[Objective] This study aimed to observe and explore the behavior of Procambarus clarkii and Eriocheir sinensis in polyculture system. [Method] P. clarkii and E. sinensis with the same weight were used for the experime...[Objective] This study aimed to observe and explore the behavior of Procambarus clarkii and Eriocheir sinensis in polyculture system. [Method] P. clarkii and E. sinensis with the same weight were used for the experiment in a relatively small polyculture system. The agonistic behavior of P. clarkii and E. sinensis in the first 30 min of the initial encounter and the fighting results were observed and recorded; the approach-avoidance behavior of P. clarkii to bigger E. sinensis in a relatively large space （the ＂Y＂ maze） was observed and recorded. [Result] The re- sults showed that the times of first aggressions and approaches and the total times of active aggressions and approaches of P. clarkii in the initial period of polyculture experiment were all significantly more than E. sinensis （/：＇〈0.05）; after 30 d of poly- culture, P. clarkfi died in 30% of the groups while E. sinensis died in only 10% of the groups, and they coexisted in 60% of the groups. In the experiment of ap- proach-avoidance behavior of P. clarkii to bigger E. sinensis, with the increase of experiment times, the tendency of approach and avoidance of P. clarkii to the con- trol and E. sinensis became control-prefer （P〈0.05） from insignificantly different （P〉 0.05）, which indicated that the recognition ability of P. clarkii for E. sinensis was sig- nificantly improved, and the selection behavior of E. sinensis was obviously inhibited. [Conclusion] Presumably, polyculture of crayfishes and crabs can achieve better effi- ciency when under appropriate habitat conditions.展开更多
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding various sources of dietary lipid on weight gain, feed conversion, survival and fatty acid composition of juvenile red swamp crawfish, Procam-barus clarkii...An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding various sources of dietary lipid on weight gain, feed conversion, survival and fatty acid composition of juvenile red swamp crawfish, Procam-barus clarkii. Six semi-purified diets containing vitamin-free casein, defatted soybean meal, 0. 5% choline chloride, 0. 5% glycine and 0. 5% cholesterol were supplemented with 6. 0% of either anchovy oil, linseed oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil or pork lard. Each diet was fed to crawfish (3. 07±0. 21 g average weight) in three replicate aquaria for 60 days. Survival rate, weight gain and feed conversion were best for crawfish fed the diet containing anchovy oil. Crawfish fed the linseed oil diet had the second highest weight gain, followed by crawfish on soybean oil, repaseed oil, safflower oil and pork lard diets, respectively. Feed conversion values were a reflection of weight gain. Results showed that both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids are dietary essential for juvenile Procambarus clarkii, although n-3 fatty acids promoted faster growth than n-6. However, highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) (20 : 5n-3 and 22 :6n-3) had better growth-promoting effect than 18 : 3n-3, due probably to the limited ability of crawfish to bioconvert fatty acids to polyenoic forms of longer chain length. The fatty acid composition of the crawfish generally reflected that of the dietary lipids, especially for the diets containing unsaturated fatty acids.展开更多
The full-length cDNA sequence of prophenoloxidase was obtained through RACE technology. The complete cDNA sequence is 3 721-bp long, containing an open reading frame （ORF） of 1 881 bp, a 154-bp 5′-untranslated regi...The full-length cDNA sequence of prophenoloxidase was obtained through RACE technology. The complete cDNA sequence is 3 721-bp long, containing an open reading frame （ORF） of 1 881 bp, a 154-bp 5′-untranslated region, and a 1 686- bp 3′-untranslated region with three potential functional poly（A） signals （AATAAA）. The molecular mass of the deduced amino acid sequence （627 aa） was 72.3 kDa with an estimatedpI of 5.88. It contained putative copper-binding sites （copper A： 131, 135, 167 and copper B： 301,305, 341）, and a tentative complement-like motif （GCGWPDHL）. Eight potential N-linked glycosylation sites were predicted to be present in P. clarkii prophenoloxidase. Similar to those in other arthropod prophenoloxidases reported so far, no signal peptide was detected in the crayfish prophenoloxidase. The phylogenetic trees confirmed that P. clarkii prophenoloxidase was most closely related to that of freshwater crayfish P. leniusculus and more closely related to other crustacean prophenoloxidases from shrimp, prawn, and lobster than to the insect prophenoloxidases. Besides, two putative introns were found in this sequence of genomic DNA.展开更多
The effect of starvation on physiological and biochemical indicators of body, muscle and hepatopancreas were investigated for juvenile red swamp crawfish （Procambarus clarkii）, and the results showed the effect was ...The effect of starvation on physiological and biochemical indicators of body, muscle and hepatopancreas were investigated for juvenile red swamp crawfish （Procambarus clarkii）, and the results showed the effect was obvious. In a 70-day starvation experiment, mean body weight, exuvial rate, abdominal muscle ratio and hepatosomatic index decreased significantly. The percentage of protein, fat, ash and moisture were also significantly affected. The protein content decreased sharply at Day 30 onward and the percentage of fat decreased rapidly from Day 50 and on. The percentages of ash and moisture started to increase significantly at Day 40 and 30 respectively. After the starvation experiment, the hepatopancreatic total and neutral lipid content decreased slightly from 23.90% to 20.39% and 73.75% to 70.35%, while the hepatopancreatic polar lipid content increased from 23.81% to 27.32%. On the other hand, all the muscular total, neutral and polar lipid contents, and the muscular fatty acid compositions did not change significantly except for the hepatopancreatic fatty acid composition. The relative percentages of 14：0, 16：0, 16：1n-7 and 18：1n-9 were decreased by 55.17%, 11.11%, 8.5% and 6.70% from the initial values, and the relative percentages of 18：2n-6, 18：3n-3, 20：4n-6, 20：5n-3 and 22：6n-3 increased obviously from 5.2%, 3.9%,4, 2.4%, 10.6%, and 13.7% to 7.1%, 5.0%, 2.8%, 11.5%, and 14.4% respectively. Preference of utilization of fatty acids from hepatopancreas during starvation was as follows： 14：0〉16：0〉16：1n-7〉18：1n-9, and the conservation of highly unsaturated fatty acids was in the order of： 18：2n-6 〉18：3n-3〉20：4n-6〉20：5n-3〉22：6n-3.展开更多
The morbidity and mortality peak of farmed Procambarus clarkii occurs around May every year,a phenomenon known as"Black May"disease(BMD).Increasing evidence shows that the intestinal flora is closely related...The morbidity and mortality peak of farmed Procambarus clarkii occurs around May every year,a phenomenon known as"Black May"disease(BMD).Increasing evidence shows that the intestinal flora is closely related to host health.We analyzed and compared the microbiota of healthy and BMDaffected P.clarkii intestines.The results show that there was no significant difference in bacterial a-diversity(richness P=0.59;evenness P=0.43;and diversity P=0.052)between the diseased group and the control group.Four dominant phyla in the intestines of crayfish in the control group,namely Tenericutes(30.86%),Bacteroidetes(29.99%),Firmicutes(22.23%),and Proteobacteria(15.23%),were identified.However,a striking shift in the microbial compo sition were found in the intestines of P.clarkii with BMD.Bacteroidetes was a dominant phylum in healthy P.clarkii,whereas the prevalence was low in diseased P.clarkii(1.87%).By contrast,the prevalence of Proteobacteria was significantly higher(P<0.05)in P.clarkii with BMD than in P.clarkii without BMD.Candidatus Bacilloplasma,Bacteroides,Vibrio,and Aeromonas showed significant differences(P<0.05)at the genus level.Tax4 Fun function prediction indicated that the relative abundance of genes involved in energy metabolism in the intestinal flora of P.clarkii with BMD was significantly reduced(P<0.05).Therefore,BMD can change the composition of the intestinal microbiota of P.clarkii.This study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between intestinal flora and host especially in aquatic animals.展开更多
This experiment was conducted to clarify species and drug resistance of pathogen from the diseased Procambarus clarkia. Pathogenic bacteria from hepatopancreas of the diseased P. clarkia were examined using convention...This experiment was conducted to clarify species and drug resistance of pathogen from the diseased Procambarus clarkia. Pathogenic bacteria from hepatopancreas of the diseased P. clarkia were examined using conventional methods,and then were isolated. The further tests and analysis of the isolated strain were developed,including the regression experiment to P. clarkia,the morphology,physiological and biochemical characteristics,sequence analysis of their 16 S rRNA and gyr B genes,and the susceptibility test to antibiotics. Large colonies with similar morphology and color were obtained. Strain X120523 was identified as Citrobacter freundii,proved to have strong pathogenicity,and was susceptible to quinolones and aminoglycosides.展开更多
[ Objective] To provide basic research parameters for the laboratory culture of Procambarus clarkii using Salix saposhnikovii and the breeding materials for the clean environment-friendly aquaculture. [Method] The de-...[ Objective] To provide basic research parameters for the laboratory culture of Procambarus clarkii using Salix saposhnikovii and the breeding materials for the clean environment-friendly aquaculture. [Method] The de-aerated water was used to culture the post larvae and P. clarkii juvenile. The effects of S. saposhnikovii roots on the survival rate, body length increase and body length variation coefficient of P. clarkii were in- vestigated. The survival rate of juvenile P. clarkii in the V class wastewater at 2 ammonia nitrogen concentrations were examined. [ Result] The post larvae of P. clarkii cultivated with S. saposhnikovii in the de-aerated water had significantly higher survival rate and longer body length than the control （ P 〈 0.05）, but there was no significant difference between the 2 treatments in the variation coefficient of body length. In the wastewater containing 2 mg/L ammonia nitrogen, the survival rate and ammonia nitrogen wastewater purification rate of the experimental juvenile P. clarkii were higher than the control. When the concentration of ammonia nitrogen increased to 10 mg/L, the survival rate of the experimental juvenile P. clarkii was still higher than the control, but there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the purification rate of ammonia nitrogen. [ Conclu- sien] S. saposhnikovii has significant effect on the survival rate and growth of juvenile P. clarloTand can purify the wastewater containing 2 -10 mg/L ammonia nitrogen.展开更多
Procambarus clarkii is native to the south-central United States （Louisiana） and northeastern Mexico, and is a highly efficient predator that poses a damager to native species after its introduction or invasion. In ...Procambarus clarkii is native to the south-central United States （Louisiana） and northeastern Mexico, and is a highly efficient predator that poses a damager to native species after its introduction or invasion. In its natural habitat, P. clarkii consumes Carassius auratus, however, whether C. auratus recognizes P. clarkii as a predator is not yet clear. In laboratory experiments, we investigated whether experienced and inexperienced C. auratus recognize P. clarkii as a predatory threat and the specific sensory modality used by C. auratus to respond to chemical and visual stimuli from P. clarkii. In the chemical stimuli experiment, two kinds of chemical stimuli were used, water from a tub containing P. clarkii previously fed with C. auratus （C. auratus diet cues） and water from a tub containing unfed P. clarkii （P. clarkii cues）. In the visual experiment, experienced C. auratus decreased activity, but inexperienced C.auratus avoided the predator compartment. When C. auratus diet cues were presented, both experienced and inexperienced C. auratus increased the use of shelter, decreased activity in the initial response phase. Compared with the blank treatment, experienced C. auratus responded to P. clarkii cues by decreasing activity; however, inexperienced C. auratus showed no reduction in activity. C. auratus appears to recognize P. clarkii as a predator both through visual and chemical cues. Further analysis revealed that C. auratus may recognize R clarkii visually through the disturbances caused by P. clarkii movement and chemically by detecting conspecific alarm cues in the diet of P. clarkii. The results also indicate that ex- perienced C. auratus can recognize R clarkii by innate chemical cues from P. clarkii, whereas inexperienced C. auratus cannot [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 330-339, 2011].展开更多
The red swamp crayfish,Procambarus clarkii,is an economically important species especially in China.Their exoskeleton places serious constraints on growth and culture management.Their growth is achieved through interm...The red swamp crayfish,Procambarus clarkii,is an economically important species especially in China.Their exoskeleton places serious constraints on growth and culture management.Their growth is achieved through intermittent molting/ecdysis.The longitudinal genetic dynamics for growth-related traits at different ecdysial points in P.clarkii has been unclear to date.In this study,conditional genetic analysis was carried out for growth-related traits(body weight,body length,chela length,and cephalothorax length)based upon a mixed genetic model with conditional additive,dominance,and genotype by environment effects in P.clarkii.A complete diallel cross was made among three geographic populations of P.clarkii for the genetic mating design.Results of the conditional genetic analysis showed that from 4 th molt to 9 th molt the conditional additive variations were increased significantly whereas the conditional non-additive genetic variations(dominance and genotype by environment interaction)were decreased significantly for these growth-related traits.This indicated that lots of new expression of additive effect genes for body weight,body length,chela length,and cephalothorax length occurred during ontogeny,and environment played a signifi cant role in the expression of genes affecting these growth-related traits.Growth of the four traits was mainly affected by non-additive genetic effects in early developmental stage(prior to 4 th molt).The cumulative conditional additive variation for the growth-related traits from 4 th molt to 9 th molt accounted for a large majority of the total conditional additive variations from 2 nd molt to 9 th molt,indicating that this period was very important for the growth of this species.Using the conditional analysis method,dynamics of growth-related traits during an important ontogenetic phase of red swamp crayfish was uncovered.Our results provide valuable insights into refining production of this species.展开更多
Three different treatment methods, including topical application method, injection method and immersion method were employed to treat 17or - hydroxyprogesterone, so as to investigating its effect on ovarian developmen...Three different treatment methods, including topical application method, injection method and immersion method were employed to treat 17or - hydroxyprogesterone, so as to investigating its effect on ovarian development red swamp crayfish （Procambarus clarkii）. The results showed that all the three differ- ent methods could facilitate the synchronous ovarian development of red swamp crayfish at different degree, with the degree of maturity of 10% high compared with the control group. The highest maturity degree was 50% that was observed in immersion treatment group. The effect was determined as in order immersion method 〉 injection method 〉 topical apphcation method 〉 control group. The immersion method and the injection method could facilitate synchronization spawning of red swamp crayfish, with the order of immersion method 32.5%, injection method 20%, topical application 17.5% and the control group 17.5 %. Taking the synchro- nization spawning rate, final spawning rate and mortality into account, the order was the immersion method 〉 injection method 〉 topical application method 〉 control group.展开更多
The red swamp crayfish(Procambarus clarkii)is a species from the northeast of Mexico and the central south of the United States(Louisiana),actually is the dominant macroinvertebrate in several countries.It was introdu...The red swamp crayfish(Procambarus clarkii)is a species from the northeast of Mexico and the central south of the United States(Louisiana),actually is the dominant macroinvertebrate in several countries.It was introduced to several countries,generally for gastronomic reasons or to repopulate destroyed areas by a disease.While the first introduction of this species into the world is well-documented,little is known about its pathways of invasion and the reason for its rapid spread in several countries.P.clarkii is an aggressive crustacean that multiplies very fast and adapts to features of the invaded location.Adults of the species can disperse up to 1.6 km on land.Also,they dig deep holes which allows them to establish easily in wetlands and adjacent waterbodies that are hydrologically disconnected.This study takes place in the Gharb area(northwestern of Morocco)where several carcasses of P.clarkii have been found in different places.In the present study,it is a question of understanding how this species was introduced in this area,to establish a map of propagation of the species,and to evaluate the damage that it would have caused in the rice growing of Gharb.In Morocco,it was first sighted in the Gharb area in 2008 in the commune of Sidi Allal Tazi.Following this discovery,possible ways of the species introduction and the dispersal modes were explored that P.clarkii could use to invade the Gharb area.The results of this study can be used by natural resource managers,rice farmers,fishermen and the local population,to help them to locate the spread of P.clarkii,to identify vectors that move P.clarkii across political boundaries and illustrate the importance of limiting and prohibiting the movement of this invasive species across boundaries or into new ecosystems.展开更多
Different concentrations of four metals namely copper, lead, chrome and cadmium were evaluated in crayfish Procambarus clarkii tissues (carapace, flesh) for a six-month period, from March to August 2013 in the Rharb o...Different concentrations of four metals namely copper, lead, chrome and cadmium were evaluated in crayfish Procambarus clarkii tissues (carapace, flesh) for a six-month period, from March to August 2013 in the Rharb of Morocco (Lagoon Merja Zerga and Nador canal). The determination of heavy metals was carried using atomic absorption spectroscopy Varian VV20. The results obtained revealed a metal’s contamination of Procambarus clarkii in both sites. Concentrations of heavy metals examined Procambarus clarkii carapace ranged as follows: Merja Zerga (Pb 2.07 - 6.7 μg/g;Cu 2.9 - 9.97 μg/g;Cr 0.89 - 14.22 μg/g dry weight) and Nador canal: (Pb 0.08 - 7.8 μg/g;Cu 3.40 - 9.3 μg/g;Cr 0.87 - 3.5 μg/g dry weight). Concentrations of heavy metals found in flesh were as follows: Merja Zerga (Pb 0.02 - 5.25 μg/g;Cu 9.58 - 23.59 μg/g;Cr 0 - 2.71 μg/g dry weight) and Nador canal (Pb 0.06 - 6.81 μg/g;Cu 9.5 - 37.20 μg/g;Cr 0 - 3.23 μg/g dry weight). The distribution of those metals in Procambarus clarkii shows high levels of contamination for lead, copper and chrome with an absence of cadmium in both sites (Merja Zerga and Nador canal). The concentrations differed in carapace and flesh.展开更多
The ongoing expansion of P. clarkii in the aquatic environments of northern Italy, where it is very common and abundant in most of the streams, lakes and reservoirs, led us to worry about the possibility of invasion i...The ongoing expansion of P. clarkii in the aquatic environments of northern Italy, where it is very common and abundant in most of the streams, lakes and reservoirs, led us to worry about the possibility of invasion into the estuarine and lagoonal brackish environments of the Adriatic coast, which is important not only for their peculiar fauna and flora and high biodiversity, but also for fishing and aquaculture. We carried out laboratory tests to investigate whether this species could live, moult and breed in water with different salinity levels. Several stocks of adult individuals, acclimated before the laboratory experiments, were maintained and monitored daily for a long period （100 days） in glass aquaria with water salinity varying from 5 to 33 ppt. They not only survived during the whole experiment period in levels up to 25 ppt, but also they regularly moulted and mated. These results confirmed that the species could invade the estuarine and brackish environments of the Adriatic coast, with all the implied consequences for the native species of both vertebrates and invertebrates and for human livelihoods.展开更多
In order to provide a scientific basis for the control of Aeromonas allosaccharophila from Procambarus clarkii , a dominant strain was isolated from moribund P. clarkii in some farm in Hubei Province, and designated X...In order to provide a scientific basis for the control of Aeromonas allosaccharophila from Procambarus clarkii , a dominant strain was isolated from moribund P. clarkii in some farm in Hubei Province, and designated X1. It was preliminarily identified to be A. allosaccharophila through physiological-biochemical test. Further sequence analysis showed that 16S rDNA of this bacterium shared 90% identity with 16S rDNA of A. allosaccharophila , suggesting that it is A. allosaccharophila . Drug sensitivity test showed that isolate X1 was sensitive to doxycycline, cefotaxime, norfloxacin and gentamicin. In animal regression test, the bacterium the same as that from naturally-diseased P. clarkii could be isolated, with the same disease symptoms as well.展开更多
To unravel the intricate morphological structure and functional aspects of the digestive system in Procambarus clarkii,this study employed histology and transcriptome sequencing techniques for a comprehensive analysis...To unravel the intricate morphological structure and functional aspects of the digestive system in Procambarus clarkii,this study employed histology and transcriptome sequencing techniques for a comprehensive analysis of its digestive system.The investigation revealed that the digestive system of P.clarkii comprises the esophagus,stomach(including cardiac and pyloric regions),caeca,midgut,hindgut,and hepatopancreas.The esophageal lumen displayed an"X"shape,with clearly visible radial muscle bundles within the connecting tissues.The internal architecture of the stomach and intestines mirrored that of the esophagus.Notably,the pyloric region of the stomach exhibited a comb-like structure,which facilitated food selection and filtration.The caeca showcased a larger lumen within the intestines,while the hindgut displayed smaller folds.The hepatopancreas,representing the digestive glands,demonstrated predominant bilaterally symmetrical features,encompassing the midgut on both sides.It consisted of multi-stage branching hepatic ducts,crucial for digestion and absorption.Transcriptomic analysis of the digestive system revealed significant gene expression in the esophagus,stomach,caeca,midgut,hindgut,and hepatopancreas,with 23,006,22,208,23,485,23,196,22,781,and 21,375 genes expressed,respectively.Moreover,tissue-specific expression was observed in 161,459,374,547,337,and 1080 genes.Additionally,a subset of 447,453,553,506,433,and 711 genes exhibited high expression levels.Further analysis led to the identification of 36 digestive enzyme genes across six distinct digestive tissues,categorized into three groups:carbohydrate metabolism,lipid breakdown,and protein metabolism.In conclusion,this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the morphological structure,gene expression characteristics,and classification of digestive enzyme genes in the digestive system of P.clarkii.These findings lay a solid foundation for future investigations on the digestive physiology and food digestion in P.clarkii.展开更多
The edible portion of Procambarus clarkii mainly consists of the abdominal muscles,highlighting the genetic enhancement of abdominal meat yield in breeding.To explore a selective breeding strategy for abdominal meat y...The edible portion of Procambarus clarkii mainly consists of the abdominal muscles,highlighting the genetic enhancement of abdominal meat yield in breeding.To explore a selective breeding strategy for abdominal meat yield,the correlation of morphological characteristics with abdominal meat yield based on five P.clarkii populations collected from its major production areas in China was analyzed and an optimal prediction model was constructed for predicting abdominal meat yield.With the analyses of P.clarkii morphological characteristics,Fulton's condition factor(K),which had a strong negative correlation(-0.800 in males and-0.705 in females)with abdominal meat yield and the advantage of not requiring the sacrifice of breeding candidates,was eventually selected as the morphological predictor.And the optimal prediction model constructed based on K value was a quadratic curve,with R^(2)values of 0.684 for males and 0.590 for females,and correlation coefficients of 0.827 and 0.768 between observed and predicted values for males and females,respectively.The results of the abdominal meat yield selective breeding experiment,utilizing the optimal prediction model,demonstrated that the breeding population exhibited favorable morphological variation as expected.These findings provide a morphology-based selection strategy for breeding the abdominal meat yield of P.clarkii.展开更多
Genetic breeding is an important approach to improve the economic traits of aquaculture animals.Unfortunately,the genetic basis for important economic traits of red swamp crayfish,including growth-related traits,has n...Genetic breeding is an important approach to improve the economic traits of aquaculture animals.Unfortunately,the genetic basis for important economic traits of red swamp crayfish,including growth-related traits,has not yet been reported.In the present study,two full-sib families and two natural populations were employed to identify quantitative trait loci(QTLs)for growth-related traits of red swamp crayfish.In total,28 QTLs for five growth-related traits,including body weight,body length,carapace length,carapace width,and abdomen length,were repeatedly identified in more than two families/populations,by means of association analysis;nine of these displayed a heterosis effect.The phenotypic variations of the five investigated traits explained by the 28 QTLs ranged from 4.2%to 19.0%.Eight additive and three heterosis QTLs were further successfully validated using comparative analysis of favoured alleles between the small and big size crayfish groups in the natural population.In conclusion,this study investigated the genetic basis of growth-related traits in red swamp crayfish,which is of great significance for their application in the future molecular breeding of the species.展开更多
White spot syndrome virus(WSSV),the causative agent of White spot disease(WSD),not only caused huge economic losses,but also greatly limited the development of crustacean breeding industry.Chinese herbs are widely use...White spot syndrome virus(WSSV),the causative agent of White spot disease(WSD),not only caused huge economic losses,but also greatly limited the development of crustacean breeding industry.Chinese herbs are widely used and have great application potential in antiviral research.In thist study,the antiviral effects of 11 Chinese herb extracts were evaluated in Procambarus clarkii(crayfish)model of WSSV infection,among which Cimicifuga foetida L.extract showed the highest inhibition rate(88.22%)against WSSV replication.On this basis,the anti-WSSV effect of Isoferulic acid(IFA),a major bioactive component of Cimicifuga foetida L.,was further investigated.The results showed that IFA significantly inhibited WSSV replication(96.57%,50 mg/kg)in a dose-dependent manner and significantly improved the survival of WSSV-challenged crayfish.IFA had the potential preventive and therapeutic effect against WSSV infection,and the preventive effect was better than the therapeutic effect.Mechanistically,IFA suppressed the expression of the immediate early gene ie1,the DNA polymerase gene DNApol and envelope protein gene Vp28 to inhibit WSSV replication,activated TLR,CTL and ProPo genes expression to block ie1 transcription,and suppressed BAF,STAT,NF-κb and Crustin 1 genes expression to elevate innate immunity against WSSV infection.Besides,IFA upregulated the cMnSOD,mMnSOD,CAT and GST genes expression,and downregulated the COX-1 and COX-2 genes expression to balance the oxidative stress and inflammatory damage caused by WSSV infection.This study provides a theoretical basis and meaningful reference for the development of IFA as a highly effective and practical anti-WSSV drug.展开更多
基金Supported by National R&D Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry of China(201003070)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC J0730641)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to observe and explore the behavior of Procambarus clarkii and Eriocheir sinensis in polyculture system. [Method] P. clarkii and E. sinensis with the same weight were used for the experiment in a relatively small polyculture system. The agonistic behavior of P. clarkii and E. sinensis in the first 30 min of the initial encounter and the fighting results were observed and recorded; the approach-avoidance behavior of P. clarkii to bigger E. sinensis in a relatively large space （the ＂Y＂ maze） was observed and recorded. [Result] The re- sults showed that the times of first aggressions and approaches and the total times of active aggressions and approaches of P. clarkii in the initial period of polyculture experiment were all significantly more than E. sinensis （/：＇〈0.05）; after 30 d of poly- culture, P. clarkfi died in 30% of the groups while E. sinensis died in only 10% of the groups, and they coexisted in 60% of the groups. In the experiment of ap- proach-avoidance behavior of P. clarkii to bigger E. sinensis, with the increase of experiment times, the tendency of approach and avoidance of P. clarkii to the con- trol and E. sinensis became control-prefer （P〈0.05） from insignificantly different （P〉 0.05）, which indicated that the recognition ability of P. clarkii for E. sinensis was sig- nificantly improved, and the selection behavior of E. sinensis was obviously inhibited. [Conclusion] Presumably, polyculture of crayfishes and crabs can achieve better effi- ciency when under appropriate habitat conditions.
基金supported by the Scientific Fund of Hubei Agricultural Collegea grant from the Ministry of Education in Hubei Province,P.R.China
文摘An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding various sources of dietary lipid on weight gain, feed conversion, survival and fatty acid composition of juvenile red swamp crawfish, Procam-barus clarkii. Six semi-purified diets containing vitamin-free casein, defatted soybean meal, 0. 5% choline chloride, 0. 5% glycine and 0. 5% cholesterol were supplemented with 6. 0% of either anchovy oil, linseed oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil or pork lard. Each diet was fed to crawfish (3. 07±0. 21 g average weight) in three replicate aquaria for 60 days. Survival rate, weight gain and feed conversion were best for crawfish fed the diet containing anchovy oil. Crawfish fed the linseed oil diet had the second highest weight gain, followed by crawfish on soybean oil, repaseed oil, safflower oil and pork lard diets, respectively. Feed conversion values were a reflection of weight gain. Results showed that both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids are dietary essential for juvenile Procambarus clarkii, although n-3 fatty acids promoted faster growth than n-6. However, highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) (20 : 5n-3 and 22 :6n-3) had better growth-promoting effect than 18 : 3n-3, due probably to the limited ability of crawfish to bioconvert fatty acids to polyenoic forms of longer chain length. The fatty acid composition of the crawfish generally reflected that of the dietary lipids, especially for the diets containing unsaturated fatty acids.
基金financed by the Key Technology R&D Program from the Ministry of Science and Technology,China (2006BAD06A01)the Opening Subject of Hubei Key Lab of Animal Embryo & Molecular Breeding (2007ZD07)the Promoting Fund of Anhui Province Finance Department, China (05C1001)
文摘The full-length cDNA sequence of prophenoloxidase was obtained through RACE technology. The complete cDNA sequence is 3 721-bp long, containing an open reading frame （ORF） of 1 881 bp, a 154-bp 5′-untranslated region, and a 1 686- bp 3′-untranslated region with three potential functional poly（A） signals （AATAAA）. The molecular mass of the deduced amino acid sequence （627 aa） was 72.3 kDa with an estimatedpI of 5.88. It contained putative copper-binding sites （copper A： 131, 135, 167 and copper B： 301,305, 341）, and a tentative complement-like motif （GCGWPDHL）. Eight potential N-linked glycosylation sites were predicted to be present in P. clarkii prophenoloxidase. Similar to those in other arthropod prophenoloxidases reported so far, no signal peptide was detected in the crayfish prophenoloxidase. The phylogenetic trees confirmed that P. clarkii prophenoloxidase was most closely related to that of freshwater crayfish P. leniusculus and more closely related to other crustacean prophenoloxidases from shrimp, prawn, and lobster than to the insect prophenoloxidases. Besides, two putative introns were found in this sequence of genomic DNA.
基金Supported by the Scientific Fund of Chinese Postdoctor (No. 2002032195).
文摘The effect of starvation on physiological and biochemical indicators of body, muscle and hepatopancreas were investigated for juvenile red swamp crawfish （Procambarus clarkii）, and the results showed the effect was obvious. In a 70-day starvation experiment, mean body weight, exuvial rate, abdominal muscle ratio and hepatosomatic index decreased significantly. The percentage of protein, fat, ash and moisture were also significantly affected. The protein content decreased sharply at Day 30 onward and the percentage of fat decreased rapidly from Day 50 and on. The percentages of ash and moisture started to increase significantly at Day 40 and 30 respectively. After the starvation experiment, the hepatopancreatic total and neutral lipid content decreased slightly from 23.90% to 20.39% and 73.75% to 70.35%, while the hepatopancreatic polar lipid content increased from 23.81% to 27.32%. On the other hand, all the muscular total, neutral and polar lipid contents, and the muscular fatty acid compositions did not change significantly except for the hepatopancreatic fatty acid composition. The relative percentages of 14：0, 16：0, 16：1n-7 and 18：1n-9 were decreased by 55.17%, 11.11%, 8.5% and 6.70% from the initial values, and the relative percentages of 18：2n-6, 18：3n-3, 20：4n-6, 20：5n-3 and 22：6n-3 increased obviously from 5.2%, 3.9%,4, 2.4%, 10.6%, and 13.7% to 7.1%, 5.0%, 2.8%, 11.5%, and 14.4% respectively. Preference of utilization of fatty acids from hepatopancreas during starvation was as follows： 14：0〉16：0〉16：1n-7〉18：1n-9, and the conservation of highly unsaturated fatty acids was in the order of： 18：2n-6 〉18：3n-3〉20：4n-6〉20：5n-3〉22：6n-3.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Fund Project of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20181138)the Central Public-Interest Scientifi c Institution Basal Research Fund,Freshwater Fisheries Research Center,CAFS(No.2019JBFZ09)。
文摘The morbidity and mortality peak of farmed Procambarus clarkii occurs around May every year,a phenomenon known as"Black May"disease(BMD).Increasing evidence shows that the intestinal flora is closely related to host health.We analyzed and compared the microbiota of healthy and BMDaffected P.clarkii intestines.The results show that there was no significant difference in bacterial a-diversity(richness P=0.59;evenness P=0.43;and diversity P=0.052)between the diseased group and the control group.Four dominant phyla in the intestines of crayfish in the control group,namely Tenericutes(30.86%),Bacteroidetes(29.99%),Firmicutes(22.23%),and Proteobacteria(15.23%),were identified.However,a striking shift in the microbial compo sition were found in the intestines of P.clarkii with BMD.Bacteroidetes was a dominant phylum in healthy P.clarkii,whereas the prevalence was low in diseased P.clarkii(1.87%).By contrast,the prevalence of Proteobacteria was significantly higher(P<0.05)in P.clarkii with BMD than in P.clarkii without BMD.Candidatus Bacilloplasma,Bacteroides,Vibrio,and Aeromonas showed significant differences(P<0.05)at the genus level.Tax4 Fun function prediction indicated that the relative abundance of genes involved in energy metabolism in the intestinal flora of P.clarkii with BMD was significantly reduced(P<0.05).Therefore,BMD can change the composition of the intestinal microbiota of P.clarkii.This study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between intestinal flora and host especially in aquatic animals.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Innovative Research Team of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences(14C0504)the Youth Innovation Foundation of President of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences(14B0529)Anhui Aquaculture Industry Technology System for Shrimp and Crab
文摘This experiment was conducted to clarify species and drug resistance of pathogen from the diseased Procambarus clarkia. Pathogenic bacteria from hepatopancreas of the diseased P. clarkia were examined using conventional methods,and then were isolated. The further tests and analysis of the isolated strain were developed,including the regression experiment to P. clarkia,the morphology,physiological and biochemical characteristics,sequence analysis of their 16 S rRNA and gyr B genes,and the susceptibility test to antibiotics. Large colonies with similar morphology and color were obtained. Strain X120523 was identified as Citrobacter freundii,proved to have strong pathogenicity,and was susceptible to quinolones and aminoglycosides.
基金funded by the Special Fund Project for the Scientific Research of the Forest Public Welfare Industry,State Forestry Bureau of China ( 200904001)the Three Projects of Aquatic Products of Jiangsu Province ( PJ2010-53)
文摘[ Objective] To provide basic research parameters for the laboratory culture of Procambarus clarkii using Salix saposhnikovii and the breeding materials for the clean environment-friendly aquaculture. [Method] The de-aerated water was used to culture the post larvae and P. clarkii juvenile. The effects of S. saposhnikovii roots on the survival rate, body length increase and body length variation coefficient of P. clarkii were in- vestigated. The survival rate of juvenile P. clarkii in the V class wastewater at 2 ammonia nitrogen concentrations were examined. [ Result] The post larvae of P. clarkii cultivated with S. saposhnikovii in the de-aerated water had significantly higher survival rate and longer body length than the control （ P 〈 0.05）, but there was no significant difference between the 2 treatments in the variation coefficient of body length. In the wastewater containing 2 mg/L ammonia nitrogen, the survival rate and ammonia nitrogen wastewater purification rate of the experimental juvenile P. clarkii were higher than the control. When the concentration of ammonia nitrogen increased to 10 mg/L, the survival rate of the experimental juvenile P. clarkii was still higher than the control, but there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the purification rate of ammonia nitrogen. [ Conclu- sien] S. saposhnikovii has significant effect on the survival rate and growth of juvenile P. clarloTand can purify the wastewater containing 2 -10 mg/L ammonia nitrogen.
基金We would like to thank the undergradu- ate students from Guangxi Normal University, Yueni Huang, Chun Lan, and Caigui Nong, for their assistance in our experiment. This study was financially supported by Guangxi Science Foundation （2011GXNSFE018005）, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Protection, and Assessment Kadoorie Farm ＆ Botanic Garden Corporation, Hong Kong and the Creative Team Project of the universities of Guangxi province, China.
文摘Procambarus clarkii is native to the south-central United States （Louisiana） and northeastern Mexico, and is a highly efficient predator that poses a damager to native species after its introduction or invasion. In its natural habitat, P. clarkii consumes Carassius auratus, however, whether C. auratus recognizes P. clarkii as a predator is not yet clear. In laboratory experiments, we investigated whether experienced and inexperienced C. auratus recognize P. clarkii as a predatory threat and the specific sensory modality used by C. auratus to respond to chemical and visual stimuli from P. clarkii. In the chemical stimuli experiment, two kinds of chemical stimuli were used, water from a tub containing P. clarkii previously fed with C. auratus （C. auratus diet cues） and water from a tub containing unfed P. clarkii （P. clarkii cues）. In the visual experiment, experienced C. auratus decreased activity, but inexperienced C.auratus avoided the predator compartment. When C. auratus diet cues were presented, both experienced and inexperienced C. auratus increased the use of shelter, decreased activity in the initial response phase. Compared with the blank treatment, experienced C. auratus responded to P. clarkii cues by decreasing activity; however, inexperienced C. auratus showed no reduction in activity. C. auratus appears to recognize P. clarkii as a predator both through visual and chemical cues. Further analysis revealed that C. auratus may recognize R clarkii visually through the disturbances caused by P. clarkii movement and chemically by detecting conspecific alarm cues in the diet of P. clarkii. The results also indicate that ex- perienced C. auratus can recognize R clarkii by innate chemical cues from P. clarkii, whereas inexperienced C. auratus cannot [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 330-339, 2011].
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31672648)the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture&Environmental Protection and Huaiyin Normal University(No.HSXT2-107)the Science&Technology Program of Huaiyin Normal University(No.31WH000)。
文摘The red swamp crayfish,Procambarus clarkii,is an economically important species especially in China.Their exoskeleton places serious constraints on growth and culture management.Their growth is achieved through intermittent molting/ecdysis.The longitudinal genetic dynamics for growth-related traits at different ecdysial points in P.clarkii has been unclear to date.In this study,conditional genetic analysis was carried out for growth-related traits(body weight,body length,chela length,and cephalothorax length)based upon a mixed genetic model with conditional additive,dominance,and genotype by environment effects in P.clarkii.A complete diallel cross was made among three geographic populations of P.clarkii for the genetic mating design.Results of the conditional genetic analysis showed that from 4 th molt to 9 th molt the conditional additive variations were increased significantly whereas the conditional non-additive genetic variations(dominance and genotype by environment interaction)were decreased significantly for these growth-related traits.This indicated that lots of new expression of additive effect genes for body weight,body length,chela length,and cephalothorax length occurred during ontogeny,and environment played a signifi cant role in the expression of genes affecting these growth-related traits.Growth of the four traits was mainly affected by non-additive genetic effects in early developmental stage(prior to 4 th molt).The cumulative conditional additive variation for the growth-related traits from 4 th molt to 9 th molt accounted for a large majority of the total conditional additive variations from 2 nd molt to 9 th molt,indicating that this period was very important for the growth of this species.Using the conditional analysis method,dynamics of growth-related traits during an important ontogenetic phase of red swamp crayfish was uncovered.Our results provide valuable insights into refining production of this species.
文摘Three different treatment methods, including topical application method, injection method and immersion method were employed to treat 17or - hydroxyprogesterone, so as to investigating its effect on ovarian development red swamp crayfish （Procambarus clarkii）. The results showed that all the three differ- ent methods could facilitate the synchronous ovarian development of red swamp crayfish at different degree, with the degree of maturity of 10% high compared with the control group. The highest maturity degree was 50% that was observed in immersion treatment group. The effect was determined as in order immersion method 〉 injection method 〉 topical apphcation method 〉 control group. The immersion method and the injection method could facilitate synchronization spawning of red swamp crayfish, with the order of immersion method 32.5%, injection method 20%, topical application 17.5% and the control group 17.5 %. Taking the synchro- nization spawning rate, final spawning rate and mortality into account, the order was the immersion method 〉 injection method 〉 topical application method 〉 control group.
文摘The red swamp crayfish(Procambarus clarkii)is a species from the northeast of Mexico and the central south of the United States(Louisiana),actually is the dominant macroinvertebrate in several countries.It was introduced to several countries,generally for gastronomic reasons or to repopulate destroyed areas by a disease.While the first introduction of this species into the world is well-documented,little is known about its pathways of invasion and the reason for its rapid spread in several countries.P.clarkii is an aggressive crustacean that multiplies very fast and adapts to features of the invaded location.Adults of the species can disperse up to 1.6 km on land.Also,they dig deep holes which allows them to establish easily in wetlands and adjacent waterbodies that are hydrologically disconnected.This study takes place in the Gharb area(northwestern of Morocco)where several carcasses of P.clarkii have been found in different places.In the present study,it is a question of understanding how this species was introduced in this area,to establish a map of propagation of the species,and to evaluate the damage that it would have caused in the rice growing of Gharb.In Morocco,it was first sighted in the Gharb area in 2008 in the commune of Sidi Allal Tazi.Following this discovery,possible ways of the species introduction and the dispersal modes were explored that P.clarkii could use to invade the Gharb area.The results of this study can be used by natural resource managers,rice farmers,fishermen and the local population,to help them to locate the spread of P.clarkii,to identify vectors that move P.clarkii across political boundaries and illustrate the importance of limiting and prohibiting the movement of this invasive species across boundaries or into new ecosystems.
文摘Different concentrations of four metals namely copper, lead, chrome and cadmium were evaluated in crayfish Procambarus clarkii tissues (carapace, flesh) for a six-month period, from March to August 2013 in the Rharb of Morocco (Lagoon Merja Zerga and Nador canal). The determination of heavy metals was carried using atomic absorption spectroscopy Varian VV20. The results obtained revealed a metal’s contamination of Procambarus clarkii in both sites. Concentrations of heavy metals examined Procambarus clarkii carapace ranged as follows: Merja Zerga (Pb 2.07 - 6.7 μg/g;Cu 2.9 - 9.97 μg/g;Cr 0.89 - 14.22 μg/g dry weight) and Nador canal: (Pb 0.08 - 7.8 μg/g;Cu 3.40 - 9.3 μg/g;Cr 0.87 - 3.5 μg/g dry weight). Concentrations of heavy metals found in flesh were as follows: Merja Zerga (Pb 0.02 - 5.25 μg/g;Cu 9.58 - 23.59 μg/g;Cr 0 - 2.71 μg/g dry weight) and Nador canal (Pb 0.06 - 6.81 μg/g;Cu 9.5 - 37.20 μg/g;Cr 0 - 3.23 μg/g dry weight). The distribution of those metals in Procambarus clarkii shows high levels of contamination for lead, copper and chrome with an absence of cadmium in both sites (Merja Zerga and Nador canal). The concentrations differed in carapace and flesh.
文摘The ongoing expansion of P. clarkii in the aquatic environments of northern Italy, where it is very common and abundant in most of the streams, lakes and reservoirs, led us to worry about the possibility of invasion into the estuarine and lagoonal brackish environments of the Adriatic coast, which is important not only for their peculiar fauna and flora and high biodiversity, but also for fishing and aquaculture. We carried out laboratory tests to investigate whether this species could live, moult and breed in water with different salinity levels. Several stocks of adult individuals, acclimated before the laboratory experiments, were maintained and monitored daily for a long period （100 days） in glass aquaria with water salinity varying from 5 to 33 ppt. They not only survived during the whole experiment period in levels up to 25 ppt, but also they regularly moulted and mated. These results confirmed that the species could invade the estuarine and brackish environments of the Adriatic coast, with all the implied consequences for the native species of both vertebrates and invertebrates and for human livelihoods.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Technological Innovation in Hubei Province(2018ABA103)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31402343)Innovation Project of Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CX201810)
文摘In order to provide a scientific basis for the control of Aeromonas allosaccharophila from Procambarus clarkii , a dominant strain was isolated from moribund P. clarkii in some farm in Hubei Province, and designated X1. It was preliminarily identified to be A. allosaccharophila through physiological-biochemical test. Further sequence analysis showed that 16S rDNA of this bacterium shared 90% identity with 16S rDNA of A. allosaccharophila , suggesting that it is A. allosaccharophila . Drug sensitivity test showed that isolate X1 was sensitive to doxycycline, cefotaxime, norfloxacin and gentamicin. In animal regression test, the bacterium the same as that from naturally-diseased P. clarkii could be isolated, with the same disease symptoms as well.
基金funded by Functional projects of fumaric acid in shrimp feed(D-8006-19-0128).
文摘To unravel the intricate morphological structure and functional aspects of the digestive system in Procambarus clarkii,this study employed histology and transcriptome sequencing techniques for a comprehensive analysis of its digestive system.The investigation revealed that the digestive system of P.clarkii comprises the esophagus,stomach(including cardiac and pyloric regions),caeca,midgut,hindgut,and hepatopancreas.The esophageal lumen displayed an"X"shape,with clearly visible radial muscle bundles within the connecting tissues.The internal architecture of the stomach and intestines mirrored that of the esophagus.Notably,the pyloric region of the stomach exhibited a comb-like structure,which facilitated food selection and filtration.The caeca showcased a larger lumen within the intestines,while the hindgut displayed smaller folds.The hepatopancreas,representing the digestive glands,demonstrated predominant bilaterally symmetrical features,encompassing the midgut on both sides.It consisted of multi-stage branching hepatic ducts,crucial for digestion and absorption.Transcriptomic analysis of the digestive system revealed significant gene expression in the esophagus,stomach,caeca,midgut,hindgut,and hepatopancreas,with 23,006,22,208,23,485,23,196,22,781,and 21,375 genes expressed,respectively.Moreover,tissue-specific expression was observed in 161,459,374,547,337,and 1080 genes.Additionally,a subset of 447,453,553,506,433,and 711 genes exhibited high expression levels.Further analysis led to the identification of 36 digestive enzyme genes across six distinct digestive tissues,categorized into three groups:carbohydrate metabolism,lipid breakdown,and protein metabolism.In conclusion,this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the morphological structure,gene expression characteristics,and classification of digestive enzyme genes in the digestive system of P.clarkii.These findings lay a solid foundation for future investigations on the digestive physiology and food digestion in P.clarkii.
基金supported by the Fishery Seed Industry Joint Breeding Program of Jiangxi Province,China(2023yyzygg-07),the Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province,China(2021BBA232).
文摘The edible portion of Procambarus clarkii mainly consists of the abdominal muscles,highlighting the genetic enhancement of abdominal meat yield in breeding.To explore a selective breeding strategy for abdominal meat yield,the correlation of morphological characteristics with abdominal meat yield based on five P.clarkii populations collected from its major production areas in China was analyzed and an optimal prediction model was constructed for predicting abdominal meat yield.With the analyses of P.clarkii morphological characteristics,Fulton's condition factor(K),which had a strong negative correlation(-0.800 in males and-0.705 in females)with abdominal meat yield and the advantage of not requiring the sacrifice of breeding candidates,was eventually selected as the morphological predictor.And the optimal prediction model constructed based on K value was a quadratic curve,with R^(2)values of 0.684 for males and 0.590 for females,and correlation coefficients of 0.827 and 0.768 between observed and predicted values for males and females,respectively.The results of the abdominal meat yield selective breeding experiment,utilizing the optimal prediction model,demonstrated that the breeding population exhibited favorable morphological variation as expected.These findings provide a morphology-based selection strategy for breeding the abdominal meat yield of P.clarkii.
基金the key research and development program of Hubei province(2021BBA232)the earmarked fund for CARS-48,and the research start-up fund of high level talent introduction of Huazhong Agricultural University.
文摘Genetic breeding is an important approach to improve the economic traits of aquaculture animals.Unfortunately,the genetic basis for important economic traits of red swamp crayfish,including growth-related traits,has not yet been reported.In the present study,two full-sib families and two natural populations were employed to identify quantitative trait loci(QTLs)for growth-related traits of red swamp crayfish.In total,28 QTLs for five growth-related traits,including body weight,body length,carapace length,carapace width,and abdomen length,were repeatedly identified in more than two families/populations,by means of association analysis;nine of these displayed a heterosis effect.The phenotypic variations of the five investigated traits explained by the 28 QTLs ranged from 4.2%to 19.0%.Eight additive and three heterosis QTLs were further successfully validated using comparative analysis of favoured alleles between the small and big size crayfish groups in the natural population.In conclusion,this study investigated the genetic basis of growth-related traits in red swamp crayfish,which is of great significance for their application in the future molecular breeding of the species.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.U1701233)the central government guide local science and technology development fund-Shenzhen Virtual University Park Free exploration basic research (No.2021Szvup115)+1 种基金Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (No.2452020013/DK202105)Guangxi Natural Science Foundation Youth Fund Project (No.2021GXNSFBA196063).
文摘White spot syndrome virus(WSSV),the causative agent of White spot disease(WSD),not only caused huge economic losses,but also greatly limited the development of crustacean breeding industry.Chinese herbs are widely used and have great application potential in antiviral research.In thist study,the antiviral effects of 11 Chinese herb extracts were evaluated in Procambarus clarkii(crayfish)model of WSSV infection,among which Cimicifuga foetida L.extract showed the highest inhibition rate(88.22%)against WSSV replication.On this basis,the anti-WSSV effect of Isoferulic acid(IFA),a major bioactive component of Cimicifuga foetida L.,was further investigated.The results showed that IFA significantly inhibited WSSV replication(96.57%,50 mg/kg)in a dose-dependent manner and significantly improved the survival of WSSV-challenged crayfish.IFA had the potential preventive and therapeutic effect against WSSV infection,and the preventive effect was better than the therapeutic effect.Mechanistically,IFA suppressed the expression of the immediate early gene ie1,the DNA polymerase gene DNApol and envelope protein gene Vp28 to inhibit WSSV replication,activated TLR,CTL and ProPo genes expression to block ie1 transcription,and suppressed BAF,STAT,NF-κb and Crustin 1 genes expression to elevate innate immunity against WSSV infection.Besides,IFA upregulated the cMnSOD,mMnSOD,CAT and GST genes expression,and downregulated the COX-1 and COX-2 genes expression to balance the oxidative stress and inflammatory damage caused by WSSV infection.This study provides a theoretical basis and meaningful reference for the development of IFA as a highly effective and practical anti-WSSV drug.
