This study applied multilevel modeling to investigate the impact of observed predictors and different levels or groups that households belong, on parents’ choice of discipline methods using data from 8156 households ...This study applied multilevel modeling to investigate the impact of observed predictors and different levels or groups that households belong, on parents’ choice of discipline methods using data from 8156 households derived from a nationwide survey by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) in 2011. The aim of the study is to provide in-depth information on why parents choose particular discipline methods as corrective measures to reduce unwanted child behaviour in the present and to increase desirable ones in the future. The results of the study show that, religion and age-group of household heads have significant effect on household’s likelihood to choose physical discipline methods whereas the wealth index of a household and ethnicity of the household head, have significant effect on households’ likelihood to choose non-physical and psychological aggression methods. The results further show significant contextual effect on the differences in choices of parents at the household and regional levels. The choice of physical discipline methods by parents was consistent across households and regional levels unlike non-physical and psychological aggression methods whose application varied across the regions. Households in the Northern, Eastern and Volta regions mostly chose to apply physical discipline methods whereas in the Upper West, Western and Northern regions the most chosen discipline methods were non-physical discipline methods. Psychological aggression discipline methods were predominantly applied in the Upper East, Central and Northern regions of the country.展开更多
Aggressive tumors pose ultra-challenges to drug resistance.Anti-cancer treatments are often unsuccessful,and single-cell technologies to rein drug resistance mechanisms are still fruitless.The National Cancer Institut...Aggressive tumors pose ultra-challenges to drug resistance.Anti-cancer treatments are often unsuccessful,and single-cell technologies to rein drug resistance mechanisms are still fruitless.The National Cancer Institute defines aggressive cancers at the tissue level,describing them as those that spread rapidly,despite severe treatment.At the molecular,foundational level,the quantitative biophysics discipline defines aggressive cancers as harboring a large number of(overexpressed,or mutated)crucial signaling proteins in major proliferation pathways populating their active conformations,primed for their signal transduction roles.This comprehensive review explores highly aggressive cancers on the foundational and cell signaling levels,focusing on the differences between highly aggressive cancers and the more treatable ones.It showcases aggressive tumors as harboring massive,cancer-promoting,catalysis-primed oncogenic proteins,especially through certain overexpression scenarios,as predisposed aggressive tumor candidates.Our examples narrate strong activation of ERK1/2,and other oncogenic proteins,through malfunctioning chromatin and crosslinked signaling,and how they activate multiple proliferation pathways.They show the increased cancer heterogeneity,plasticity,and drug resistance.Our review formulates the principles underlying cancer aggressiveness on the molecular level,discusses scenarios,and describes drug regimen(single drugs and drug combinations)for PDAC,NSCLC,CRC,HCC,breast and prostate cancers,glioblastoma,neuroblastoma,and leukemia as examples.All show overexpression scenarios of master transcription factors,transcription factors with gene fusions,copy number alterations,dysregulation of the epigenetic codes and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in aggressive tumors,as well as high mutation loads of vital upstream signaling regulators,such as EGFR,c-MET,and K-Ras,befitting these principles.展开更多
文摘This study applied multilevel modeling to investigate the impact of observed predictors and different levels or groups that households belong, on parents’ choice of discipline methods using data from 8156 households derived from a nationwide survey by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) in 2011. The aim of the study is to provide in-depth information on why parents choose particular discipline methods as corrective measures to reduce unwanted child behaviour in the present and to increase desirable ones in the future. The results of the study show that, religion and age-group of household heads have significant effect on household’s likelihood to choose physical discipline methods whereas the wealth index of a household and ethnicity of the household head, have significant effect on households’ likelihood to choose non-physical and psychological aggression methods. The results further show significant contextual effect on the differences in choices of parents at the household and regional levels. The choice of physical discipline methods by parents was consistent across households and regional levels unlike non-physical and psychological aggression methods whose application varied across the regions. Households in the Northern, Eastern and Volta regions mostly chose to apply physical discipline methods whereas in the Upper West, Western and Northern regions the most chosen discipline methods were non-physical discipline methods. Psychological aggression discipline methods were predominantly applied in the Upper East, Central and Northern regions of the country.
基金funded in whole or in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute,National Institutes of Health,under contract HHSN261201500003I.
文摘Aggressive tumors pose ultra-challenges to drug resistance.Anti-cancer treatments are often unsuccessful,and single-cell technologies to rein drug resistance mechanisms are still fruitless.The National Cancer Institute defines aggressive cancers at the tissue level,describing them as those that spread rapidly,despite severe treatment.At the molecular,foundational level,the quantitative biophysics discipline defines aggressive cancers as harboring a large number of(overexpressed,or mutated)crucial signaling proteins in major proliferation pathways populating their active conformations,primed for their signal transduction roles.This comprehensive review explores highly aggressive cancers on the foundational and cell signaling levels,focusing on the differences between highly aggressive cancers and the more treatable ones.It showcases aggressive tumors as harboring massive,cancer-promoting,catalysis-primed oncogenic proteins,especially through certain overexpression scenarios,as predisposed aggressive tumor candidates.Our examples narrate strong activation of ERK1/2,and other oncogenic proteins,through malfunctioning chromatin and crosslinked signaling,and how they activate multiple proliferation pathways.They show the increased cancer heterogeneity,plasticity,and drug resistance.Our review formulates the principles underlying cancer aggressiveness on the molecular level,discusses scenarios,and describes drug regimen(single drugs and drug combinations)for PDAC,NSCLC,CRC,HCC,breast and prostate cancers,glioblastoma,neuroblastoma,and leukemia as examples.All show overexpression scenarios of master transcription factors,transcription factors with gene fusions,copy number alterations,dysregulation of the epigenetic codes and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in aggressive tumors,as well as high mutation loads of vital upstream signaling regulators,such as EGFR,c-MET,and K-Ras,befitting these principles.
