeatability for the quantification of these saponins in rhizomes ofA. asphodeloides, with intra-day and inter-day variations of less than 5.0% for seven steroidal saponins. The recoveries of seven steroidal saponins were from 97.13% to 101.98%. The validated method was successfully applied to quantifying seven steroidal saponins in various sources ofA. asphodeloides （different collecting places or processing methods） and Zhimu concentrate-granules （ZMCG）.
基金supported by Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Project at Southwest United Graduate School(No.202302AP370006)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFA0914100)。
文摘Steroidal saponins are major bioactive compounds of the medicinal plant Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis.In this work,two O-rhamnosyltransferases Pp Rha GT1 and Pp Rha GT2 with strict substrate specificity were characterized from this plant.These enzymes could catalyze the synthesis of paris saponinsⅡandⅦ,and realized semi-biosynthesis of a series of paris steroidal saponins in tobacco leaves.Molecular dynamics simulation revealed the substrate specificity of Pp Rha GT1 was due to interactions between the 2-O-rhamnosyl group and surrounding amino acids particularly S382 and E383.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31060045,31260091)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to identify red pigment of Panax notoginseng fruits and explore the correlation between pigment content and total saponins of the fruits. [Method] The red pigment of Panax notoginseng fruits was preliminarily identi- fied with specific color reactions and UV-vis spectra, and the contents of the pigment and total saponins were determined via spectrophotometry. [Result] The red hues of the fruits were contributed by anthocyanins and/or the anthocyanidins. The contents of anthocyanins and total saponins of the fruits both decreased along with thinning of the red hues. The content difference of the anthocyanins in fruits with different red hues reached extremely significant level, but that of total saponins just reached significant level. [Conclusion] The red pigment of P. notoginseng fruits is anthocyanins which are of extremely significant positive correlation with total saponins in contents.
基金Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning Chinese Medicine Research and Development Fund(Grant No.2014XP001A)Shanghai Health Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Fund(Grant No.2012G003A)Shanghai Municipal Education Commission of outstanding young teachers in special fund(Grant No.ZZjdyx13092)
文摘Shugan Quzhi capsule is a hospital preparation of Xinhua Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University. It has been used for the treatment of adult patients with fatty liver caused by obesity, high cholesterol and other factors. In the present study, we established an ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UHPLC-MS/MS） method to simultaneously determine 4 saponin ingredients including Notoginsenoside R1, Ginsenoside Rbl, Ginsenoside Re and Ginsenoside Rgl present in Shugan Quzhi capsule. The chromatographic separation was conducted on ZORBAX SB-C18 （2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.8 μm）. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and aqueous solution consisted of 0.05% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium acetate. Gradient elution rate was 0.3 mL/min, the column temperature was 40 ℃ MS was conducted using electrospray ionisation （ESI） and multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） coupled with positive and negative scanning switch. With which, Ginsenoside Re and Ginsenoside Rgl were detected using negative ion mode detection while Notoginsenoside R1, Ginsenoside Rbl and internal standard （Ginsenoside F1） were detected using positive ion mode detection. The limits of quantification （LOQ） for Notoginsenoside R1, Ginsenoside Rbl, Ginsenoside Re and Ginsenoside Rgl were 6.54× 10-4, 2.57×104, 0.11 and 6.91 × 10-3 ng/mL, respectively. The limits of detection （LOD） for these compounds were 1.96×10-4, 7.70×10-5, 3.45× 10-2, and 2.07× 10-3 ng/mL, respectively. All calibration curves showed a good linearity （r2〉0.9633） within the test range. The intra- and inter-day precisions （relative standard deviation, RSD） were lower than 5% and the average recoveries were in the range of 80%-120%. With this method, four kinds of saponins were separated and detected in 6 min. This method is simple, rapid and shows high sensitivity and accuracy.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (GrantNo. 30772639)
文摘Two triterpenoid saponins （compound Ⅰ and Ⅱ） have been isolated from Gymnocladus chinensis Baill., and compound Ⅰ was determined as a new compound. The structure of compound Ⅰ was assigned as 2β,23-dihydroxy-acacic acid-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-21-O-{（6S）-2-E-2,6-dimethyl-6-O-[4-O-（6S）-2-E- 2,6 -dimethyl-6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-2,7-octadienoyl} -28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl（ 1 →3 ）-β-D-xylopymnosyl （ 1→4）- α-L-rhamnopyranosyl（1→2）-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→6）]-β-D-glucopyranoside by extensive MS and NMR studies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81973192 and 81902185)the Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province(Nos.2021ZDLSF04-07,2021SF-175 and 2022SF-314)+1 种基金the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province(No.2022JQ-780)the Key Scientific Research Project of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2021-02-ZZ-003).
文摘Five new saponins,including three steroid saponins,paristenoids A-C(1-3),and two triterpenoid saponins,paristenoids D-E(4-5),along with four known ones(6-9)were isolated from the rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var.stenophylla.The structures of the isolated compounds were identified nainly by detailed spectroscopic analysis,including extensive 1D and 2D NMR,MS,as well as chemical methods.Compound 3 is a new cyclocholestanol-type steroidal saponin with a rare 6/6/6/5/5 fused-rings cholestanol skeleton,and this skeleton has been first found from the genus Paris.The cytotoxicities of the isolated compounds against three human three glioma cell lines(U87MG,U251MG and SHG44)were evaluated,and compound 7 displayed certain inhibitory effect with ICso values of 15.22±1.73,18.87±1.81 and 17.64±1.69μmol^(-1),respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1802287 and 32000280)the Ten Thousand Talents Plan of Yunnan Province for Industrial Technology Leading Talentsthe State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China (P2019-ZZ02).
文摘Phytochemical reinvestigation on the whole plants of Ypsilandra thibetica obtained four new spirostanol glycosides,named ypsilandrosides U-X(1-4),and one new cholestanol glycoside,named ypsilandroside Y(5).Their structures have been established by extensive spectroscopic data and chemical methods.Among them,compound 4 is a rare spirostanol glycoside which possesses a novel 5(6→7)abeo-steroidal aglycone,while compound 1 is a first spiro-stanol bisdesmoside attached to C-3 and C-12,respectively,isolated from the genus Ypsilandra.The induced platelet aggregation activity of the isolates was tested.
基金Research Committee of the University of Macao(Grant No.MYRG123-ICMS12 and MYRG111-ICMS13)from Macao Science and Technology Development Fund(Grant No.010/2013/A1)
文摘Chronic alcohol consumption induces hepatic steatosis, the early stage of alcoholic liver disease （ALD）. The aim ofpresent study is to investigate the protective effect ofPanax notoginseng saponins （PNS） against chronic ethanol-induced hepaticsteatosis in vivo. Mice were pair-fed a modified Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing alcohol or isocaloric maltose dextrin ascontrol diet with or without PNS （200 mg/kg, BW） for 8 weeks. Animals supplemented with PNS were protected against hepaticlipid accumulation induced by chronic ethanol exposure. Accordingly, PNS could significantly decrease the elevation of plasmatriglyceride, plasma enzyme activities, i.e. alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST）, and hepaticTNF-ct and IL-6 levels which were induced by chronic alcohol exposure. In addition, PNS markedly reduced the lipolysis ofwhite adipose tissue （WAT） that stimulated by alcohol feeding through the inhibiting protein expression of phosphorylation ofhormone-sensitive lipase （p-HSL）, rather than total HSL. Furthermore, alcohol exposure also enhanced fatty acid uptake capacityin liver by elevated hepatic CD36 expression, which could attenuated by PNS treatment. These results demonstrate that PNSsupplementation protects against chronic ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis, which is associated with ameliorating dysfunctionallipid metabolism of WAT and the reduced inflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggested that PNS might be potential to bedeveloped as an effective agent for the treatment of chronic alcoholic steatosis.
基金Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(Grant No.20110001130003)the National Key Technology R&D Program "New Drug Innovation"of China(Grant No.2012ZX09301002-002-002 and 2012ZX09304-005)
文摘A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography （RP-HPLC） method with diode array detector （DAD） has been established to simultaneously determine six bioactive compounds in the roots ofllex pubescens, namely tortoside A, （＋）-syringaresinol, ilexsaponin B3, ilexsaponin A1, ilexsaponin B1, ilexgenin A. The RP-HPLC assay was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column with a gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water containing 0.1% （v/v） phosphoric acid. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the detection wavelength was set at 210 nm. The six marker constituents were separated well with good linearity （r2〉0.9996）, precision, stability and repeatability. The overall recoveries were in the range of 99.00%-104.52%. Cluster analysis was employed to analyze 15 batches of samples. The result indicated this method provide an efficient way to perform quality control as well as a scientific rationale for the Geo-authentication of I. pubescens.
文摘Aim The several species of the genus Paris called ＂Chonglou＂ are famous traditional Chinese herbal medicines. We established the quantitative analysis method of the steroidal saponins in some species of the genus Paris and discussed their relations. Methods We detected the contents of 11 steroidal saponins in Paris samples with a Kromasel C18 （ 150 mm× 4.6 mm ID, 5μm） column which was subjected to gradient elution with acetonitrile-water （30：70- 60：40, V/V） at a flow rate of 1 mL· min^-1 by HPLC-ELSD and established chemical cluster tree using SPSS 11 software. Results All the samples could be separated and calibration curves of 11 saponins were prepared. We successfully detected the contents of 11 steroidal saponins in 14 Paris spp. in 30 min. The recovery for the assay of saponins was between 95 % and 97 %. The RSD of precision of 11 saponins and stability of samples were below 3 %. Chemical phylogenetic tree based on saponin contents indicated that 17 samples of Paris spp. clustered separately. Conclusion The established method is accurate and convenient, and suitable for the quantitative analysis of these 11 steroidal saponins in Paris spp.. The chemical phylogenetic tree is in accordance with Takhtajian classical taxonomy.
文摘Two new tirucallane-type triterpenoid saponins, Sapimukoside A (1) and Sapimukoside B (2), were isolated from the roots of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. On the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence, their structures were elucidated to be 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-21, 23R-epoxyl tirucall-7, 24R-diene-3beta, 21-diol (1) and 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-21, 23R-epoxyl tirucall-7, 24R-diene-3beta, 21-diol (2).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31400306)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2015JJ3156)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2015M 570692)
文摘Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS) are the major components of Panax notoginseng, with multiple pharmacological activities but poor oral bioavailability. PNS could be metabolized by gut microbiota in vitro, while the exact role of gut microbiota of PNS metabolism in vivo remains poorly understood. In this study, pseudo germ-free rat models were constructed by using broad-spectrum antibiotics to validate the gut microbiota-mediated transformation of PNS in vivo. Moreover, a high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed for quantitative analysis of four metabolites of PNS, including ginsenoside F1(GF1), ginsenoside Rh2(GRh2), ginsenoside compound K(GCK) and protopanaxatriol(PPT). The results showed that the four metabolites could be detected in the control rat plasma, while they could not be determined in pseudo germ-free rat plasma. The results implied that PNS could not be biotransformed effectively when gut microbiota was disrupted. In conclusion, gut microbiota plays an important role in biotransformation of PNS into metabolites in vivo.
基金This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology grant 2001-51the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30070007),Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(99B0017G).
文摘Antifungal assay-guided isolation of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Clematis tangutica yielded two novel triterpene saponins. Their structures were determined to be 3-O-a-L-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl ester (1) and 3-O-b-D- glucopyranosyl(14)-a-L-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl ester (2) on the basis of spectral data and chemical reactions.
基金supported by the Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate in China,No.CX2014B099(to XH)the Science Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department of China,No.11C1264(to FJD),13C958(to XH)
文摘The main active components extracted from Panax notoginseng are total saponins. They have been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation, increase cerebral blood flow, improve neurological behavior, decrease infarct volume and promote proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in the hippocampus and lateral ventricles. However, there is a lack of studies on whether total saponins of Panax notoginsertg have potential benefits on immature neuroblasts in the olfactory bulb following ischemia and reperfusion. This study established a rat model of global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion using four-vessel occlusion. Rats were administered total sa- ponins of Panax notoginseng at 75 mg/kg intraperitoneally 30 minutes after ischemia then once a day, for either 7 or 14 days. Total saponins of Panax notoginseng enhanced the number of dou- blecortin （DCX）＋ neural progenitor ceils and increased co-localization of DCX with neuronal nuclei and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding/DCX＋ neural progenitor cells in the olfactory bulb at 7 and 14 days post ischemia. These findings indicate that following global brain ischemia/reperfusion, total saponins of Panax notoginseng promote differentiation of DCX＋ cells expressing immature neuroblasts in the olfactory bulb and the underlying mechanism is related to the activation of the signaling pathway of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein.
基金Project (No. 2004C32047)supported by the Department of Scienceand Technology of Zhejiang Province, China
文摘Vaccines require optimal adjuvants including immunopotentiator and delivery systems to offer long term protection from infectious diseases in animals and man. Initially it was believed that adjuvants are responsible for promoting strong and sustainable antibody responses. Now it has been shown that adjuvants influence the isotype and avidity of antibody and also affect the properties of cell-mediated immunity. Mostly oil emulsions, lipopolysaccharides, polymers, saponins, liposomes, cytokines, ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes), Freund’s complete adjuvant, Freund’s incomplete adjuvant, alums, bacterial toxins etc., are common adjuvants under investigation. Saponin based adjuvants have the ability to stimulate the cell mediated immune system as well as to enhance antibody production and have the advantage that only a low dose is needed for adjuvant activity. In the present study the importance of adjuvants, their role and the effect of saponin in immune system is reviewed.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81872903 and 82173956)the“Double First-Class”University project of China Pharmaceutical University(CPU2018GY03)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China Pharmaceutical University(2016ZZD003).
文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC)is the third most lethal cancer and leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide.A key driver of CRC development is colon inflammatory responses especially in patients with inflammatory bowl disease(IBD).It has been proved that Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)have anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidant and anti-tumor effects.The chemopreventive and immunomodulatory functions of PNS on colitis-associated colorectal cancer(CAC)have not been evaluated.This present study was designed to study the potential protective effects of PNS on AOM/DSS-induced CAC mice to explore the possible mechanism of PNS against CAC.Our study showed that PNS significantly alleviated colitis severity and prevented the occurrence of CAC.Functional assays revealed that PNS relieved immunosuppression of Treg cells in the CAC microenvironment by inhibiting the expression of IDO 1 mediated directly by signal transducer and activator of transcription 1(STAT1)rather than phosphorylated STAT1.Ultimately,Rhl,one of the PNS metabolites,exhibited the best inhibitory effect on IDO1 enzyme activity.Our study showed that PNS exerted significant chemopreventive function and immunomodulatory properties on CAC.It could reduce macrophages accumulation and Treg cells differentiation to reshape the immune microenvironment of CAC.These findings provided a promising approach for CAC intervention.
