Objectives: Patients undergoing 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging are considered external radiation sources. Accurate dose rate estimates are important for conducting realistic risk assessments and performing dose reconstruction...Objectives: Patients undergoing 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging are considered external radiation sources. Accurate dose rate estimates are important for conducting realistic risk assessments and performing dose reconstruction in cases of accidental exposures. The patient radiation self-attenuation factor is assumed to be a function of the patient’s body size metrics, but we can use these metrics to predict the dose rate around the patients with accuracy. The objective of this work was first to measure the patient attenuation factor by performing direct dose rate measurements from patients undergoing PET/CT imaging studies using 18F-FDG. The second objective was to study the possible correlation between the measured dose rate constant per unit activity from the patients and their body size metrics;five metrics were tested in this work. The last objective was to measure the patients’ voiding factor. Methods: We have measured dose rates at one meter from 57 patients and noted the patient’s height (H), weight (W) and calculated patient size metrics namely: Equivalent Cylindrical Diameter (ECD), Equivalent Spherical Diameter (ESD) and the Body Mass Index (BMI). Results: The measured average dose rate was 92.2 ± 14 μSv·h-1·GBq-1 measured at one meter. Therefore, the dose rate constant of 92 μSv·h-1·GBq-1 proposed by the AAPM, TG-108 report is adequate for radiation protection purposes. There was no statistically significant correlation between the dose rate constant per unit activity and the patient body size metrics. We have measured a patient voiding factor of 0.89 ± 0.06 in comparison with 0.85 recommended by the AAPM. Conclusions: The presented data can be used by medical physicist working in nuclear medicine in formulating more accurate risk estimations resulting from radiation exposure from patients undergoing 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging.展开更多
The present study reports the results of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy treatment for renal and ureteral stones in Duhok city. The data were collected from the center of breakdown kidney stones in Duhok hospita...The present study reports the results of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy treatment for renal and ureteral stones in Duhok city. The data were collected from the center of breakdown kidney stones in Duhok hospital. There were a total of 40 patients (25 males and 15 females) aged from 20 to 60 years old. The patients harboring (23 renal and 17 ureteral) stones of size ranged from 7.5 to 20 mm. Almost stones are of average size 9 mm and composed of uric acid, calcium and cystine stones. The study has been carried out by taking into consideration the parameters (type, sizes, composition and location of stone as well as region and ages of patients, also power, number of shock wave and sessions). The results show that the stones size increases according to increasing ages of patients (male and female) for uric acid ureter stone and calcium (renal, ureter) stones. Also (renal, ureter) stone size for patients aged from 20 to 30 years old increases from the minimum value for phosphate to maximum value for cystine stones, while for patients aged from 40 to 60 years old, the minimum size is obtained for calcium oxalate and the maximum size for calcium only. On the other hand, for uric acid stones of average size 9 mm, number of shock wave and sessions as well as the power required to breakdown the stones decrease nearly exponentially according to enhancing patients’ ages. At the same time, it's found that for adult patients (20 - 30 years old), number of sessions and the power of shock wave decrease also according to increasing size of calcium and cystine stones. Contrary to that, for the same ages and renal, uretral cysteine stones number of shock wave needed to breakdown large stones will be increased.展开更多
In the present study, investigation of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in Zakho City for breakdown kidney and ureteral stones has been carried out. The data were collected from the center of breakdown kidney sto...In the present study, investigation of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in Zakho City for breakdown kidney and ureteral stones has been carried out. The data were collected from the center of breakdown kidney stones in Zakho hospital. A total of 34 patients (25 male and 9 female) of ages ranged from 20 - 60 years were treated with ESWL. The patient harboring 24 renal stones and 10 ureteral stones of size ranged from 7 to 23 mm of almost patients are 8 mm and composed of calcium oxalate. The study has been conducted taking in to consideration the parameters (type, sizes, composition and location of stone as well as region and ages of patients, also power, number of shock wave and session). The results show that the number of shock wave decreases nearly exponentially with the ages of patients for calcium oxalate stone of size 8 mm under constant power 4 watt while it tends to increase according to increasing stones size for the patients of ages 20 - 30 years. The size of calcium oxalate stones decreases nearly exponentially with the patients’ ages for workers in Zakho city. Also for same size 8 mm of (calcium, phosphate, and oxalate) stones and different regions of zakho city, the number of shock waves decreases according to increasing ages of patients. Contrary to that for certain size of stones 8 mm, the number of shock wave starts to increase from uric acid to maximum value for calcium oxalate stone for the adult patients of age’s 22 up to 30 years. However for elders ages 30 - 60 years and different regions, the size of renal and ureteric stones increases from the minimum value for calcium, phosphate, oxalate to maximum value for calcium oxalate stone only. Uric acid stone requires minimum power to break, while the calcium oxalate needs maximum power to fragment due to its hardness composition. Later number of session of shock wave required for crushing each stones size increases according to increasing its size while its variation due to enhancing patients ages for calcium oxalate of size 8 mm results in nearly a decreasing exponential behavior.展开更多
文摘Objectives: Patients undergoing 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging are considered external radiation sources. Accurate dose rate estimates are important for conducting realistic risk assessments and performing dose reconstruction in cases of accidental exposures. The patient radiation self-attenuation factor is assumed to be a function of the patient’s body size metrics, but we can use these metrics to predict the dose rate around the patients with accuracy. The objective of this work was first to measure the patient attenuation factor by performing direct dose rate measurements from patients undergoing PET/CT imaging studies using 18F-FDG. The second objective was to study the possible correlation between the measured dose rate constant per unit activity from the patients and their body size metrics;five metrics were tested in this work. The last objective was to measure the patients’ voiding factor. Methods: We have measured dose rates at one meter from 57 patients and noted the patient’s height (H), weight (W) and calculated patient size metrics namely: Equivalent Cylindrical Diameter (ECD), Equivalent Spherical Diameter (ESD) and the Body Mass Index (BMI). Results: The measured average dose rate was 92.2 ± 14 μSv·h-1·GBq-1 measured at one meter. Therefore, the dose rate constant of 92 μSv·h-1·GBq-1 proposed by the AAPM, TG-108 report is adequate for radiation protection purposes. There was no statistically significant correlation between the dose rate constant per unit activity and the patient body size metrics. We have measured a patient voiding factor of 0.89 ± 0.06 in comparison with 0.85 recommended by the AAPM. Conclusions: The presented data can be used by medical physicist working in nuclear medicine in formulating more accurate risk estimations resulting from radiation exposure from patients undergoing 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging.
文摘The present study reports the results of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy treatment for renal and ureteral stones in Duhok city. The data were collected from the center of breakdown kidney stones in Duhok hospital. There were a total of 40 patients (25 males and 15 females) aged from 20 to 60 years old. The patients harboring (23 renal and 17 ureteral) stones of size ranged from 7.5 to 20 mm. Almost stones are of average size 9 mm and composed of uric acid, calcium and cystine stones. The study has been carried out by taking into consideration the parameters (type, sizes, composition and location of stone as well as region and ages of patients, also power, number of shock wave and sessions). The results show that the stones size increases according to increasing ages of patients (male and female) for uric acid ureter stone and calcium (renal, ureter) stones. Also (renal, ureter) stone size for patients aged from 20 to 30 years old increases from the minimum value for phosphate to maximum value for cystine stones, while for patients aged from 40 to 60 years old, the minimum size is obtained for calcium oxalate and the maximum size for calcium only. On the other hand, for uric acid stones of average size 9 mm, number of shock wave and sessions as well as the power required to breakdown the stones decrease nearly exponentially according to enhancing patients’ ages. At the same time, it's found that for adult patients (20 - 30 years old), number of sessions and the power of shock wave decrease also according to increasing size of calcium and cystine stones. Contrary to that, for the same ages and renal, uretral cysteine stones number of shock wave needed to breakdown large stones will be increased.
文摘In the present study, investigation of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in Zakho City for breakdown kidney and ureteral stones has been carried out. The data were collected from the center of breakdown kidney stones in Zakho hospital. A total of 34 patients (25 male and 9 female) of ages ranged from 20 - 60 years were treated with ESWL. The patient harboring 24 renal stones and 10 ureteral stones of size ranged from 7 to 23 mm of almost patients are 8 mm and composed of calcium oxalate. The study has been conducted taking in to consideration the parameters (type, sizes, composition and location of stone as well as region and ages of patients, also power, number of shock wave and session). The results show that the number of shock wave decreases nearly exponentially with the ages of patients for calcium oxalate stone of size 8 mm under constant power 4 watt while it tends to increase according to increasing stones size for the patients of ages 20 - 30 years. The size of calcium oxalate stones decreases nearly exponentially with the patients’ ages for workers in Zakho city. Also for same size 8 mm of (calcium, phosphate, and oxalate) stones and different regions of zakho city, the number of shock waves decreases according to increasing ages of patients. Contrary to that for certain size of stones 8 mm, the number of shock wave starts to increase from uric acid to maximum value for calcium oxalate stone for the adult patients of age’s 22 up to 30 years. However for elders ages 30 - 60 years and different regions, the size of renal and ureteric stones increases from the minimum value for calcium, phosphate, oxalate to maximum value for calcium oxalate stone only. Uric acid stone requires minimum power to break, while the calcium oxalate needs maximum power to fragment due to its hardness composition. Later number of session of shock wave required for crushing each stones size increases according to increasing its size while its variation due to enhancing patients ages for calcium oxalate of size 8 mm results in nearly a decreasing exponential behavior.
