This paper begins by exploring a useful and neglected detail of a photon—its physical size perpendicular to the direction of propagation in the same way as an atom or neutron has a physical size. Such a photon size w...This paper begins by exploring a useful and neglected detail of a photon—its physical size perpendicular to the direction of propagation in the same way as an atom or neutron has a physical size. Such a photon size would be quite separate from the cross-section of a photonic interaction, which depends on the material interacting. Such a perpendicular dimension of a photon will be invariant under Lorentz transform parallel to the light propagation direction and will thus be the same for all frequencies of light. This study also leads to new details about how a photon interacts, offering an explanation for the familiar physics where light slightly above and below the mean frequency of an excited state can still excite the same state without violation of conservation of energy—a mystery explored thoroughly in a previous paper without finding the solution offered here. As usual, a better elucidation of the details of light interaction also leads to new insights—especially about the vacuum field. The <strong>Appendix </strong>summarizes some previous research relevant to this展开更多
We propose the generalization of Einstein’s special theory of relativity (STR). In our model, we use the (1 + 4)-dimensional space G, which is the extension of the (1 + 3)-dimensional Minkowski space M. As a fifth ad...We propose the generalization of Einstein’s special theory of relativity (STR). In our model, we use the (1 + 4)-dimensional space G, which is the extension of the (1 + 3)-dimensional Minkowski space M. As a fifth additional coordinate, the interval S is used. This value is constant under the usual Lorentz transformations in M, but it changes when the transformations in the extended space G are used. We call this model the Extended space model (ESM). From a physical point of view, our expansion means that processes in which the rest mass of the particles changes are acceptable now. In the ESM, gravity and electromagnetism are combined in one field. In the ESM, a photon can have a nonzero mass and this mass can be either positive or negative. It is also possible to establish in the frame of ESM connection between mass of a particle and its size.展开更多
We study dynamic and structure of nano-droplets of AOT/water/oil microemulsion with different oils at water/AOT molar ratio of 6.7. Photon correlation spectroscopy is used to study collective diffusion coefficient of ...We study dynamic and structure of nano-droplets of AOT/water/oil microemulsion with different oils at water/AOT molar ratio of 6.7. Photon correlation spectroscopy is used to study collective diffusion coefficient of nano-droplets at AOT microemulsion with decane and cyclohexane. The collective diffusion coefficient of nanodroples is increasing with change of oil from decane to cyclohexane. The structure of AOT microemulsion with decane and cyclohexane is founded with SAXS. Our results show, nano-droplets of AOT microemulsion with decane at X = 6.7 have cylindrical structure and AOT microemulsion with cyclohexane at X = 6.7 have spherical structure.展开更多
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy is used to study the AOT microemulsion with and without NaCl. Collective diffusion coefficient was investigated by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy technique. We have studied effect of c...Photon Correlation Spectroscopy is used to study the AOT microemulsion with and without NaCl. Collective diffusion coefficient was investigated by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy technique. We have studied effect of charge on dynamic of water-in-oil microemulsion (nano-droplet of water to the oil), which stabilized by AOT and dispersed in n-Decane at water/AOT with 6.7 molar ratio. The small angle X-ray scattering technique and hard sphere model were used to study the structural information of AOT microemulsion with and without NaCl. The structural investigation of samples shows a decrease of length scale of cylindrical droplets with increasing of NaCl concentration in AOT microemulsion.展开更多
Recently, theoretical and experimental nano-sized fundamental devices for optical circuits have been proposed at the single-photon level. The assembly of a realistic optical circuit is now a reality. In this work, we ...Recently, theoretical and experimental nano-sized fundamental devices for optical circuits have been proposed at the single-photon level. The assembly of a realistic optical circuit is now a reality. In this work, we introduce a single-photon interconnector composed of two individual nanowires and an optical N-type four-level emitter that can turn the optical connection on and off optically. Because of dipole-induced transmission at the single-photon level, a single photon can travel between the two nanowires reciprocally, which guarantees its application as an all-optical interconnector.展开更多
The authors investigated size-dependent amplified spontaneous emission（ASE） from organic crystals. Specifically, N-（4-{4-[4-（diphenylamino）styryl]styryl}phenyl）-N-phenylbenzene amine（Ph-TPA2） organic crystals ...The authors investigated size-dependent amplified spontaneous emission（ASE） from organic crystals. Specifically, N-（4-{4-[4-（diphenylamino）styryl]styryl}phenyl）-N-phenylbenzene amine（Ph-TPA2） organic crystals were used in the experiment. The ASE threshold was decreased with the decrease of the width of the crystal at the same gain length, which reflects that total internal reflection plays an important role on the ASE properties in these slab organic crystals. The ASE properties pumped by one- and two-photon were also comparatively studied. We found that the thresholds of ASE in two-photon pumping condition are less size-dependent than those in singlephoton condition because of the nonlinear light generation processes in two-photon absorption processes.展开更多
文摘This paper begins by exploring a useful and neglected detail of a photon—its physical size perpendicular to the direction of propagation in the same way as an atom or neutron has a physical size. Such a photon size would be quite separate from the cross-section of a photonic interaction, which depends on the material interacting. Such a perpendicular dimension of a photon will be invariant under Lorentz transform parallel to the light propagation direction and will thus be the same for all frequencies of light. This study also leads to new details about how a photon interacts, offering an explanation for the familiar physics where light slightly above and below the mean frequency of an excited state can still excite the same state without violation of conservation of energy—a mystery explored thoroughly in a previous paper without finding the solution offered here. As usual, a better elucidation of the details of light interaction also leads to new insights—especially about the vacuum field. The <strong>Appendix </strong>summarizes some previous research relevant to this
文摘We propose the generalization of Einstein’s special theory of relativity (STR). In our model, we use the (1 + 4)-dimensional space G, which is the extension of the (1 + 3)-dimensional Minkowski space M. As a fifth additional coordinate, the interval S is used. This value is constant under the usual Lorentz transformations in M, but it changes when the transformations in the extended space G are used. We call this model the Extended space model (ESM). From a physical point of view, our expansion means that processes in which the rest mass of the particles changes are acceptable now. In the ESM, gravity and electromagnetism are combined in one field. In the ESM, a photon can have a nonzero mass and this mass can be either positive or negative. It is also possible to establish in the frame of ESM connection between mass of a particle and its size.
文摘We study dynamic and structure of nano-droplets of AOT/water/oil microemulsion with different oils at water/AOT molar ratio of 6.7. Photon correlation spectroscopy is used to study collective diffusion coefficient of nano-droplets at AOT microemulsion with decane and cyclohexane. The collective diffusion coefficient of nanodroples is increasing with change of oil from decane to cyclohexane. The structure of AOT microemulsion with decane and cyclohexane is founded with SAXS. Our results show, nano-droplets of AOT microemulsion with decane at X = 6.7 have cylindrical structure and AOT microemulsion with cyclohexane at X = 6.7 have spherical structure.
文摘Photon Correlation Spectroscopy is used to study the AOT microemulsion with and without NaCl. Collective diffusion coefficient was investigated by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy technique. We have studied effect of charge on dynamic of water-in-oil microemulsion (nano-droplet of water to the oil), which stabilized by AOT and dispersed in n-Decane at water/AOT with 6.7 molar ratio. The small angle X-ray scattering technique and hard sphere model were used to study the structural information of AOT microemulsion with and without NaCl. The structural investigation of samples shows a decrease of length scale of cylindrical droplets with increasing of NaCl concentration in AOT microemulsion.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11274242,11474221,and 11574229)the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China+2 种基金the China Academy of Engineering Physics(Grant No.U1330203)the National Key Basic Research Special Foundation of China(Grant Nos.2011CB922203 and 2013CB632701)the Doctor Startup Fund of the Natural Science of Jinggangshan University,China(Grant No.JZB16003)
文摘Recently, theoretical and experimental nano-sized fundamental devices for optical circuits have been proposed at the single-photon level. The assembly of a realistic optical circuit is now a reality. In this work, we introduce a single-photon interconnector composed of two individual nanowires and an optical N-type four-level emitter that can turn the optical connection on and off optically. Because of dipole-induced transmission at the single-photon level, a single photon can travel between the two nanowires reciprocally, which guarantees its application as an all-optical interconnector.
基金Supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China(No.2009AA03Z401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61077002, 60807030)the Project of National Lab for Tsinghua Information Tech-nologies, China
文摘The authors investigated size-dependent amplified spontaneous emission（ASE） from organic crystals. Specifically, N-（4-{4-[4-（diphenylamino）styryl]styryl}phenyl）-N-phenylbenzene amine（Ph-TPA2） organic crystals were used in the experiment. The ASE threshold was decreased with the decrease of the width of the crystal at the same gain length, which reflects that total internal reflection plays an important role on the ASE properties in these slab organic crystals. The ASE properties pumped by one- and two-photon were also comparatively studied. We found that the thresholds of ASE in two-photon pumping condition are less size-dependent than those in singlephoton condition because of the nonlinear light generation processes in two-photon absorption processes.
