Low-density parity-check(LDPC)codes are widely used due to their significant errorcorrection capability and linear decoding complexity.However,it is not sufficient for LDPC codes to satisfy the ultra low bit error rat...Low-density parity-check(LDPC)codes are widely used due to their significant errorcorrection capability and linear decoding complexity.However,it is not sufficient for LDPC codes to satisfy the ultra low bit error rate(BER)requirement of next-generation ultra-high-speed communications due to the error floor phenomenon.According to the residual error characteristics of LDPC codes,we consider using the high rate Reed-Solomon(RS)codes as the outer codes to construct LDPC-RS product codes to eliminate the error floor and propose the hybrid error-erasure-correction decoding algorithm for the outer code to exploit erasure-correction capability effectively.Furthermore,the overall performance of product codes is improved using iteration between outer and inner codes.Simulation results validate that BER of the product code with the proposed hybrid algorithm is lower than that of the product code with no erasure correction.Compared with other product codes using LDPC codes,the proposed LDPC-RS product code with the same code rate has much better performance and smaller rate loss attributed to the maximum distance separable(MDS)property and significant erasure-correction capability of RS codes.展开更多
Recently,both the importance and awareness relating to food safety relating to agrochemicals,chemical fertilizers,the pollution of ecosystem and unwholesome foods are growing rapidly.For the same reason,the purchaser&...Recently,both the importance and awareness relating to food safety relating to agrochemicals,chemical fertilizers,the pollution of ecosystem and unwholesome foods are growing rapidly.For the same reason,the purchaser's curiosity increases to know about the production process which can be accomplished by production traceability system.The traceability system can store and superintend the specific attribute information about products regarding the productive centre,producer and production finish data.The products undergo various circulation processes and they are being managed by individually constructed traceability system.Thus,it is difficult for the producer and the consumer to guarantee the safety from transpirable issues about the falsification of production traceability because the traceability information can be re-produced by forging through various ways.So in this paper,we proposed a system for integrated management of agro-fishery products based on quick response code(QR-code)for forgery prevention which may help to solve these issues.The proposed system makes QR-code using production information provided by producer.And then it is provided to the distributor and the consumer through integrated service model using the QR-code.Therefore,this system make sure to provide the same production traceability about the products to the distributor and the consumer and always keeps both updated with the same information.展开更多
A new Chien search method for shortened Reed-Solomon （RS） code is proposed, based on this, a versatile RS decoder for correcting both errors and erasures is designed. Compared with the traditional RS decoder, the we...A new Chien search method for shortened Reed-Solomon （RS） code is proposed, based on this, a versatile RS decoder for correcting both errors and erasures is designed. Compared with the traditional RS decoder, the weighted coefficient of the Chien search method is calculated sequentially through the three pipelined stages of the decoder. And therefore, the computation of the errata locator polynomial and errata evaluator polynomial needs to be modified. The versatile RS decoder with minimum distance 21 has been synthesized in the Xilinx Virtex-Ⅱ series field programmable gate array （FPGA） xe2v1000-5 and is used by coneatenated coding system for satellite communication. Results show that the maximum data processing rate can be up to 1.3 Gbit/s.展开更多
In this article, the Rosenbloom-Tsfasman metric of matrix product codes over finite commutative rings is studied and the lower bounds for the minimal Rosenbloom- Tsfasman distances of the matrix product codes axe obta...In this article, the Rosenbloom-Tsfasman metric of matrix product codes over finite commutative rings is studied and the lower bounds for the minimal Rosenbloom- Tsfasman distances of the matrix product codes axe obtained. The lower bounds of the dual codes of matrix product codes over finite commutative Frobenius rings are also given.展开更多
In this paper, we discuss a kind of Hermitian inner product - symplectic inner product, which is different from the original inner product - Euclidean inner product. According to the definition of symplectic inner pro...In this paper, we discuss a kind of Hermitian inner product - symplectic inner product, which is different from the original inner product - Euclidean inner product. According to the definition of symplectic inner product, the codes under the symplectic inner product have better properties than those under the general Hermitian inner product. Here we present the necessary and sufficient condition for judging whether a linear code C over Fp with a generator matrix in the standard form is a symplectic self-dual code. In addition, we give a method for constructing a new symplectic self-dual codes over Fp, which is simpler than others.展开更多
Projective Reed-Solomon code is an important class of maximal distance separable codes in reliable communication and deep holes play important roles in its decoding.In this paper,we obtain two classes of deep holes of...Projective Reed-Solomon code is an important class of maximal distance separable codes in reliable communication and deep holes play important roles in its decoding.In this paper,we obtain two classes of deep holes of projective Reed-Solomon codes over finite fields with even characteristic.That is,let F_(q) be finite field with even characteristic,k∈{2,q-2},and let u(x)be the Lagrange interpolation polynomial of the first q components of the received vector u∈F_(q)+1 q Suppose that the(q+1)-th component of u is 0,and u(x)=λx^(k)+f_(≤k-2)(x),λx^(q-2)+f_(≤k-2)(x),where λ∈F^(*)_(q) and f_(≤k-2)(x)is a polynomial over F_(q) with degree no more than k-2.Then the received vector u is a deep hole of projective Reed-Solomon codes PRS(F_(q),k).In fact,our result partially solved an open problem on deep holes of projective Reed-Solomon codes proposed by Wan in 2020.展开更多
Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code is one of the most exciting topics among the coding theory community.It is of great importance in both theory and practical communications over noisy channels.The most advantage of...Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code is one of the most exciting topics among the coding theory community.It is of great importance in both theory and practical communications over noisy channels.The most advantage of LDPC codes is their relatively lower decoding complexity compared with turbo codes,while the disadvantage is its higher encoding complexity.In this paper,a new ap- proach is first proposed to construct high performance irregular systematic LDPC codes based on sparse generator matrix,which can significantly reduce the encoding complexity under the same de- coding complexity as that of regular or irregular LDPC codes defined by traditional sparse parity-check matrix.Then,the proposed generator-based systematic irregular LDPC codes are adopted as con- stituent block codes in rows and columns to design a new kind of product codes family,which also can be interpreted as irregular LDPC codes characterized by graph and thus decoded iteratively.Finally, the performance of the generator-based LDPC codes and the resultant product codes is investigated over an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and also compared with the conventional LDPC codes under the same conditions of decoding complexity and channel noise.展开更多
This paper presents a new Hard-Input Hard-Output (HIHO) iterative decoding algorithm for Turbo Product Codes (TPC), and especially describes the BCH-TPC codes aiming to alleviate error propagation and lower error floo...This paper presents a new Hard-Input Hard-Output (HIHO) iterative decoding algorithm for Turbo Product Codes (TPC), and especially describes the BCH-TPC codes aiming to alleviate error propagation and lower error floor. This algorithm mainly emp hasizes a decision mechanism for bit-flips, which thoroughly evaluates four different aspects of the decoding process, properly weighs and combines their respective reliability measures, and then employs the combined measure to make a judgment with regard to whether any particular bit should be flipped or not. Simulations result in a very steep Bit Error Rate (BER) curve indicating that a high-level net coding gain can be expected with a reasonable complexity. The simplicity and effectiveness of this HIHO decoding algorithm makes it a p romising candidate for the application in future high-speed fiber optical communications.展开更多
A novel product code iterative decoding algorithm and its high speed implementation scheme are proposed in this paper. Based on partial combination of selected columns of check matrix, the reduced-complexity syndrome ...A novel product code iterative decoding algorithm and its high speed implementation scheme are proposed in this paper. Based on partial combination of selected columns of check matrix, the reduced-complexity syndrome decoding method is proposed to decode sub-codes of product code and deliver soft output information. So iterative decoding of product codes is possible. The fast sorting algorithm and a look-up method are proposed for high speed implementation of this algorithm. Compared to the conventional weighing iterative algorithm, the proposed algorithm has lower complexity while offering better performance, which is demonstrated by simulations and implementation analysis. The implementation scheme and verilog HDL simulation show that it is feasible to achieve high speed decoding with the proposed algorithm.展开更多
Rice(Oryza sativa)is a staple food for more than half of the world's population and a critical crop for global agriculture.Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression in the rice genome is...Rice(Oryza sativa)is a staple food for more than half of the world's population and a critical crop for global agriculture.Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression in the rice genome is fundamental for advancing agricultural productivity and food security.In mechanism,cis-regulatory elements(including promoters,enhancers,silencers,and insulators)are key DNA sequences whose activities determine the spatial and temporal expression patterns of nearby genes(Yocca and Edger,2022;Schmitz et al.,2022).展开更多
The safety of safe crop products （SCP） is critical to maintain people＇s health and living standard. With the global efforts on the improvement of the traceability of food products, it is inevitable to establish cor...The safety of safe crop products （SCP） is critical to maintain people＇s health and living standard. With the global efforts on the improvement of the traceability of food products, it is inevitable to establish corresponding traceability systems to monitor the safety of crop products in China. In this article, the supply chain pattern of SCP in China has been analyzed and its spatial characters have been described in detail. The study deals with on how to relate traceability technology with GIS, and on how to trace and retrace the safety of SCP using the function of excellent spatial representation, spatial locating, and spatial analysis provided in GIS, which has been discussed from several aspects, such as coding technique of traceability information, transferring technique of traceability information, spatialization of traceability information, and application integration of traceability system. A pilot study was carried out to present the basic functions of the system, which provided an efficient and credible way to trace and retrace the safety of SCP in a real supply chain. An innovative idea has been brought forward for how to establish an efficient, credible, applied traceability system of SCP.展开更多
The use of pan-ethnic-group products form knowledge primarily depends on a designer＇s subjective experience without user participation. The majority of studies primarily focus on the detection of the perceptual deman...The use of pan-ethnic-group products form knowledge primarily depends on a designer＇s subjective experience without user participation. The majority of studies primarily focus on the detection of the perceptual demands of consumers from the target product category. A pan-ethnic-group products form gene clustering method based on emotional semantic is constructed. Consumers＇ perceptual images of the pan-ethnic-group products are obtained by means of product form gene extraction and coding and computer aided product form clustering technology. A case of form gene clustering about the typical pan-ethnic-group products is investigated which indicates that the method is feasible. This paper opens up a new direction for the future development of product form design which improves the agility of product design process in the era of Industry 4.0.展开更多
The reference listed drug (RLD) adopted in the USA orange book is the important source of the Chinese comparator product directories of generic medicinal products. Therefore, its availability has the vital significane...The reference listed drug (RLD) adopted in the USA orange book is the important source of the Chinese comparator product directories of generic medicinal products. Therefore, its availability has the vital significanee for pharmaceutical enterprise to carry out the re-evaluation of gen eric medici nal products and study of generic medicinal products. The nati onal drug code (NDC) is the unique, 3-segment number for each drug product in USA, and it serves as a universal product identifier for drugs. While the NDC directory adopts the infbrmation of drug products in the current commercial distribution, including all of the prescription drug and over the counter (OTC) drug products. The composition and configuration of the NDC number are systemically elaborated in this paper, as well as the data source, development history and supporting measures of the NDC directory. At the same time, by taking drugs, which are adopted in the Chinese comparator product directory of generic medicinal product (first batch) and sourced from USA orange book, as example, it introduces the application of the NDC directory in the availability aspect of the Chinese comparator products to facilitate the Chinese or foreign pharmaceutical manufacturers to search, identify and purchase the suitable RLD sourced from USA orange book. Moreover, it can provide referenee for Chinese drug regulatory to prepare the Chinese comparator product directories of generic medicinal products.展开更多
The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations(commonly known as the Orange Book)includes the products approved by Food and Drug Administration(FDA)to be marketed in the USA,and it is an essential...The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations(commonly known as the Orange Book)includes the products approved by Food and Drug Administration(FDA)to be marketed in the USA,and it is an essential source for the selection of suitable reference listed drugs(RLD)for a chemical generic medicinal product.The Orange Book assigns a therapeutic equivalence(TE)evaluation code for approved multisource prescription drug products to serve as public information in the area of medicinal product selection.In the present study,we introduced the TE coding system and its influence on the selection of the RLD in China by taking the Topiramate Extended-release Capsules as an example.As a result,it was suggested to determine its TE evaluation code in the Orange Book previously when we choose an RLD and select suitable RLD the first letter of whose TE evaluation code is A to carry out the research and development of a generic medicinal product,which can improve the probability of success of clinical bioequivalence(BE)test and reduce the risk of generic medicinal product development.展开更多
In this study,authors analyzed value,production and area used for producing Cerrado’s main agricultural products,and data on the farms located within this biome and registered in CAR up until April 2019,by microregio...In this study,authors analyzed value,production and area used for producing Cerrado’s main agricultural products,and data on the farms located within this biome and registered in CAR up until April 2019,by microregion.The territory considered here comprised all microregions with at least 25%of its area covered by the Cerrado biome.The production,agricultural production,and planted area values used were the averages of the 2015 to 2017 harvests,and are shown in graphs and tables,as are maps of planted areas and groups of main annual crops,semi-perennial and perennial crops.The areas designated for environmental preservation(ADPs)are the result of the sum of permanent preservation areas(APP),legal reserves(RL)and additional vegetation areas within the farms.Authors’study shows that most of Brazilian cotton,eucalyptus for charcoal,orange,sugarcane,maize and soybean are produced in Cerrado,that 28%of Cerrado are ADPs within farms,and that 16%are areas planted with cotton,eucalyptus,orange,sugarcane,maize,soybean,coffee,beans,and potatoes.The territory occupied by agricultural areas and ADPs required by the Brazilian Forest Code shows that agricultural production and environmental preservation do coexist,and gather the maintenance of essential ecosystem services provided by the ADPs together with the development of the country’s relevant agricultural production.展开更多
基金This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61671324)the Director’s Funding from Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)(QNLM201712).
文摘Low-density parity-check(LDPC)codes are widely used due to their significant errorcorrection capability and linear decoding complexity.However,it is not sufficient for LDPC codes to satisfy the ultra low bit error rate(BER)requirement of next-generation ultra-high-speed communications due to the error floor phenomenon.According to the residual error characteristics of LDPC codes,we consider using the high rate Reed-Solomon(RS)codes as the outer codes to construct LDPC-RS product codes to eliminate the error floor and propose the hybrid error-erasure-correction decoding algorithm for the outer code to exploit erasure-correction capability effectively.Furthermore,the overall performance of product codes is improved using iteration between outer and inner codes.Simulation results validate that BER of the product code with the proposed hybrid algorithm is lower than that of the product code with no erasure correction.Compared with other product codes using LDPC codes,the proposed LDPC-RS product code with the same code rate has much better performance and smaller rate loss attributed to the maximum distance separable(MDS)property and significant erasure-correction capability of RS codes.
基金The MSIP(Ministry of Science,ICT&Future Planning),Korea,under the ITRC(Information Technology Research Center)support program(NIPA-2013-H0301-13-2006)supervised by the NIPA(National IT Industry Promotion Agency)
文摘Recently,both the importance and awareness relating to food safety relating to agrochemicals,chemical fertilizers,the pollution of ecosystem and unwholesome foods are growing rapidly.For the same reason,the purchaser's curiosity increases to know about the production process which can be accomplished by production traceability system.The traceability system can store and superintend the specific attribute information about products regarding the productive centre,producer and production finish data.The products undergo various circulation processes and they are being managed by individually constructed traceability system.Thus,it is difficult for the producer and the consumer to guarantee the safety from transpirable issues about the falsification of production traceability because the traceability information can be re-produced by forging through various ways.So in this paper,we proposed a system for integrated management of agro-fishery products based on quick response code(QR-code)for forgery prevention which may help to solve these issues.The proposed system makes QR-code using production information provided by producer.And then it is provided to the distributor and the consumer through integrated service model using the QR-code.Therefore,this system make sure to provide the same production traceability about the products to the distributor and the consumer and always keeps both updated with the same information.
基金Sponsored by the Ministerial Level Advanced Research Foundation (20304)
文摘A new Chien search method for shortened Reed-Solomon （RS） code is proposed, based on this, a versatile RS decoder for correcting both errors and erasures is designed. Compared with the traditional RS decoder, the weighted coefficient of the Chien search method is calculated sequentially through the three pipelined stages of the decoder. And therefore, the computation of the errata locator polynomial and errata evaluator polynomial needs to be modified. The versatile RS decoder with minimum distance 21 has been synthesized in the Xilinx Virtex-Ⅱ series field programmable gate array （FPGA） xe2v1000-5 and is used by coneatenated coding system for satellite communication. Results show that the maximum data processing rate can be up to 1.3 Gbit/s.
文摘In this article, the Rosenbloom-Tsfasman metric of matrix product codes over finite commutative rings is studied and the lower bounds for the minimal Rosenbloom- Tsfasman distances of the matrix product codes axe obtained. The lower bounds of the dual codes of matrix product codes over finite commutative Frobenius rings are also given.
文摘In this paper, we discuss a kind of Hermitian inner product - symplectic inner product, which is different from the original inner product - Euclidean inner product. According to the definition of symplectic inner product, the codes under the symplectic inner product have better properties than those under the general Hermitian inner product. Here we present the necessary and sufficient condition for judging whether a linear code C over Fp with a generator matrix in the standard form is a symplectic self-dual code. In addition, we give a method for constructing a new symplectic self-dual codes over Fp, which is simpler than others.
基金Supported by Foundation of Sichuan Tourism University(20SCTUTY01)Initial Scientific Research Fund of Doctors in Sichuan Tourism University。
文摘Projective Reed-Solomon code is an important class of maximal distance separable codes in reliable communication and deep holes play important roles in its decoding.In this paper,we obtain two classes of deep holes of projective Reed-Solomon codes over finite fields with even characteristic.That is,let F_(q) be finite field with even characteristic,k∈{2,q-2},and let u(x)be the Lagrange interpolation polynomial of the first q components of the received vector u∈F_(q)+1 q Suppose that the(q+1)-th component of u is 0,and u(x)=λx^(k)+f_(≤k-2)(x),λx^(q-2)+f_(≤k-2)(x),where λ∈F^(*)_(q) and f_(≤k-2)(x)is a polynomial over F_(q) with degree no more than k-2.Then the received vector u is a deep hole of projective Reed-Solomon codes PRS(F_(q),k).In fact,our result partially solved an open problem on deep holes of projective Reed-Solomon codes proposed by Wan in 2020.
基金Supported by the National Aeronautical Foundation of Science and Research of China (No.04F52041)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No.BK2006188).
文摘Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code is one of the most exciting topics among the coding theory community.It is of great importance in both theory and practical communications over noisy channels.The most advantage of LDPC codes is their relatively lower decoding complexity compared with turbo codes,while the disadvantage is its higher encoding complexity.In this paper,a new ap- proach is first proposed to construct high performance irregular systematic LDPC codes based on sparse generator matrix,which can significantly reduce the encoding complexity under the same de- coding complexity as that of regular or irregular LDPC codes defined by traditional sparse parity-check matrix.Then,the proposed generator-based systematic irregular LDPC codes are adopted as con- stituent block codes in rows and columns to design a new kind of product codes family,which also can be interpreted as irregular LDPC codes characterized by graph and thus decoded iteratively.Finally, the performance of the generator-based LDPC codes and the resultant product codes is investigated over an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and also compared with the conventional LDPC codes under the same conditions of decoding complexity and channel noise.
基金The authors would like to thank the editor and reviewer for helpful comments on the manuscripts. We also thank for the form support from Huawei Technology Corporations in this research. This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61101092.
文摘This paper presents a new Hard-Input Hard-Output (HIHO) iterative decoding algorithm for Turbo Product Codes (TPC), and especially describes the BCH-TPC codes aiming to alleviate error propagation and lower error floor. This algorithm mainly emp hasizes a decision mechanism for bit-flips, which thoroughly evaluates four different aspects of the decoding process, properly weighs and combines their respective reliability measures, and then employs the combined measure to make a judgment with regard to whether any particular bit should be flipped or not. Simulations result in a very steep Bit Error Rate (BER) curve indicating that a high-level net coding gain can be expected with a reasonable complexity. The simplicity and effectiveness of this HIHO decoding algorithm makes it a p romising candidate for the application in future high-speed fiber optical communications.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘A novel product code iterative decoding algorithm and its high speed implementation scheme are proposed in this paper. Based on partial combination of selected columns of check matrix, the reduced-complexity syndrome decoding method is proposed to decode sub-codes of product code and deliver soft output information. So iterative decoding of product codes is possible. The fast sorting algorithm and a look-up method are proposed for high speed implementation of this algorithm. Compared to the conventional weighing iterative algorithm, the proposed algorithm has lower complexity while offering better performance, which is demonstrated by simulations and implementation analysis. The implementation scheme and verilog HDL simulation show that it is feasible to achieve high speed decoding with the proposed algorithm.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070656)。
文摘Rice(Oryza sativa)is a staple food for more than half of the world's population and a critical crop for global agriculture.Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression in the rice genome is fundamental for advancing agricultural productivity and food security.In mechanism,cis-regulatory elements(including promoters,enhancers,silencers,and insulators)are key DNA sequences whose activities determine the spatial and temporal expression patterns of nearby genes(Yocca and Edger,2022;Schmitz et al.,2022).
文摘The safety of safe crop products （SCP） is critical to maintain people＇s health and living standard. With the global efforts on the improvement of the traceability of food products, it is inevitable to establish corresponding traceability systems to monitor the safety of crop products in China. In this article, the supply chain pattern of SCP in China has been analyzed and its spatial characters have been described in detail. The study deals with on how to relate traceability technology with GIS, and on how to trace and retrace the safety of SCP using the function of excellent spatial representation, spatial locating, and spatial analysis provided in GIS, which has been discussed from several aspects, such as coding technique of traceability information, transferring technique of traceability information, spatialization of traceability information, and application integration of traceability system. A pilot study was carried out to present the basic functions of the system, which provided an efficient and credible way to trace and retrace the safety of SCP in a real supply chain. An innovative idea has been brought forward for how to establish an efficient, credible, applied traceability system of SCP.
基金Supported by National Key Technology R&D Program,China(Grant No.2015BAH21F01)National 111 Project,China(Grant No.B13044)
文摘The use of pan-ethnic-group products form knowledge primarily depends on a designer＇s subjective experience without user participation. The majority of studies primarily focus on the detection of the perceptual demands of consumers from the target product category. A pan-ethnic-group products form gene clustering method based on emotional semantic is constructed. Consumers＇ perceptual images of the pan-ethnic-group products are obtained by means of product form gene extraction and coding and computer aided product form clustering technology. A case of form gene clustering about the typical pan-ethnic-group products is investigated which indicates that the method is feasible. This paper opens up a new direction for the future development of product form design which improves the agility of product design process in the era of Industry 4.0.
基金National Science and Technology Major Projects for ‘Major New Drugs Innovation and Development’(Grant No.2017ZX09101001,Beijing,China)
文摘The reference listed drug (RLD) adopted in the USA orange book is the important source of the Chinese comparator product directories of generic medicinal products. Therefore, its availability has the vital significanee for pharmaceutical enterprise to carry out the re-evaluation of gen eric medici nal products and study of generic medicinal products. The nati onal drug code (NDC) is the unique, 3-segment number for each drug product in USA, and it serves as a universal product identifier for drugs. While the NDC directory adopts the infbrmation of drug products in the current commercial distribution, including all of the prescription drug and over the counter (OTC) drug products. The composition and configuration of the NDC number are systemically elaborated in this paper, as well as the data source, development history and supporting measures of the NDC directory. At the same time, by taking drugs, which are adopted in the Chinese comparator product directory of generic medicinal product (first batch) and sourced from USA orange book, as example, it introduces the application of the NDC directory in the availability aspect of the Chinese comparator products to facilitate the Chinese or foreign pharmaceutical manufacturers to search, identify and purchase the suitable RLD sourced from USA orange book. Moreover, it can provide referenee for Chinese drug regulatory to prepare the Chinese comparator product directories of generic medicinal products.
基金Carry out quality evaluation research of generic medicinal product control based on domestic product,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Chemical Drugs,Beijing,China。
文摘The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations(commonly known as the Orange Book)includes the products approved by Food and Drug Administration(FDA)to be marketed in the USA,and it is an essential source for the selection of suitable reference listed drugs(RLD)for a chemical generic medicinal product.The Orange Book assigns a therapeutic equivalence(TE)evaluation code for approved multisource prescription drug products to serve as public information in the area of medicinal product selection.In the present study,we introduced the TE coding system and its influence on the selection of the RLD in China by taking the Topiramate Extended-release Capsules as an example.As a result,it was suggested to determine its TE evaluation code in the Orange Book previously when we choose an RLD and select suitable RLD the first letter of whose TE evaluation code is A to carry out the research and development of a generic medicinal product,which can improve the probability of success of clinical bioequivalence(BE)test and reduce the risk of generic medicinal product development.
文摘In this study,authors analyzed value,production and area used for producing Cerrado’s main agricultural products,and data on the farms located within this biome and registered in CAR up until April 2019,by microregion.The territory considered here comprised all microregions with at least 25%of its area covered by the Cerrado biome.The production,agricultural production,and planted area values used were the averages of the 2015 to 2017 harvests,and are shown in graphs and tables,as are maps of planted areas and groups of main annual crops,semi-perennial and perennial crops.The areas designated for environmental preservation(ADPs)are the result of the sum of permanent preservation areas(APP),legal reserves(RL)and additional vegetation areas within the farms.Authors’study shows that most of Brazilian cotton,eucalyptus for charcoal,orange,sugarcane,maize and soybean are produced in Cerrado,that 28%of Cerrado are ADPs within farms,and that 16%are areas planted with cotton,eucalyptus,orange,sugarcane,maize,soybean,coffee,beans,and potatoes.The territory occupied by agricultural areas and ADPs required by the Brazilian Forest Code shows that agricultural production and environmental preservation do coexist,and gather the maintenance of essential ecosystem services provided by the ADPs together with the development of the country’s relevant agricultural production.
