This paper deals with a first-principle mathematical model that describes the electrostatic coalescer unitsdevoted to the separation of water from oil in water-in-oil emulsions, which are typical of the upstreamoperat...This paper deals with a first-principle mathematical model that describes the electrostatic coalescer unitsdevoted to the separation of water from oil in water-in-oil emulsions, which are typical of the upstreamoperations in oil fields. The main phenomena governing the behavior of the electrostatic coalescer are denscribed, starting from fundamental laws. In addition, the gradual coalescence of the emulsion droplets isconsidered in the mathematical modeling in a dynamic fashion, as the phenomenon is identified as a keystep in the overall yield of the unit operation. The resulting differential system with boundary conditionsis then integrated via performing numerical libraries, and the simulation results confirm the available lit-erature and the industrial data. A sensitivity analysis is provided with respect to the main parameters. Themathematical model results in a flexible tool that is useful for the purposes of design, unit behavior predic-tion. performance rnoniroring, and ontimization.展开更多
A rigorous spectral representation of relativistic random-phase approximation is presented.Explicit expression is derived for the effective particle-hole interaction which contains the direct term Kan,the exchange ter...A rigorous spectral representation of relativistic random-phase approximation is presented.Explicit expression is derived for the effective particle-hole interaction which contains the direct term Kan,the exchange term KaQ and the kernel for the fermion line renormalization K_(fr).It is shown that according to our method,not only K_(an) but also K_(sc) and K_(fr) can be given rigorously in a form which depends only on one ω(energy)-variable and they all take account of the retardation effect properly.展开更多
This paper offers a study of J.L.Lagrange's research on history of mathematics,aiming to clarify Lagrange's intention in carrying out historical work.To this end,I first document how Lagrange worked with and e...This paper offers a study of J.L.Lagrange's research on history of mathematics,aiming to clarify Lagrange's intention in carrying out historical work.To this end,I first document how Lagrange worked with and exerted his influence on other scholars in the translation and diffusion of ancient Greek texts.Second,investigating Lagrange's style in doing and writing history of mathematics,this paper takes a new perspective and elucidates his motivation in these activities.In particular,it focuses on Lagrange's presentation of the history of calculus while he was teaching analysis at the Ecole Polytechnique(1795-1799)so as to clarify the function of history in Lagrange's mathematical works.My thesis is that Lagrange's intention in examining the different methods employed by his predecessors was to find inspiration and useful contents in his search for the proper approach to mathematical problems.I thus argue in this paper that history served as a guide or methodology for Lagrange's mathematics.Meanwhile,through an analysis of his historical writing,this paper points to four epistemological values according to which Lagrange judged various historical methods of differential calculus:generality,simplicity,clarity,and rigor.Lagrange's move to rigorize analysis was connected to his interest in and research of Greek texts;he was attempting to introduce the rigor of the ancient Greeks'demonstration in his works of analysis.展开更多
In order to make more available methods for natural jadeite quality evaluation,this study applied rigorous coupled wave theory to calculate and simulate the reflection characteristics of various natural jadeites,and e...In order to make more available methods for natural jadeite quality evaluation,this study applied rigorous coupled wave theory to calculate and simulate the reflection characteristics of various natural jadeites,and establish evaluation standard based on the relationship between refractive index and reflectivity and responses of reflection efficiency to refractive index,grating thickness and incident angles,etc.The results suggest that reflection efficiency varies significantly as a function of the natural jadeite quality,which can provide a new method to evaluate natural jadeite.展开更多
Rigorous Coupled-Wave Approach (RCWA) has been used successfully and accurately to study simple grating structures, such as one-layer gratings, one-whole gratings. In this paper, RCWA is expanded to solve Sandwich gra...Rigorous Coupled-Wave Approach (RCWA) has been used successfully and accurately to study simple grating structures, such as one-layer gratings, one-whole gratings. In this paper, RCWA is expanded to solve Sandwich gratings (SG), which is composed of two identical planar dielectric gratings adjoined by thin metallic or dielectric film. The electromagnetic analytic expressions for each layer of SG structure are given and rigorous coupled-wave equations are deduced. The numerical investigations for the diffraction spectra of SG by our theoretical and computer programs are in good agreement with the results of classical RCWA in the condition when a Sandwish grating is simplified to a classical one-layer grating. The calculations by our programs of another condition when a Sandwish grating is degenerated to a classical single planar structure also conform to the results of classical electromagnetic theory. The research results above indicate that the extended theoretical formula has backwards compatibility and is self-consistent with the classical theory.展开更多
Continuous time random walk on fractals is studied.Asymptotic forms of<r^(2)(t)>,S(t)and P(t)are obtained rigorously by the generalized Blackwell theorem,where<r^(2)(t)>is the mean-square displacement,S(t)...Continuous time random walk on fractals is studied.Asymptotic forms of<r^(2)(t)>,S(t)and P(t)are obtained rigorously by the generalized Blackwell theorem,where<r^(2)(t)>is the mean-square displacement,S(t)the number of distinct sites visited in time t,and P(t)the probability of return at time t.The spatial disorder turns out to be predominant for long time.展开更多
Global mean sea level budget is rigorously adjusted during the period 2005-2015.The emphasis is to provide the best estimates for the linear rates of changes(trends)of the global mean sea level budget components durin...Global mean sea level budget is rigorously adjusted during the period 2005-2015.The emphasis is to provide the best estimates for the linear rates of changes(trends)of the global mean sea level budget components during this period subject to the constraint:Earth’s hydrosphere conserves water.The newly simultaneously adjusted trends of the budget components suggest a larger correction for the global mean sea level trend implicated by the other budget components’trends under the budget constraint.The simultaneous estimation of the linear trends of the budget components subject to the constraint for closure improves their uncertainties and enables a holistic assessment of the global mean sea budget,which has implications for future sea level science studies,including the future Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)Assessment Reports,and the US Climate Assessment Reports.展开更多
In this article,some new rigorous perturbation bounds for the SR decomposition un-der normwise or componentwise perturbations for a given matrix are derived.Also,the explicit expressions for the mixed and componentwis...In this article,some new rigorous perturbation bounds for the SR decomposition un-der normwise or componentwise perturbations for a given matrix are derived.Also,the explicit expressions for the mixed and componentwise condition numbers are presented by utilizing the block matrix-vector equation approach.Hypothetical and trial results demonstrate that these new bounds are constantly more tightly than the comparing ones in the literature.展开更多
In this article I conduct a short review of the proofs of the area inside a circle. These include intuitive as well as rigorous analytic proofs. This discussion is important not just from mathematical view point but a...In this article I conduct a short review of the proofs of the area inside a circle. These include intuitive as well as rigorous analytic proofs. This discussion is important not just from mathematical view point but also because pedagogically the calculus books still use circular reasoning today to prove the area inside a circle (also that of an ellipse) on this important historical topic, first illustrated by Archimedes. I offer an innovative approach through the introduction of a theorem, which will lead to proving the area inside a circle avoiding circular argumentation.展开更多
We report rigorous coupled-wave analysis(RCWA) method to non-destructively characterize the domain structure of periodically poled lithium niobate(PPLN) crystal. The strong light diffraction effect is achieved by appl...We report rigorous coupled-wave analysis(RCWA) method to non-destructively characterize the domain structure of periodically poled lithium niobate(PPLN) crystal. The strong light diffraction effect is achieved by applying a proper external voltage. We can observe reversed domain pattern and employ the detected diffraction intensity to optimally fit the result of RCWA based on least square method. Compared with conventional scalar diffraction theory, more accurate domain structure parameters with accuracies of 0.05 μm and 0.005 for the period and duty cycle are obtained respectively. It is proved that accurate, real-time and nondestructive characterization can be realized via this method.展开更多
Does traditional Chinese economic thought possess genuine analytical rigor?This question lies at the heart of any serious evaluation of its theoretical value and historical significance.It also matters for understandi...Does traditional Chinese economic thought possess genuine analytical rigor?This question lies at the heart of any serious evaluation of its theoretical value and historical significance.It also matters for understanding how best to preserve,build on its remarkable achievements,and develop its intellectual legacy.Critics such as Schumpeter and Taylor have long argued that the economic reasoning found in ancient China cannot compare with that of classical Greece or medieval Europe.Yet this view often reflects the narrow assumptions of mainstream economics,defining analysis almost entirely in terms of market exchange.As a result,it tends to overlook traditions built around statecraft,governance,and the management of economic order.A careful re-examination and Sino-Western comparative analysis of key thinkers-including Mencius,Guanzi,and Sima Qian-tells a different story.Rooted in China’s distinctive cultural and philosophical heritage,traditional Chinese economic thought not only contains the analytical dimensions(as defined by Schumpeter)but also displays a broader and more diverse set of economic reasoning.Notably,its systematic depth and intellectual precision were,in many respects,remarkably advanced.Therefore,advancing the construction of a Chinese school of economics in the new era under the framework of the“Second Integration”,i.e.,integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s fine traditional culture,should,and indeed can draw essential insights from this analytical tradition.展开更多
We develop a new computational method for modeling and inverting frequency domain airborne electromagnetic(EM)data.Our method is based on the contraction integral equation method for forward EM modeling and on inversi...We develop a new computational method for modeling and inverting frequency domain airborne electromagnetic(EM)data.Our method is based on the contraction integral equation method for forward EM modeling and on inversion using the localized quasi-linear(LQL)approximation followed by the rigorous inversion,if necessary.The LQL inversion serves to provide a fast image of the target.These results are checked by a rigorous update of the domain electric field,allowing a more accurate calculation of the predicted data.If the accuracy is poorer than desired,rigorous inversion follows,using the resulting conductivity distribution and electric field from LQL as a starting model.The rigorous inversion iteratively solves the field and domain equations,converting the non-linear inversion into a series of linear inversions.We test this method on synthetic and field data.The results of the inversion are very encouraging with respect to both the speed and the accuracy of the algorithm,showing this is a useful tool for airborne EM interpretation.展开更多
This study examines the contributions of Chinese entrepreneurship research to academic knowledge and its practical implications. Specifically, we investigate how Chinese entrepreneurship research meets the standards o...This study examines the contributions of Chinese entrepreneurship research to academic knowledge and its practical implications. Specifically, we investigate how Chinese entrepreneurship research meets the standards of rigor and relevance based on a review of 64 papers published in five major scholarly journals in the Chinese mainland. Results show that Chinese entrepreneurship research has paid comparatively little attention to the ＂rigor＂ dimension, while focusing more heavily on practical relevance than on academic relevance on the ＂relevance＂ dimension. Future directions for China＇s entrepreneurship research are also discussed.展开更多
The study of the bifurcation phenomena of the nonlinear system is getting ripe. Some lower high-order sequences, such as the trifurcation sequence, are being paid much attention. The trifurcation phenomena-have been o...The study of the bifurcation phenomena of the nonlinear system is getting ripe. Some lower high-order sequences, such as the trifurcation sequence, are being paid much attention. The trifurcation phenomena-have been observed in the nonlinear electric circuit, the Brussels’ oscillator and other experiments of the like. In the parameter space, the展开更多
Introduction Country of birth/nativity information may be crucial to understanding health equity in Latino populations and is routinely called for in health services literature assessing cardiovascular disease and ris...Introduction Country of birth/nativity information may be crucial to understanding health equity in Latino populations and is routinely called for in health services literature assessing cardiovascular disease and risk,but is not thought to co-occur with longitudinal,objective health information such as that found in electronic health records(EHRs).Methods We used a multistate network of community health centres to describe the extent to which country of birth is recorded in EHRs in Latinos,and to describe demographic features and cardiovascular risk profiles by country of birth.We compared geographical/demographic/clinical characteristics,from 2012 to 2020(9 years of data),of 914495 Latinos recorded as US-born,non-US-born and without a country of birth recorded.We also described the state in which these data were collected.Results Country of birth was collected for 127138 Latinos in 782 clinics in 22 states.Compared with those with a country of birth recorded,Latinos without this record were more often uninsured and less often preferred Spanish.While covariate adjusted prevalence of heart disease and risk factors were similar between the three groups,when results were disaggregated to five specific Latin countries(Mexico,Guatemala,Dominican Republic,Cuba,El Salvador),significant variation was observed,especially in diabetes,hypertension and hyperlipidaemia.Conclusions In a multistate network,thousands of non-US-born,US-born and patients without a country of birth recorded had differing demographic characteristics,but clinical variation was not observed until data was disaggregated into specific country of origin.State policies that enhance the safety of immigrant populations may enhance the collection of health equity related data.Rigorous and effective health equity research using Latino country of birth information paired with longitudinal healthcare information found in EHRs might have significant potential for aiding clinical and public health practice,but it depends on increased,widespread and accurate availability of this information,co-occurring with other robust demographic and clinical data nativity.展开更多
There is a growing interest in understanding the energy and environmental footprint of digital currencies,specifically in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum.These cryptocurrencies are operated by a geograph...There is a growing interest in understanding the energy and environmental footprint of digital currencies,specifically in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum.These cryptocurrencies are operated by a geographically distributed network of computing nodes,making it hard to estimate their energy consumption accurately.Existing studies,both in academia and industry,attempt to model cryptocurrency energy consumption often based on a number of assumptions,for instance,about the hardware in use or the geographic distribution of the computing nodes.A number of these studies have already been widely criticized for their design choices and subsequent over-or under-estimation of energy use.In this study,we evaluate the reliability of prior models and estimates by leveraging existing scientific literature from fields cognizant of blockchain,such as social energy sciences and information systems.We first design a quality assessment framework based on existing research,and we then conduct a systematic literature review examining scientific and non-academic literature demonstrating common issues and potential avenues of addressing these issues.Our goal with this article is to advance the field by promoting scientific rigor in studies focusing on blockchain energy footprint.To that end,we provide a novel set of codes of conduct for the five most widely used research methodologies:Quantitative energy modeling,literature reviews,data analysis and statistics,case studies,and experiments.We envision that this code of conduct would assist in standardizing the design and assessment of studies focusing on blockchain-based systems’energy and environmental footprint.展开更多
WANG Pinsu, 75, is a professor at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music. Her parents named her Jingri which means "unstable day" because she was born during a time of tangled warfare among warlords. But a neigh...WANG Pinsu, 75, is a professor at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music. Her parents named her Jingri which means "unstable day" because she was born during a time of tangled warfare among warlords. But a neighbor who was a middle school teacher felt that Wang looked very simple and mature among the children, so he gave Wang another name "Pinsu," because of her appearance and demeanor. Professor Wang makes rigorous demands on herself in the cause of music. She is also very rigorous with展开更多
文摘This paper deals with a first-principle mathematical model that describes the electrostatic coalescer unitsdevoted to the separation of water from oil in water-in-oil emulsions, which are typical of the upstreamoperations in oil fields. The main phenomena governing the behavior of the electrostatic coalescer are denscribed, starting from fundamental laws. In addition, the gradual coalescence of the emulsion droplets isconsidered in the mathematical modeling in a dynamic fashion, as the phenomenon is identified as a keystep in the overall yield of the unit operation. The resulting differential system with boundary conditionsis then integrated via performing numerical libraries, and the simulation results confirm the available lit-erature and the industrial data. A sensitivity analysis is provided with respect to the main parameters. Themathematical model results in a flexible tool that is useful for the purposes of design, unit behavior predic-tion. performance rnoniroring, and ontimization.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Foundation of State Education Commission.
文摘A rigorous spectral representation of relativistic random-phase approximation is presented.Explicit expression is derived for the effective particle-hole interaction which contains the direct term Kan,the exchange term KaQ and the kernel for the fermion line renormalization K_(fr).It is shown that according to our method,not only K_(an) but also K_(sc) and K_(fr) can be given rigorously in a form which depends only on one ω(energy)-variable and they all take account of the retardation effect properly.
文摘This paper offers a study of J.L.Lagrange's research on history of mathematics,aiming to clarify Lagrange's intention in carrying out historical work.To this end,I first document how Lagrange worked with and exerted his influence on other scholars in the translation and diffusion of ancient Greek texts.Second,investigating Lagrange's style in doing and writing history of mathematics,this paper takes a new perspective and elucidates his motivation in these activities.In particular,it focuses on Lagrange's presentation of the history of calculus while he was teaching analysis at the Ecole Polytechnique(1795-1799)so as to clarify the function of history in Lagrange's mathematical works.My thesis is that Lagrange's intention in examining the different methods employed by his predecessors was to find inspiration and useful contents in his search for the proper approach to mathematical problems.I thus argue in this paper that history served as a guide or methodology for Lagrange's mathematics.Meanwhile,through an analysis of his historical writing,this paper points to four epistemological values according to which Lagrange judged various historical methods of differential calculus:generality,simplicity,clarity,and rigor.Lagrange's move to rigorize analysis was connected to his interest in and research of Greek texts;he was attempting to introduce the rigor of the ancient Greeks'demonstration in his works of analysis.
文摘In order to make more available methods for natural jadeite quality evaluation,this study applied rigorous coupled wave theory to calculate and simulate the reflection characteristics of various natural jadeites,and establish evaluation standard based on the relationship between refractive index and reflectivity and responses of reflection efficiency to refractive index,grating thickness and incident angles,etc.The results suggest that reflection efficiency varies significantly as a function of the natural jadeite quality,which can provide a new method to evaluate natural jadeite.
文摘Rigorous Coupled-Wave Approach (RCWA) has been used successfully and accurately to study simple grating structures, such as one-layer gratings, one-whole gratings. In this paper, RCWA is expanded to solve Sandwich gratings (SG), which is composed of two identical planar dielectric gratings adjoined by thin metallic or dielectric film. The electromagnetic analytic expressions for each layer of SG structure are given and rigorous coupled-wave equations are deduced. The numerical investigations for the diffraction spectra of SG by our theoretical and computer programs are in good agreement with the results of classical RCWA in the condition when a Sandwish grating is simplified to a classical one-layer grating. The calculations by our programs of another condition when a Sandwish grating is degenerated to a classical single planar structure also conform to the results of classical electromagnetic theory. The research results above indicate that the extended theoretical formula has backwards compatibility and is self-consistent with the classical theory.
文摘Continuous time random walk on fractals is studied.Asymptotic forms of<r^(2)(t)>,S(t)and P(t)are obtained rigorously by the generalized Blackwell theorem,where<r^(2)(t)>is the mean-square displacement,S(t)the number of distinct sites visited in time t,and P(t)the probability of return at time t.The spatial disorder turns out to be predominant for long time.
基金partially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41974040)。
文摘Global mean sea level budget is rigorously adjusted during the period 2005-2015.The emphasis is to provide the best estimates for the linear rates of changes(trends)of the global mean sea level budget components during this period subject to the constraint:Earth’s hydrosphere conserves water.The newly simultaneously adjusted trends of the budget components suggest a larger correction for the global mean sea level trend implicated by the other budget components’trends under the budget constraint.The simultaneous estimation of the linear trends of the budget components subject to the constraint for closure improves their uncertainties and enables a holistic assessment of the global mean sea budget,which has implications for future sea level science studies,including the future Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)Assessment Reports,and the US Climate Assessment Reports.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11771265).
文摘In this article,some new rigorous perturbation bounds for the SR decomposition un-der normwise or componentwise perturbations for a given matrix are derived.Also,the explicit expressions for the mixed and componentwise condition numbers are presented by utilizing the block matrix-vector equation approach.Hypothetical and trial results demonstrate that these new bounds are constantly more tightly than the comparing ones in the literature.
文摘In this article I conduct a short review of the proofs of the area inside a circle. These include intuitive as well as rigorous analytic proofs. This discussion is important not just from mathematical view point but also because pedagogically the calculus books still use circular reasoning today to prove the area inside a circle (also that of an ellipse) on this important historical topic, first illustrated by Archimedes. I offer an innovative approach through the introduction of a theorem, which will lead to proving the area inside a circle avoiding circular argumentation.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2013AA030501)
文摘We report rigorous coupled-wave analysis(RCWA) method to non-destructively characterize the domain structure of periodically poled lithium niobate(PPLN) crystal. The strong light diffraction effect is achieved by applying a proper external voltage. We can observe reversed domain pattern and employ the detected diffraction intensity to optimally fit the result of RCWA based on least square method. Compared with conventional scalar diffraction theory, more accurate domain structure parameters with accuracies of 0.05 μm and 0.005 for the period and duty cycle are obtained respectively. It is proved that accurate, real-time and nondestructive characterization can be realized via this method.
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund of China(NSSFC):NSSFC Major Project“Exploration and Practice in the Development of Chinese Economics Since the Modern Era”(Grant No.17ZDA034)NSSFC Key Project“The Status and Value of Traditional Chinese Economic Thought”(Grant No.17AJL006)NSSFC General Project“The Transformation and Evolution of Chinese Economic Thought During the Republican Era”(Grant No.22BJL130).
文摘Does traditional Chinese economic thought possess genuine analytical rigor?This question lies at the heart of any serious evaluation of its theoretical value and historical significance.It also matters for understanding how best to preserve,build on its remarkable achievements,and develop its intellectual legacy.Critics such as Schumpeter and Taylor have long argued that the economic reasoning found in ancient China cannot compare with that of classical Greece or medieval Europe.Yet this view often reflects the narrow assumptions of mainstream economics,defining analysis almost entirely in terms of market exchange.As a result,it tends to overlook traditions built around statecraft,governance,and the management of economic order.A careful re-examination and Sino-Western comparative analysis of key thinkers-including Mencius,Guanzi,and Sima Qian-tells a different story.Rooted in China’s distinctive cultural and philosophical heritage,traditional Chinese economic thought not only contains the analytical dimensions(as defined by Schumpeter)but also displays a broader and more diverse set of economic reasoning.Notably,its systematic depth and intellectual precision were,in many respects,remarkably advanced.Therefore,advancing the construction of a Chinese school of economics in the new era under the framework of the“Second Integration”,i.e.,integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s fine traditional culture,should,and indeed can draw essential insights from this analytical tradition.
文摘We develop a new computational method for modeling and inverting frequency domain airborne electromagnetic(EM)data.Our method is based on the contraction integral equation method for forward EM modeling and on inversion using the localized quasi-linear(LQL)approximation followed by the rigorous inversion,if necessary.The LQL inversion serves to provide a fast image of the target.These results are checked by a rigorous update of the domain electric field,allowing a more accurate calculation of the predicted data.If the accuracy is poorer than desired,rigorous inversion follows,using the resulting conductivity distribution and electric field from LQL as a starting model.The rigorous inversion iteratively solves the field and domain equations,converting the non-linear inversion into a series of linear inversions.We test this method on synthetic and field data.The results of the inversion are very encouraging with respect to both the speed and the accuracy of the algorithm,showing this is a useful tool for airborne EM interpretation.
基金Acknowledgments This research is sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 71172078, 70732005）. The opinions expressed here are the views of the authors, and do not necessarily represent those of the funding agencies.
文摘This study examines the contributions of Chinese entrepreneurship research to academic knowledge and its practical implications. Specifically, we investigate how Chinese entrepreneurship research meets the standards of rigor and relevance based on a review of 64 papers published in five major scholarly journals in the Chinese mainland. Results show that Chinese entrepreneurship research has paid comparatively little attention to the ＂rigor＂ dimension, while focusing more heavily on practical relevance than on academic relevance on the ＂relevance＂ dimension. Future directions for China＇s entrepreneurship research are also discussed.
基金Project supported by the Science Fund of Academia Sinica
文摘The study of the bifurcation phenomena of the nonlinear system is getting ripe. Some lower high-order sequences, such as the trifurcation sequence, are being paid much attention. The trifurcation phenomena-have been observed in the nonlinear electric circuit, the Brussels’ oscillator and other experiments of the like. In the parameter space, the
基金This work was funded by the NIH National Institute for Minority Health and Health Disparities(grant number R01MD014120 awarded to JH)(grant number K23MD015267 awarded to EB)DMC was in part supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
文摘Introduction Country of birth/nativity information may be crucial to understanding health equity in Latino populations and is routinely called for in health services literature assessing cardiovascular disease and risk,but is not thought to co-occur with longitudinal,objective health information such as that found in electronic health records(EHRs).Methods We used a multistate network of community health centres to describe the extent to which country of birth is recorded in EHRs in Latinos,and to describe demographic features and cardiovascular risk profiles by country of birth.We compared geographical/demographic/clinical characteristics,from 2012 to 2020(9 years of data),of 914495 Latinos recorded as US-born,non-US-born and without a country of birth recorded.We also described the state in which these data were collected.Results Country of birth was collected for 127138 Latinos in 782 clinics in 22 states.Compared with those with a country of birth recorded,Latinos without this record were more often uninsured and less often preferred Spanish.While covariate adjusted prevalence of heart disease and risk factors were similar between the three groups,when results were disaggregated to five specific Latin countries(Mexico,Guatemala,Dominican Republic,Cuba,El Salvador),significant variation was observed,especially in diabetes,hypertension and hyperlipidaemia.Conclusions In a multistate network,thousands of non-US-born,US-born and patients without a country of birth recorded had differing demographic characteristics,but clinical variation was not observed until data was disaggregated into specific country of origin.State policies that enhance the safety of immigrant populations may enhance the collection of health equity related data.Rigorous and effective health equity research using Latino country of birth information paired with longitudinal healthcare information found in EHRs might have significant potential for aiding clinical and public health practice,but it depends on increased,widespread and accurate availability of this information,co-occurring with other robust demographic and clinical data nativity.
文摘There is a growing interest in understanding the energy and environmental footprint of digital currencies,specifically in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum.These cryptocurrencies are operated by a geographically distributed network of computing nodes,making it hard to estimate their energy consumption accurately.Existing studies,both in academia and industry,attempt to model cryptocurrency energy consumption often based on a number of assumptions,for instance,about the hardware in use or the geographic distribution of the computing nodes.A number of these studies have already been widely criticized for their design choices and subsequent over-or under-estimation of energy use.In this study,we evaluate the reliability of prior models and estimates by leveraging existing scientific literature from fields cognizant of blockchain,such as social energy sciences and information systems.We first design a quality assessment framework based on existing research,and we then conduct a systematic literature review examining scientific and non-academic literature demonstrating common issues and potential avenues of addressing these issues.Our goal with this article is to advance the field by promoting scientific rigor in studies focusing on blockchain energy footprint.To that end,we provide a novel set of codes of conduct for the five most widely used research methodologies:Quantitative energy modeling,literature reviews,data analysis and statistics,case studies,and experiments.We envision that this code of conduct would assist in standardizing the design and assessment of studies focusing on blockchain-based systems’energy and environmental footprint.
文摘WANG Pinsu, 75, is a professor at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music. Her parents named her Jingri which means "unstable day" because she was born during a time of tangled warfare among warlords. But a neighbor who was a middle school teacher felt that Wang looked very simple and mature among the children, so he gave Wang another name "Pinsu," because of her appearance and demeanor. Professor Wang makes rigorous demands on herself in the cause of music. She is also very rigorous with
