PtRuIn/C electrocatalysts( 20% metal loading by weight) were prepared by sodium borohydride reduction process using H_2PtCl6·6H_2O,RuCl_3·xH_2O and InCl_3·xH_2O as metal sources,borohydride as reducing ...PtRuIn/C electrocatalysts( 20% metal loading by weight) were prepared by sodium borohydride reduction process using H_2PtCl6·6H_2O,RuCl_3·xH_2O and InCl_3·xH_2O as metal sources,borohydride as reducing agent and Carbon Vulcan XC72 as support. The synthetized PtRuIn/C electrocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction( XRD),energy dispersive analysis( EDX),transmission electron microscopy( TEM),cyclic voltammetry( CV),chronoamperommetry( CA) and polarization curves in alkaline and acidic electrolytes( single cell experiments). The XRD patterns showPtpeaks are attributed to the face-centered cubic( fcc) structure,and a shift of Pt( fcc) peaks indicates that Ru or In is incorporated into Ptlattice. TEMmicrographs showmetal nanoparticles with an average nanoparticle size between 2.7 and 3.5 nm. Methanol oxidation in acidic and alkaline electrolytes was investigated at room temperature,by CV and CA. PtRu/C( 50 ∶ 50) shows the highest activity among all electrocatalysts in study considering methanol oxidation for acidic and alkaline electrolyte. Polarization curves at 80 ℃ showPtRuIn/C( 50 ∶ 25 ∶ 25)with superior performance for methanol oxidation,when compared to Pt/C,PtIn/C and PtRu/C for both electrolytes. The best performance obtained by PtRuIn/C( 50 ∶ 25 ∶ 25) in real conditions could be associated with the increased kinetics reaction and/or with the occurrence simultaneously of the bifunctional mechanism and electronic effect resulting from the presence of Ptalloy.展开更多
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)constitute a promising avenue for environmentally friendly power generation.However,the reliance on unsustainable platinum-based electrocatalysts used at the electrodes poses...Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)constitute a promising avenue for environmentally friendly power generation.However,the reliance on unsustainable platinum-based electrocatalysts used at the electrodes poses challenges to the commercial viability of PEMFCs.Non-platinum group metal(non-PGM)alternatives,like nitrogen-coordinated transition metals in atomic dispersion(M–N–C catalysts),show significant potential.This work presents a comparative study of two distinct sets of Fe–N–C materials,prepared by pyrolyzing hybrid composites of polyaniline(PANI)and iron(Ⅱ)chloride on a hard template.One set uses bipyridine(BPy)as an additional nitrogen source and iron ligand,offering an innovative approach.The findings reveal that the choice of pyrolysis temperature and atmosphere influences the catalyst properties.The use of ammonia in pyrolysis emerges as a crucial parameter for promoting atomic dispersion of iron,as well as increasing surface area and porosity.The optimal catalyst,prepared using BPy and ammonia,exhibits a half-wave potential of 0.834 V in 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4)(catalyst loading of 0.6 mg cm^(-2)),a mass activity exceeding 3 A g^(-1)and high stability in acidic electrolyte,positioning it as a promising non-PGM structure in the field.展开更多
Highly active and low-cost catalytic electrodes for urea oxidation reaction(UOR)are always crucial for exploration of urea fuel cells.Herein,novel york-shell-structural Ni_(2)P/C na nosphere hybrids(Ni_(2)P/C-YS)are r...Highly active and low-cost catalytic electrodes for urea oxidation reaction(UOR)are always crucial for exploration of urea fuel cells.Herein,novel york-shell-structural Ni_(2)P/C na nosphere hybrids(Ni_(2)P/C-YS)are rationally constructed via a hydrothermal method and subsequent phosphidation treatment under different temperature ranging from 250℃to 450℃for UOR applications.In the in-situ constructed hollow york-shell structure,the coupling of conductive carbon materials and active Ni_(2)P allows numerous interfaces facilitating the electron transfer and thereby accelerating the catalytic kinetics.The results demonstrate that Ni_(2)P/C-YS-350 nanocomposite can boost the UOR process with a low potential of 1.366 V vs.RHE at a current density of 50 mA/cm^(2) in alkaline electrolyte and afford the superior durability with negligible potential decay after 23 h.This study presents that the carbon coated Ni_(2)P hybrid with the optimized crystallinities and hollow york-shell configurations can be a promising candidate for application in urea fuel cells.展开更多
Carbon supported Pt（Pt/C） electrocatalysts were prepared with glucose as protection agent and NaBH 4 as reductant.The Pt nanoparticles deposited on carbon support presented reduced size and well dispersity attribute...Carbon supported Pt（Pt/C） electrocatalysts were prepared with glucose as protection agent and NaBH 4 as reductant.The Pt nanoparticles deposited on carbon support presented reduced size and well dispersity attributed to the protection effect of glucose.Glucose absorbed on the particle surface was readily removed by water washing without leading to agglomeration of the Pt nanoparticles.The as-prepared Pt/C electrocatalysts showed improved mass activity for methanol electrooxidation compared to the catalyst prepared without glucose protection.The improved performance is attributed to the larger electrochemical active surface area thus increased active sites on the Pt/C elctrocatalysts prepared under the protection of glucose.展开更多
Efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for ORR and OER are fundamental to the development of high performance metal-air batteries.Herein,a facile cost-efficient two-step pyrolysis strategy for the fabrication ...Efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for ORR and OER are fundamental to the development of high performance metal-air batteries.Herein,a facile cost-efficient two-step pyrolysis strategy for the fabrication of a bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst has been proposed.The efficient non-preciousmetal-based electrocatalyst,Fe/Fe_(3)C@Fe-N_(x)-C consists of highly curved onion-like carbon shells that encapsulate Fe/Fe_(3)C nanoparticles,distributed on an extensively porous graphitic carbon aerogel.The obtained Fe/Fe_(3)C@Fe-N_(x)-C aerogel exhibited superb electrochemical activity,excellent durability,and high methanol tolerance.The experimental results indicated that the assembly of onion-like carbon shells with encapsulated Fe/Fe_(3)C yielded highly curved carbon surfaces with abundant Fe-Nxactive sites,a porous structure,and enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards ORR and OER,hence displaying promising potential for application as an air cathode in rechargeable Zn-air batteries.The constructed Zn-air battery possessed an exceptional peak power density of~147 mW cm^(-2),outstanding cycling stability(200 cycles,1 h per cycle),and a small voltage gap of 0.87 V.This study offers valuable insights regarding the construction of low-cost and highly active bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for efficient air batteries.展开更多
Transition metal and nitrogen co-doped carbons(M-N-C)have proven to be promising catalysts for CO_(2)electroreduction into co because of the high activity and selectivity.Effective enrichment of the active transition ...Transition metal and nitrogen co-doped carbons(M-N-C)have proven to be promising catalysts for CO_(2)electroreduction into co because of the high activity and selectivity.Effective enrichment of the active transition metal coordinated nitrogen sites is desirable but is challenging for a practical volumetric productivity.Herein,we report four kinds of model electrocatalysts to unveil this issue,which include the NC structures with surface N-functionalities,Ni-N-CI with one layer of surface Ni-NsC sites,NC@Ni-N-CI with surface N-functionalities and underneath Ni-N3C sites as well as Ni-N-C_II with doubled surface Ni-NsC sites.The X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicates the coordination configuration of Ni-NsC.For NC catalysts,when N-doping level increased from 3.5 at%to 8.4 at%,the CO partial current density increased from below 0.1 mA/cm^(2)to 3 mA/cm^(2).Introducing one layer of Ni-N_(3)C onto the NC structures leads to a 54 times higher CO partial current density than that of NC,in the meantime the FE_(CO) is 66 times higher.Furthermore,doubling the density of surface Ni-N_(3)C sites by a layer-by-layer method doubles the CO partial current density Gco,indicating its potential to achieve a high density of active coordinated sites and current densities.展开更多
The main objective of this paper was to characterize the voltammetric profiles of the Pt/C,Pt/C-ATO,Pd/C and Pd/CATO electrocatalysts and study their catalytic activities for methane oxidation in an acidic electrolyte...The main objective of this paper was to characterize the voltammetric profiles of the Pt/C,Pt/C-ATO,Pd/C and Pd/CATO electrocatalysts and study their catalytic activities for methane oxidation in an acidic electrolyte at 25 ℃ and in a direct methane proton exchange membrane fuel cell at 80 ℃. The electrocatalysts prepared also were characterized by X-ray diffraction( XRD) and transmission electron microscopy( TEM). The diffractograms of the Pt/C and Pt/C-ATO electrocatalysts show four peaks associated with Pt face-centered cubic( fcc) structure,and the diffractograms of Pd/C and Pd/C-ATO show four peaks associated with Pd face-centered cubic( fcc) structure. For Pt/C-ATO and Pd/C-ATO,characteristic peaks of cassiterite( SnO_2) phase are observed,which are associated with Sb-doped SnO_2( ATO) used as supports for electrocatalysts. Cyclic voltammograms( CV) of all electrocatalysts after adsorption of methane show that there is a current increase during the anodic scan. However,this effect is more pronounced for Pt/C-ATO and Pd/C-ATO. This process is related to the oxidation of the adsorbed species through the bifunctional mechanism,where ATO provides oxygenated species for the oxidation of CO or HCO intermediates adsorbed in Pt or Pd sites. From in situ ATR-FTIR( Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared) experiments for all electrocatalysts prepared the formation of HCO or CO intermediates are observed,which indicates the production of carbon dioxide. Polarization curves at 80 ℃in a direct methane fuel cell( DMEFC) show that Pd/C and Pt/C electroacatalysts have superior performance to Pd/C-ATO and Pt/C-ATO in methane oxidation.展开更多
Though water electrolysis is effective in generating high-quality hydrogen gas,it requires effective electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).CoS_2 have been considered as a promising HER electrocatalyst ...Though water electrolysis is effective in generating high-quality hydrogen gas,it requires effective electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).CoS_2 have been considered as a promising HER electrocatalyst because of its high ctalytic activity.However,the key limitation for CoS_2 nanomaterial as HER electrocatalyst is its poor stability,which may be due to the structural breakdown of CoS_2 nanostructure or the evolution of S during H_2 evolution in acid media.Coating porous carbon thin layer for protection from structural breakdown and evolution of S is a good way to improve catalytic stability.In addition,coating carbon layer can change electronic structure of CoS_2 for the moderated hydrogen adsorption energy,leading to enhanced catalytic activity.Here,CoS_2 yolk-shell spheres coated with carbon thin layers exhibit superior catalytic performance for HER with low overpotential,small Tafel slope,and excellent stability.展开更多
PtNi/C nanoparticles with different atomic ratios of Pt/Ni were produced in pulse microwave assisted polyol process. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) images show uniform morphology. X-ray diffraction(XRD) pattern...PtNi/C nanoparticles with different atomic ratios of Pt/Ni were produced in pulse microwave assisted polyol process. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) images show uniform morphology. X-ray diffraction(XRD) pattern plus energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) spectroscopy suggests pure composition. Cyclic voltammogram study reveals that PtNi/C nanoparticles synthesized in pulse microwave assisted polyol process have better catalytic activity for the oxidation of methanol to carbon dioxide than those synthesized in continuous process.展开更多
The electrocatalysts of Pt/C, PtRu/C and Ru/C were prepared by the impregnation method. The facet characterization, the dispersion and the particle size for the catalysts were determined by means of X ray diffractio...The electrocatalysts of Pt/C, PtRu/C and Ru/C were prepared by the impregnation method. The facet characterization, the dispersion and the particle size for the catalysts were determined by means of X ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. X ray photoelectron spectroscopy was also used to analyze the state and the valency of the noble metals. The results show that the particle size was in nanometer range and the binary metals have come into being an alloy. The platinum in the catalysts existed in zero valency. The valency of the ruthenium on the surface is different from that in the body, while the ruthenium on the surface existed in oxide form. PtRu/C and Pt/C are of good activity to the electrooxidation of hydrogen except Ru/C. PtRu/C is more tolerant of CO than Pt/C, and CO is only adsorbed on Pt.展开更多
文摘PtRuIn/C electrocatalysts( 20% metal loading by weight) were prepared by sodium borohydride reduction process using H_2PtCl6·6H_2O,RuCl_3·xH_2O and InCl_3·xH_2O as metal sources,borohydride as reducing agent and Carbon Vulcan XC72 as support. The synthetized PtRuIn/C electrocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction( XRD),energy dispersive analysis( EDX),transmission electron microscopy( TEM),cyclic voltammetry( CV),chronoamperommetry( CA) and polarization curves in alkaline and acidic electrolytes( single cell experiments). The XRD patterns showPtpeaks are attributed to the face-centered cubic( fcc) structure,and a shift of Pt( fcc) peaks indicates that Ru or In is incorporated into Ptlattice. TEMmicrographs showmetal nanoparticles with an average nanoparticle size between 2.7 and 3.5 nm. Methanol oxidation in acidic and alkaline electrolytes was investigated at room temperature,by CV and CA. PtRu/C( 50 ∶ 50) shows the highest activity among all electrocatalysts in study considering methanol oxidation for acidic and alkaline electrolyte. Polarization curves at 80 ℃ showPtRuIn/C( 50 ∶ 25 ∶ 25)with superior performance for methanol oxidation,when compared to Pt/C,PtIn/C and PtRu/C for both electrolytes. The best performance obtained by PtRuIn/C( 50 ∶ 25 ∶ 25) in real conditions could be associated with the increased kinetics reaction and/or with the occurrence simultaneously of the bifunctional mechanism and electronic effect resulting from the presence of Ptalloy.
基金funding from the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation(HFRI)under grant agreement No 3655.
文摘Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)constitute a promising avenue for environmentally friendly power generation.However,the reliance on unsustainable platinum-based electrocatalysts used at the electrodes poses challenges to the commercial viability of PEMFCs.Non-platinum group metal(non-PGM)alternatives,like nitrogen-coordinated transition metals in atomic dispersion(M–N–C catalysts),show significant potential.This work presents a comparative study of two distinct sets of Fe–N–C materials,prepared by pyrolyzing hybrid composites of polyaniline(PANI)and iron(Ⅱ)chloride on a hard template.One set uses bipyridine(BPy)as an additional nitrogen source and iron ligand,offering an innovative approach.The findings reveal that the choice of pyrolysis temperature and atmosphere influences the catalyst properties.The use of ammonia in pyrolysis emerges as a crucial parameter for promoting atomic dispersion of iron,as well as increasing surface area and porosity.The optimal catalyst,prepared using BPy and ammonia,exhibits a half-wave potential of 0.834 V in 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4)(catalyst loading of 0.6 mg cm^(-2)),a mass activity exceeding 3 A g^(-1)and high stability in acidic electrolyte,positioning it as a promising non-PGM structure in the field.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFE0120500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51804223 and 51972129)+4 种基金CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface(No.19ZY01)the South Xinjiang Innovation and Development Program of Key Industries of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(No.2020DB002)the Scientific Research Foundation of Wuhan Institute of Technology(No.K201761)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.HUST 2018KFYYXJJ051,2019KFYXMBZ076)the Hubei"Chu-Tian Young Scholar"Program。
文摘Highly active and low-cost catalytic electrodes for urea oxidation reaction(UOR)are always crucial for exploration of urea fuel cells.Herein,novel york-shell-structural Ni_(2)P/C na nosphere hybrids(Ni_(2)P/C-YS)are rationally constructed via a hydrothermal method and subsequent phosphidation treatment under different temperature ranging from 250℃to 450℃for UOR applications.In the in-situ constructed hollow york-shell structure,the coupling of conductive carbon materials and active Ni_(2)P allows numerous interfaces facilitating the electron transfer and thereby accelerating the catalytic kinetics.The results demonstrate that Ni_(2)P/C-YS-350 nanocomposite can boost the UOR process with a low potential of 1.366 V vs.RHE at a current density of 50 mA/cm^(2) in alkaline electrolyte and afford the superior durability with negligible potential decay after 23 h.This study presents that the carbon coated Ni_(2)P hybrid with the optimized crystallinities and hollow york-shell configurations can be a promising candidate for application in urea fuel cells.
基金Supported by the National Innovative Research Program for Undergraduates,China(No.2010A33039)the Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province,China(No.20100420)
文摘Carbon supported Pt（Pt/C） electrocatalysts were prepared with glucose as protection agent and NaBH 4 as reductant.The Pt nanoparticles deposited on carbon support presented reduced size and well dispersity attributed to the protection effect of glucose.Glucose absorbed on the particle surface was readily removed by water washing without leading to agglomeration of the Pt nanoparticles.The as-prepared Pt/C electrocatalysts showed improved mass activity for methanol electrooxidation compared to the catalyst prepared without glucose protection.The improved performance is attributed to the larger electrochemical active surface area thus increased active sites on the Pt/C elctrocatalysts prepared under the protection of glucose.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(Grant No.51702180,51572136,91963113,21703116,51372127,51873096)The Scientific and Technical Development Project of Qingdao,China(Grant No.18-2-2-52-jch)+1 种基金The Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and TechnologyThe Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(B2019204009)。
文摘Efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for ORR and OER are fundamental to the development of high performance metal-air batteries.Herein,a facile cost-efficient two-step pyrolysis strategy for the fabrication of a bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst has been proposed.The efficient non-preciousmetal-based electrocatalyst,Fe/Fe_(3)C@Fe-N_(x)-C consists of highly curved onion-like carbon shells that encapsulate Fe/Fe_(3)C nanoparticles,distributed on an extensively porous graphitic carbon aerogel.The obtained Fe/Fe_(3)C@Fe-N_(x)-C aerogel exhibited superb electrochemical activity,excellent durability,and high methanol tolerance.The experimental results indicated that the assembly of onion-like carbon shells with encapsulated Fe/Fe_(3)C yielded highly curved carbon surfaces with abundant Fe-Nxactive sites,a porous structure,and enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards ORR and OER,hence displaying promising potential for application as an air cathode in rechargeable Zn-air batteries.The constructed Zn-air battery possessed an exceptional peak power density of~147 mW cm^(-2),outstanding cycling stability(200 cycles,1 h per cycle),and a small voltage gap of 0.87 V.This study offers valuable insights regarding the construction of low-cost and highly active bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for efficient air batteries.
基金financed by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22275027,21975037)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.DUT22LAB607,DUT22QN206).
文摘Transition metal and nitrogen co-doped carbons(M-N-C)have proven to be promising catalysts for CO_(2)electroreduction into co because of the high activity and selectivity.Effective enrichment of the active transition metal coordinated nitrogen sites is desirable but is challenging for a practical volumetric productivity.Herein,we report four kinds of model electrocatalysts to unveil this issue,which include the NC structures with surface N-functionalities,Ni-N-CI with one layer of surface Ni-NsC sites,NC@Ni-N-CI with surface N-functionalities and underneath Ni-N3C sites as well as Ni-N-C_II with doubled surface Ni-NsC sites.The X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicates the coordination configuration of Ni-NsC.For NC catalysts,when N-doping level increased from 3.5 at%to 8.4 at%,the CO partial current density increased from below 0.1 mA/cm^(2)to 3 mA/cm^(2).Introducing one layer of Ni-N_(3)C onto the NC structures leads to a 54 times higher CO partial current density than that of NC,in the meantime the FE_(CO) is 66 times higher.Furthermore,doubling the density of surface Ni-N_(3)C sites by a layer-by-layer method doubles the CO partial current density Gco,indicating its potential to achieve a high density of active coordinated sites and current densities.
基金The project was supported by the FAPESP(2014/09087-4,2014/50279-4).
文摘The main objective of this paper was to characterize the voltammetric profiles of the Pt/C,Pt/C-ATO,Pd/C and Pd/CATO electrocatalysts and study their catalytic activities for methane oxidation in an acidic electrolyte at 25 ℃ and in a direct methane proton exchange membrane fuel cell at 80 ℃. The electrocatalysts prepared also were characterized by X-ray diffraction( XRD) and transmission electron microscopy( TEM). The diffractograms of the Pt/C and Pt/C-ATO electrocatalysts show four peaks associated with Pt face-centered cubic( fcc) structure,and the diffractograms of Pd/C and Pd/C-ATO show four peaks associated with Pd face-centered cubic( fcc) structure. For Pt/C-ATO and Pd/C-ATO,characteristic peaks of cassiterite( SnO_2) phase are observed,which are associated with Sb-doped SnO_2( ATO) used as supports for electrocatalysts. Cyclic voltammograms( CV) of all electrocatalysts after adsorption of methane show that there is a current increase during the anodic scan. However,this effect is more pronounced for Pt/C-ATO and Pd/C-ATO. This process is related to the oxidation of the adsorbed species through the bifunctional mechanism,where ATO provides oxygenated species for the oxidation of CO or HCO intermediates adsorbed in Pt or Pd sites. From in situ ATR-FTIR( Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared) experiments for all electrocatalysts prepared the formation of HCO or CO intermediates are observed,which indicates the production of carbon dioxide. Polarization curves at 80 ℃in a direct methane fuel cell( DMEFC) show that Pd/C and Pt/C electroacatalysts have superior performance to Pd/C-ATO and Pt/C-ATO in methane oxidation.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Nos.2015CB932304,2016YFA0202603)the Natural Science Foundation of China (No.91645104)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Nos.S2013020012833,2016A010104004)the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities(No.16lgjc67)
文摘Though water electrolysis is effective in generating high-quality hydrogen gas,it requires effective electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).CoS_2 have been considered as a promising HER electrocatalyst because of its high ctalytic activity.However,the key limitation for CoS_2 nanomaterial as HER electrocatalyst is its poor stability,which may be due to the structural breakdown of CoS_2 nanostructure or the evolution of S during H_2 evolution in acid media.Coating porous carbon thin layer for protection from structural breakdown and evolution of S is a good way to improve catalytic stability.In addition,coating carbon layer can change electronic structure of CoS_2 for the moderated hydrogen adsorption energy,leading to enhanced catalytic activity.Here,CoS_2 yolk-shell spheres coated with carbon thin layers exhibit superior catalytic performance for HER with low overpotential,small Tafel slope,and excellent stability.
文摘PtNi/C nanoparticles with different atomic ratios of Pt/Ni were produced in pulse microwave assisted polyol process. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) images show uniform morphology. X-ray diffraction(XRD) pattern plus energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) spectroscopy suggests pure composition. Cyclic voltammogram study reveals that PtNi/C nanoparticles synthesized in pulse microwave assisted polyol process have better catalytic activity for the oxidation of methanol to carbon dioxide than those synthesized in continuous process.
基金Supported by the National 973project(No.G2 0 0 0 0 2 6 4 10 ) and Inovation Funds of Dalian Insitute of Chem icalPhysics
文摘The electrocatalysts of Pt/C, PtRu/C and Ru/C were prepared by the impregnation method. The facet characterization, the dispersion and the particle size for the catalysts were determined by means of X ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. X ray photoelectron spectroscopy was also used to analyze the state and the valency of the noble metals. The results show that the particle size was in nanometer range and the binary metals have come into being an alloy. The platinum in the catalysts existed in zero valency. The valency of the ruthenium on the surface is different from that in the body, while the ruthenium on the surface existed in oxide form. PtRu/C and Pt/C are of good activity to the electrooxidation of hydrogen except Ru/C. PtRu/C is more tolerant of CO than Pt/C, and CO is only adsorbed on Pt.
