Changes in olfactory function are considered to be early biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease.Olfactory dysfunction is one of the earliest non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease,appearing in about 90%of patients wit...Changes in olfactory function are considered to be early biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease.Olfactory dysfunction is one of the earliest non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease,appearing in about 90%of patients with early-stage Parkinson’s disease,and can often predate the diagnosis by years.Therefore,olfactory dysfunction should be considered a reliable marker of the disease.However,the mechanisms responsible for olfactory dysfunction are currently unknown.In this article,we clearly explain the pathology and medical definition of olfactory function as a biomarker for early-stage Parkinson’s disease.On the basis of the findings of clinical olfactory function tests and animal model experiments as well as neurotransmitter expression levels,we further characterize the relationship between olfactory dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction in the pathology of early-stage Parkinson’s disease.The findings highlighted in this review suggest that olfactory dysfunction is an important biomarker for preclinical-stage Parkinson’s disease.Therefore,therapeutic drugs targeting non-motor symptoms such as olfactory dysfunction in the early stage of Parkinson’s disease may prevent or delay dopaminergic neurodegeneration and reduce motor symptoms,highlighting the potential of identifying effective targets for treating Parkinson’s disease by inhibiting the deterioration of olfactory dysfunction.展开更多
The natural aging process brings about some inevitable consequences, such as olfactory dysfunction, which is also frequently linked to numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Many age-related dementia, such as Alzheimer...The natural aging process brings about some inevitable consequences, such as olfactory dysfunction, which is also frequently linked to numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Many age-related dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease, Vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease, and Frontotemporal Dementia often display olfactory dysfunction. Despite the overwhelming evidence of above mentioned facts, the symptomatic relevance and potential clinical and pre-clinical value of olfactory dysfunction remains overlooked by many clinicians and public alike. Olfactory dysfunction has strong practical implications on daily activities and, although not as prominent as in other mammals, olfaction is still an evolutionarily relevant sense involved in human survival(e.g., smelling gas; bad food). In this work, we provide a brief review of current research related to the olfactory dysfunction profiles in different types of dementia. Additionally, we present a compilation of accessible, easy to use olfaction assessment tools; and highlight future directions in terms of improving clinical diagnosis in patient care and research.展开更多
Abstract Olfactory dysfunction has been reported in Parkinson＇s disease （PD） patients carrying the LRRK2 G2019S variant in Caucasians but rarely in those with the LRRK2 G2385R variant. In this study, we performed g...Abstract Olfactory dysfunction has been reported in Parkinson＇s disease （PD） patients carrying the LRRK2 G2019S variant in Caucasians but rarely in those with the LRRK2 G2385R variant. In this study, we performed genotyping for the LRRK2 G2385R variant in PD patients recruited from the Movement Disorder ClttliC of Xualwu Hospital in Beijing and in healthy controls randomly selected from the Beijing Longitudinal Study on Aging cohort. The ＂five-odor olfactory detection array＂, an olfactory threshold test, was used to assess olfactory function. One hundred and eighty-six participants were enrolled, comprising 43 PD patients without （iPD） and 25 with （LRRK2-PD） the LRRK2 G2385R variant, and 118 healthy controls. Our results showed that the threshold of olfactory identification was significantly worse in PD patients than in controls, but not significantly different between the iPD and LRRK2-PD groups. These findings suggested that although olfactory function in LRRK2-PD patients is impaired, it is similar to that in iPD patients.展开更多
Alzheimer's Disease(AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually takes many years from preclinical phase to prodromal phase characterized by mild symptoms before the onset of dementia. Once diagnosed wi...Alzheimer's Disease(AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually takes many years from preclinical phase to prodromal phase characterized by mild symptoms before the onset of dementia. Once diagnosed with AD, the brain is already severely damaged and the disease will process quickly to the most severe stages since there is no medications that reverse the neuronal injuries in the brain. Thus, simple, inexpensive, and widely available methods for detecting potential AD patients during their preclinical phases are urgently needed. In such case, olfactory testing may offer a chance for early diagnosis of AD. However, there are limitations in these olfactory tests due to the complexity of the brain areas it extends to and the frequently olfactory fatigue occurred in the behavioral olfactory tests. Great efforts have been done epidemiologically to investigate the correlation between olfactory functions and possibility of developing AD. Different patterns of olfactory dysfunction have been found in AD at early stages and even mild cognitive impairment(MIC), but the cause of the dysfunction remained unclear. Various kinds of AD animal models have been used in the field to clarify the existence of olfactory dysfunctions and thus study the underling mechanism of the dysfunction. In this review we discuss(1) the function of Tau physiologically and pathologically;(2) the genetic background and biological characteristics of the most commonly used Tau transgenic mice;(3) the structural and molecule basis of olfaction;(4) the possible relationship between Tau pathology and olfactory dysfunction. Finally, we suggest that the tau transgenic mouse models may be helpful in studying the possible mechanisms of the dysfunction.展开更多
Background:Olfactory dysfunction(OD)is a common symptom of Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19).It is defined as the reduced or distorted ability to smell during sniffing(orthonasal olfaction)and represents one of the ...Background:Olfactory dysfunction(OD)is a common symptom of Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19).It is defined as the reduced or distorted ability to smell during sniffing(orthonasal olfaction)and represents one of the early symptoms in the clinical course of COVID-19 infection.A large online questionnaire-based survey has shown that some post-COVID-19 patients had no improvement 1 month after discharge from the hospital.Objective:To explore the efficacy of acupuncture for OD in COVID-19 infected patients and to determine whether acupuncture could have benefits over sham acupuncture for OD in post-COVID-19 patients.Methods:This is a single-blind,randomized controlled,cross-over trial.We plan to recruit 40 post-COVID-19 patients with smell loss or smell distortions lasting for more than 1 month.Qualified patients will be randomly allocated to the intervention group(real acupuncture)or the control group(sham acupuncture)at a 1:1 ratio.Each patient will receive 8 sessions of treatment over 4 weeks(Cycle 1)and a 2-week follow-up.After the follow-up,the control group will be subjected to real acupuncture for another 4 weeks(Cycle 2),and the real acupuncture group will undergo the 4-week sham acupuncture.The primary outcomes will be the score changes on the questionnaire of olfactory functioning and olfaction-related quality of life at week 6,8,12,and 14 from the baseline.The secondary outcomes will be the changes in the olfactory test score at week 6 and 12 from the baseline measured by using the Traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test(UPSIT-TC).Discussion:The results of this trial will help to determine the effectiveness of acupuncture for OD in post-COVID-19 patients.This may provide a new treatment option for patients.展开更多
Olfactory dysfunction(OD)has been described in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides(AAV),but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood.The causes of altered smell fun...Olfactory dysfunction(OD)has been described in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides(AAV),but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood.The causes of altered smell function can generally be divided into conductive,sensorineural or others.To date no specific treatment is available for AAV-related OD and the efficacy of currently available options has not been explored.The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the causes that may lead to OD in patients with AAV.Current available treatments for OD and possible options in patients with AAV presenting with smell impairment are also mentioned.展开更多
BACKGROUND Congenital olfactory disorders(CODs)are rare but impactful conditions that impair the sense of smell from birth.These disorders can significantly affect a child’s appetite,nutrition,safety awareness,and ov...BACKGROUND Congenital olfactory disorders(CODs)are rare but impactful conditions that impair the sense of smell from birth.These disorders can significantly affect a child’s appetite,nutrition,safety awareness,and overall quality of life.Despite their clinical importance,treatment options for CODs remain limited and largely ineffective,with no established therapies capable of restoring olfactory function in pediatric patients.Recent advances in regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy offer promising avenues for addressing sensory deficits.Nasal epithelial stem cells have emerged as a viable candidate for therapeutic intervention due to their accessibility and intrinsic ability to differentiate into olfactory sensory neurons.Preliminary studies suggest their potential in promoting the re-generation of the olfactory epithelium and functional recovery.However,long-term data on the efficacy and safety of such approaches in children are lacking.AIM To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of autologous nasal epithelial stem cell transplantation for the treatment of CODs in children.METHODS This prospective,single-center study enrolled 50 children aged 3-15 years with CODs.All patients underwent autologous nasal epithelial stem cell transplantation and were followed up for 3 years.The primary outcome measure was change in olfactory function,assessed using the Sniffin’Sticks test and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test-Children’s Version.Secondary outcomes included quality of life(measured by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™and a custom olfaction-specific questionnaire),safety,endoscopic evaluation,and electro-olfactogram measurements.Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance,Friedman’s test,and multiple regression analysis.RESULTS The mean composite olfactory score increased from 8.3±4.7 at baseline to 52.6±18.9 at the 3-year follow-up(P<0.001).Significant improvement(≥50%increase in score)was observed in 60%of patients,with 24%showing moderate improvement.Quality of life scores improved significantly across all domains(P<0.001).No serious adverse events were reported.Minor complications occurred in 16%of patients,which resolved within 2 weeks.Endoscopic evaluation revealed normal-appearing olfactory epithelium in 84%of patients at 3 years,compared to 24%at baseline(P<0.001).Electro-olfactogram amplitudes increased from 0.11±0.08 mV to 0.67±0.31 mV(P<0.001).Age at intervention(β=0.31,P=0.02)and baseline residual olfactory function(β=0.45,P<0.001)were positively associated with treatment outcomes.CONCLUSION Autologous nasal epithelial stem cell transplantation demonstrates significant and sustained improvements in olfactory function and quality of life in children with CODs,with a favorable safety profile over a 3-year follow-up period.This approach represents a promising advancement in the treatment of pediatric sensory disorders.展开更多
Background Subjective olfactory tests are easy to perform and popularly applied in the clinic,but using only these,it is difficult to diagnose all disorders of the olfactory system.The olfactory event related potentia...Background Subjective olfactory tests are easy to perform and popularly applied in the clinic,but using only these,it is difficult to diagnose all disorders of the olfactory system.The olfactory event related potentials technique offers further insight into the olfactory system and is an ideal objective test.This analysis was of subjective and objective data on the olfactory function of twelve patients with loss of smell associated with an upper respiratory infection(URI).Methods We tested the twelve patients with URI induced olfactory loss by medical history,physical examination of the head and neck,olfactory tests and medical imaging.Olfactory function was assessed by Toyota and Takagi olfactometry including olfactory detection and recognition thresholds and olfactory event-related potentials(OERPs)recorded with OEP-98C Olfactometer.Results An unusual phenomenon was observed in five patients in whom the subjective detection and recognition thresholds were normal,while the expected OERPs were not detectable.Conclusions We suggest that the discordance between olfactory psychophysical measurements and OERPs might be the results of abnormal electrophysiology related with olfactory neuropathy caused by viral URI.In addition,the measurement of OERPs might play a significant role in evaluating olfactory dysfunction.展开更多
Background:The SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to spread rapidly across the globe af-flicting many with Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19).As the infection rates rise,a growing number of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals hav...Background:The SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to spread rapidly across the globe af-flicting many with Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19).As the infection rates rise,a growing number of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals have been reported to complain of olfactory distur-bances at an alarming rate.Postviral olfactory dysfunction(PVOD)is a well-known phenome-non that may explain the olfactory dysfunction reported by SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals.Methods:A scoping literature review was performed to identify studies that investigated the mechanisms of postviral olfactory dysfunction.Studies demonstrating pathophysiological,his-tological,immunochemical,and epidemiological outcomes of PVOD were included.Results:Fourteen studies were included in addition to one international news article.Three studies reported destruction of the olfactory epithelium following intranasal inoculation of various viral strains in mice.Three studies isolated pathogenic,anosmia inciting viruses(Para-influenza virus,Human Coronavirus,Rhinovirus)through nucleic acid amplification.Eleven studies demonstrated female predilection in patients with PVOD and COVID-19 associated ol-factory dysfunction,of which the majority were over 50 years old.Conclusions:PVOD and COVID-19 associated olfactory dysfunction demonstrates considerable similarities in epidemiological trends and disease sequela of other viruses to suggest identical pathophysiological mechanisms.Further studies such as intranasal inoculation and histological biopsies are needed to support our hypothesis.展开更多
目的探究帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)患者嗅觉障碍发生的影响因素并进行系统评价与Meta分析。方法检索Sino Med、维普网、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、Web of Science、PubMed、Cochrane、Embase和MEDLINE数据库中关于PD嗅...目的探究帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)患者嗅觉障碍发生的影响因素并进行系统评价与Meta分析。方法检索Sino Med、维普网、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、Web of Science、PubMed、Cochrane、Embase和MEDLINE数据库中关于PD嗅觉障碍影响因素的文献,检索时限自建库至2024年11月30日。结果共纳入13篇文献(总样本量2465例),共18项影响因素,总结为PD核心特征与进展因素,个体背景与环境交互因素2个主题。Meta分析表明年龄(MD=1.01,95%CI:-0.46~2.49,P=0.18)、吸烟(OR=0.88,95%CI:0.57~1.37,P=0.57)、便秘(OR=1.22,95%CI:0.38~3.93,P=0.74)并非影响PD患者嗅觉障碍的因素。结论PD嗅觉障碍影响因素多与非运动症状相关,针对非运动症状开展干预策略(如改善睡眠质量、补充维生素D、早期认知训练)可为延缓嗅觉障碍进展提供新思路。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82104421the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2022M721726+1 种基金the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students of Jiangsu Province,No.202210304155Ythe Research Startup Fund Program of Nantong University,No.135421623023(all to XZ).
文摘Changes in olfactory function are considered to be early biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease.Olfactory dysfunction is one of the earliest non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease,appearing in about 90%of patients with early-stage Parkinson’s disease,and can often predate the diagnosis by years.Therefore,olfactory dysfunction should be considered a reliable marker of the disease.However,the mechanisms responsible for olfactory dysfunction are currently unknown.In this article,we clearly explain the pathology and medical definition of olfactory function as a biomarker for early-stage Parkinson’s disease.On the basis of the findings of clinical olfactory function tests and animal model experiments as well as neurotransmitter expression levels,we further characterize the relationship between olfactory dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction in the pathology of early-stage Parkinson’s disease.The findings highlighted in this review suggest that olfactory dysfunction is an important biomarker for preclinical-stage Parkinson’s disease.Therefore,therapeutic drugs targeting non-motor symptoms such as olfactory dysfunction in the early stage of Parkinson’s disease may prevent or delay dopaminergic neurodegeneration and reduce motor symptoms,highlighting the potential of identifying effective targets for treating Parkinson’s disease by inhibiting the deterioration of olfactory dysfunction.
文摘The natural aging process brings about some inevitable consequences, such as olfactory dysfunction, which is also frequently linked to numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Many age-related dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease, Vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease, and Frontotemporal Dementia often display olfactory dysfunction. Despite the overwhelming evidence of above mentioned facts, the symptomatic relevance and potential clinical and pre-clinical value of olfactory dysfunction remains overlooked by many clinicians and public alike. Olfactory dysfunction has strong practical implications on daily activities and, although not as prominent as in other mammals, olfaction is still an evolutionarily relevant sense involved in human survival(e.g., smelling gas; bad food). In this work, we provide a brief review of current research related to the olfactory dysfunction profiles in different types of dementia. Additionally, we present a compilation of accessible, easy to use olfaction assessment tools; and highlight future directions in terms of improving clinical diagnosis in patient care and research.
基金supported by grants from the Scientific Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2012AA02A514)the National Basic Research Development Program of China(2011CB504101)the Beijing High Standard Health Human Resource Cultural Program in Health System,China (2009elel2)
文摘Abstract Olfactory dysfunction has been reported in Parkinson＇s disease （PD） patients carrying the LRRK2 G2019S variant in Caucasians but rarely in those with the LRRK2 G2385R variant. In this study, we performed genotyping for the LRRK2 G2385R variant in PD patients recruited from the Movement Disorder ClttliC of Xualwu Hospital in Beijing and in healthy controls randomly selected from the Beijing Longitudinal Study on Aging cohort. The ＂five-odor olfactory detection array＂, an olfactory threshold test, was used to assess olfactory function. One hundred and eighty-six participants were enrolled, comprising 43 PD patients without （iPD） and 25 with （LRRK2-PD） the LRRK2 G2385R variant, and 118 healthy controls. Our results showed that the threshold of olfactory identification was significantly worse in PD patients than in controls, but not significantly different between the iPD and LRRK2-PD groups. These findings suggested that although olfactory function in LRRK2-PD patients is impaired, it is similar to that in iPD patients.
文摘Alzheimer's Disease(AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually takes many years from preclinical phase to prodromal phase characterized by mild symptoms before the onset of dementia. Once diagnosed with AD, the brain is already severely damaged and the disease will process quickly to the most severe stages since there is no medications that reverse the neuronal injuries in the brain. Thus, simple, inexpensive, and widely available methods for detecting potential AD patients during their preclinical phases are urgently needed. In such case, olfactory testing may offer a chance for early diagnosis of AD. However, there are limitations in these olfactory tests due to the complexity of the brain areas it extends to and the frequently olfactory fatigue occurred in the behavioral olfactory tests. Great efforts have been done epidemiologically to investigate the correlation between olfactory functions and possibility of developing AD. Different patterns of olfactory dysfunction have been found in AD at early stages and even mild cognitive impairment(MIC), but the cause of the dysfunction remained unclear. Various kinds of AD animal models have been used in the field to clarify the existence of olfactory dysfunctions and thus study the underling mechanism of the dysfunction. In this review we discuss(1) the function of Tau physiologically and pathologically;(2) the genetic background and biological characteristics of the most commonly used Tau transgenic mice;(3) the structural and molecule basis of olfaction;(4) the possible relationship between Tau pathology and olfactory dysfunction. Finally, we suggest that the tau transgenic mouse models may be helpful in studying the possible mechanisms of the dysfunction.
基金jointly-supported by Hong Kong Baptist University(SCM-2020-001)Haven of Hope-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinic cum Training and Research Centre(Sai Kung District)Tseung Kwan O Hospital of Hospital Authority,Hong Kong,China,on expenses and equipment.
文摘Background:Olfactory dysfunction(OD)is a common symptom of Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19).It is defined as the reduced or distorted ability to smell during sniffing(orthonasal olfaction)and represents one of the early symptoms in the clinical course of COVID-19 infection.A large online questionnaire-based survey has shown that some post-COVID-19 patients had no improvement 1 month after discharge from the hospital.Objective:To explore the efficacy of acupuncture for OD in COVID-19 infected patients and to determine whether acupuncture could have benefits over sham acupuncture for OD in post-COVID-19 patients.Methods:This is a single-blind,randomized controlled,cross-over trial.We plan to recruit 40 post-COVID-19 patients with smell loss or smell distortions lasting for more than 1 month.Qualified patients will be randomly allocated to the intervention group(real acupuncture)or the control group(sham acupuncture)at a 1:1 ratio.Each patient will receive 8 sessions of treatment over 4 weeks(Cycle 1)and a 2-week follow-up.After the follow-up,the control group will be subjected to real acupuncture for another 4 weeks(Cycle 2),and the real acupuncture group will undergo the 4-week sham acupuncture.The primary outcomes will be the score changes on the questionnaire of olfactory functioning and olfaction-related quality of life at week 6,8,12,and 14 from the baseline.The secondary outcomes will be the changes in the olfactory test score at week 6 and 12 from the baseline measured by using the Traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test(UPSIT-TC).Discussion:The results of this trial will help to determine the effectiveness of acupuncture for OD in post-COVID-19 patients.This may provide a new treatment option for patients.
文摘Olfactory dysfunction(OD)has been described in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides(AAV),but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood.The causes of altered smell function can generally be divided into conductive,sensorineural or others.To date no specific treatment is available for AAV-related OD and the efficacy of currently available options has not been explored.The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the causes that may lead to OD in patients with AAV.Current available treatments for OD and possible options in patients with AAV presenting with smell impairment are also mentioned.
基金Supported by Hangzhou Medical and Health Technology Project,No.B20210443.
文摘BACKGROUND Congenital olfactory disorders(CODs)are rare but impactful conditions that impair the sense of smell from birth.These disorders can significantly affect a child’s appetite,nutrition,safety awareness,and overall quality of life.Despite their clinical importance,treatment options for CODs remain limited and largely ineffective,with no established therapies capable of restoring olfactory function in pediatric patients.Recent advances in regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy offer promising avenues for addressing sensory deficits.Nasal epithelial stem cells have emerged as a viable candidate for therapeutic intervention due to their accessibility and intrinsic ability to differentiate into olfactory sensory neurons.Preliminary studies suggest their potential in promoting the re-generation of the olfactory epithelium and functional recovery.However,long-term data on the efficacy and safety of such approaches in children are lacking.AIM To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of autologous nasal epithelial stem cell transplantation for the treatment of CODs in children.METHODS This prospective,single-center study enrolled 50 children aged 3-15 years with CODs.All patients underwent autologous nasal epithelial stem cell transplantation and were followed up for 3 years.The primary outcome measure was change in olfactory function,assessed using the Sniffin’Sticks test and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test-Children’s Version.Secondary outcomes included quality of life(measured by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™and a custom olfaction-specific questionnaire),safety,endoscopic evaluation,and electro-olfactogram measurements.Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance,Friedman’s test,and multiple regression analysis.RESULTS The mean composite olfactory score increased from 8.3±4.7 at baseline to 52.6±18.9 at the 3-year follow-up(P<0.001).Significant improvement(≥50%increase in score)was observed in 60%of patients,with 24%showing moderate improvement.Quality of life scores improved significantly across all domains(P<0.001).No serious adverse events were reported.Minor complications occurred in 16%of patients,which resolved within 2 weeks.Endoscopic evaluation revealed normal-appearing olfactory epithelium in 84%of patients at 3 years,compared to 24%at baseline(P<0.001).Electro-olfactogram amplitudes increased from 0.11±0.08 mV to 0.67±0.31 mV(P<0.001).Age at intervention(β=0.31,P=0.02)and baseline residual olfactory function(β=0.45,P<0.001)were positively associated with treatment outcomes.CONCLUSION Autologous nasal epithelial stem cell transplantation demonstrates significant and sustained improvements in olfactory function and quality of life in children with CODs,with a favorable safety profile over a 3-year follow-up period.This approach represents a promising advancement in the treatment of pediatric sensory disorders.
基金supported by a grant from the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.30801281)
文摘Background Subjective olfactory tests are easy to perform and popularly applied in the clinic,but using only these,it is difficult to diagnose all disorders of the olfactory system.The olfactory event related potentials technique offers further insight into the olfactory system and is an ideal objective test.This analysis was of subjective and objective data on the olfactory function of twelve patients with loss of smell associated with an upper respiratory infection(URI).Methods We tested the twelve patients with URI induced olfactory loss by medical history,physical examination of the head and neck,olfactory tests and medical imaging.Olfactory function was assessed by Toyota and Takagi olfactometry including olfactory detection and recognition thresholds and olfactory event-related potentials(OERPs)recorded with OEP-98C Olfactometer.Results An unusual phenomenon was observed in five patients in whom the subjective detection and recognition thresholds were normal,while the expected OERPs were not detectable.Conclusions We suggest that the discordance between olfactory psychophysical measurements and OERPs might be the results of abnormal electrophysiology related with olfactory neuropathy caused by viral URI.In addition,the measurement of OERPs might play a significant role in evaluating olfactory dysfunction.
文摘Background:The SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to spread rapidly across the globe af-flicting many with Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19).As the infection rates rise,a growing number of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals have been reported to complain of olfactory distur-bances at an alarming rate.Postviral olfactory dysfunction(PVOD)is a well-known phenome-non that may explain the olfactory dysfunction reported by SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals.Methods:A scoping literature review was performed to identify studies that investigated the mechanisms of postviral olfactory dysfunction.Studies demonstrating pathophysiological,his-tological,immunochemical,and epidemiological outcomes of PVOD were included.Results:Fourteen studies were included in addition to one international news article.Three studies reported destruction of the olfactory epithelium following intranasal inoculation of various viral strains in mice.Three studies isolated pathogenic,anosmia inciting viruses(Para-influenza virus,Human Coronavirus,Rhinovirus)through nucleic acid amplification.Eleven studies demonstrated female predilection in patients with PVOD and COVID-19 associated ol-factory dysfunction,of which the majority were over 50 years old.Conclusions:PVOD and COVID-19 associated olfactory dysfunction demonstrates considerable similarities in epidemiological trends and disease sequela of other viruses to suggest identical pathophysiological mechanisms.Further studies such as intranasal inoculation and histological biopsies are needed to support our hypothesis.
文摘目的探究帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)患者嗅觉障碍发生的影响因素并进行系统评价与Meta分析。方法检索Sino Med、维普网、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、Web of Science、PubMed、Cochrane、Embase和MEDLINE数据库中关于PD嗅觉障碍影响因素的文献,检索时限自建库至2024年11月30日。结果共纳入13篇文献(总样本量2465例),共18项影响因素,总结为PD核心特征与进展因素,个体背景与环境交互因素2个主题。Meta分析表明年龄(MD=1.01,95%CI:-0.46~2.49,P=0.18)、吸烟(OR=0.88,95%CI:0.57~1.37,P=0.57)、便秘(OR=1.22,95%CI:0.38~3.93,P=0.74)并非影响PD患者嗅觉障碍的因素。结论PD嗅觉障碍影响因素多与非运动症状相关,针对非运动症状开展干预策略(如改善睡眠质量、补充维生素D、早期认知训练)可为延缓嗅觉障碍进展提供新思路。
