Open logic （OL） is a noticeable logic theory dealing with the description of knowledge growth and updating, as well as the evolution of hypothesis. Up to now, however, many problems related to the proof theoretical ...Open logic （OL） is a noticeable logic theory dealing with the description of knowledge growth and updating, as well as the evolution of hypothesis. Up to now, however, many problems related to the proof theoretical approach of OL remain to be explored. In this paper, the typical proof theoretical problems for OL are described and the concept of open proof is defined. Two major conclusions are as follows： （i） For the consistent OL systems, the open proof problem is semi-decidable （a decision algorithm is presented）. （ii） For general （normal, not necessarily consistent） OL systems, the open proof problem is not semi-decidable.展开更多
Recently, Li established an open logic system to describe growth and updating of knowledge and evolution of hypothesis. Afterwards, he used it to give a logical framework for knowledge base maintenance. In a knowledge...Recently, Li established an open logic system to describe growth and updating of knowledge and evolution of hypothesis. Afterwards, he used it to give a logical framework for knowledge base maintenance. In a knowledge base, there are some special展开更多
The problem of uniqueness of reconstruction in open logic is dealt with by introducing the concept of total ordered partitions, an ordering structure for modeling belief degrees of knowledge, and redefining the recons...The problem of uniqueness of reconstruction in open logic is dealt with by introducing the concept of total ordered partitions, an ordering structure for modeling belief degrees of knowledge, and redefining the reconstruction operation. Based on the resulting definition, a nontrivial condition for the convergency of cognitive processes is given. It is shown that if new knowledge is not always accepted with an extremely skeptical attitude and the changes of belief degrees follow the criterion of minimal changes, the cognitive process will converge. The results provide an approach to unifying two kinds of theories for knowledge base maintenance: belief revision and open logic.展开更多
The open logic is defined by model theory which can be viewed as a process-based nonmonotonic logic. Some new notions and results of open logic are introduced. The relation of open logic to circumscription is studied,...The open logic is defined by model theory which can be viewed as a process-based nonmonotonic logic. Some new notions and results of open logic are introduced. The relation of open logic to circumscription is studied, and the relationship between open logic and other nonmonotonic logics is pointed out as well.展开更多
目的:探讨颈后路术后早期(术后3个月)发生神经功能恶化患者长期随访的预后情况及相关危险因素。方法:回顾性分析17例在2006年1月~2012年12月间在我科接受保留一侧肌肉韧带复合体的颈后路椎管扩大成形术后早期神经功能恶化(术后3个月随访...目的:探讨颈后路术后早期(术后3个月)发生神经功能恶化患者长期随访的预后情况及相关危险因素。方法:回顾性分析17例在2006年1月~2012年12月间在我科接受保留一侧肌肉韧带复合体的颈后路椎管扩大成形术后早期神经功能恶化(术后3个月随访时mJOA评分较术前下降≥1分)的患者,以术后10年随访时m JOA评分是否恢复至术前水平将患者分为未恢复组(n=5)及恢复组(n=12),收集两组患者的基线信息、围术期资料及术后3个月、1年和10年时的改良日本骨科协会(modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association,mJOA)评分、颈椎功能障碍指数(neck disability index,NDI)、视觉模拟量表(visual analog scale,VAS)评分和影像学数据[包括Cobb角、颈椎活动度(range of motion,ROM)以及C2-C7矢状面轴向距离(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)]。比较两组患者历次随访时上述指标的差异并进行回归分析,并比较发生早期神经功能恶化时两组患者mJOA评分不同项目是否存在差异。结果:未恢复组患者合并颈椎后纵韧带骨化(ossification of longitudinal ligament,OPLL)比例明显高于恢复组,两组间在年龄、性别、体重指数、合并症、合并脊髓T2高信号、合并发育性颈椎管狭窄等基线信息以及围术期手术时间、出血量、住院时间等均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。未恢复组中1例患者发生脑脊液漏及C5神经根麻痹,恢复组中1例患者发生脑脊液漏,两组间差异无统计学意义。在术后3个月发生早期神经功能恶化后,所有患者完善影像学检查后未见减压不充分,均未行二期手术治疗。未恢复组与恢复组患者术前mJOA评分分别为13.30±2.46分及14.71±1.41分,差异无统计学意义。在发生早期神经功能恶化后,恢复组患者术后1年随访mJOA评分较术后3个月随访明显改善且与术前水平无显著性差异,术后10年随访时显著性高于术前及历次随访;未恢复组患者术后1年和10年随访时mJOA评分与术后3个月发生神经功能早期恶化时无统计学差异。两组间VAS评分及NDI评分在术前及历次随访无统计学差异;两组组内术前及历次随访时的VAS评分及NDI亦无统计学差异。恢复组历次随访时Cobb角较术前均有所增加,术后10年随访时SVA较术前增加明显;未恢复组历次随访时Cobb角及SVA与术前相比差异均无统计学意义。恢复组ROM在术后历次随访中均较术前显著性减小,未恢复组术后较术前无统计学差异。两组间术前及历次随访时Cobb角、ROM及SVA均无显著性差异。未恢复组患者发生早期神经功能恶化时更易累及下肢运动功能。对两组患者进行Logistic回归分析显示术前合并OPLL是发生术后早期神经功能恶化且术后10年难以恢复的危险因素。结论:术前合并OPLL的患者术后发生早期神经功能恶化后长期随访期更难以恢复。展开更多
文摘Open logic （OL） is a noticeable logic theory dealing with the description of knowledge growth and updating, as well as the evolution of hypothesis. Up to now, however, many problems related to the proof theoretical approach of OL remain to be explored. In this paper, the typical proof theoretical problems for OL are described and the concept of open proof is defined. Two major conclusions are as follows： （i） For the consistent OL systems, the open proof problem is semi-decidable （a decision algorithm is presented）. （ii） For general （normal, not necessarily consistent） OL systems, the open proof problem is not semi-decidable.
文摘Recently, Li established an open logic system to describe growth and updating of knowledge and evolution of hypothesis. Afterwards, he used it to give a logical framework for knowledge base maintenance. In a knowledge base, there are some special
文摘The problem of uniqueness of reconstruction in open logic is dealt with by introducing the concept of total ordered partitions, an ordering structure for modeling belief degrees of knowledge, and redefining the reconstruction operation. Based on the resulting definition, a nontrivial condition for the convergency of cognitive processes is given. It is shown that if new knowledge is not always accepted with an extremely skeptical attitude and the changes of belief degrees follow the criterion of minimal changes, the cognitive process will converge. The results provide an approach to unifying two kinds of theories for knowledge base maintenance: belief revision and open logic.
基金Project partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 69673045)National High-Tech Project and National Climbing Program of Fundamental Research
文摘The open logic is defined by model theory which can be viewed as a process-based nonmonotonic logic. Some new notions and results of open logic are introduced. The relation of open logic to circumscription is studied, and the relationship between open logic and other nonmonotonic logics is pointed out as well.
文摘目的:探讨颈后路术后早期(术后3个月)发生神经功能恶化患者长期随访的预后情况及相关危险因素。方法:回顾性分析17例在2006年1月~2012年12月间在我科接受保留一侧肌肉韧带复合体的颈后路椎管扩大成形术后早期神经功能恶化(术后3个月随访时mJOA评分较术前下降≥1分)的患者,以术后10年随访时m JOA评分是否恢复至术前水平将患者分为未恢复组(n=5)及恢复组(n=12),收集两组患者的基线信息、围术期资料及术后3个月、1年和10年时的改良日本骨科协会(modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association,mJOA)评分、颈椎功能障碍指数(neck disability index,NDI)、视觉模拟量表(visual analog scale,VAS)评分和影像学数据[包括Cobb角、颈椎活动度(range of motion,ROM)以及C2-C7矢状面轴向距离(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)]。比较两组患者历次随访时上述指标的差异并进行回归分析,并比较发生早期神经功能恶化时两组患者mJOA评分不同项目是否存在差异。结果:未恢复组患者合并颈椎后纵韧带骨化(ossification of longitudinal ligament,OPLL)比例明显高于恢复组,两组间在年龄、性别、体重指数、合并症、合并脊髓T2高信号、合并发育性颈椎管狭窄等基线信息以及围术期手术时间、出血量、住院时间等均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。未恢复组中1例患者发生脑脊液漏及C5神经根麻痹,恢复组中1例患者发生脑脊液漏,两组间差异无统计学意义。在术后3个月发生早期神经功能恶化后,所有患者完善影像学检查后未见减压不充分,均未行二期手术治疗。未恢复组与恢复组患者术前mJOA评分分别为13.30±2.46分及14.71±1.41分,差异无统计学意义。在发生早期神经功能恶化后,恢复组患者术后1年随访mJOA评分较术后3个月随访明显改善且与术前水平无显著性差异,术后10年随访时显著性高于术前及历次随访;未恢复组患者术后1年和10年随访时mJOA评分与术后3个月发生神经功能早期恶化时无统计学差异。两组间VAS评分及NDI评分在术前及历次随访无统计学差异;两组组内术前及历次随访时的VAS评分及NDI亦无统计学差异。恢复组历次随访时Cobb角较术前均有所增加,术后10年随访时SVA较术前增加明显;未恢复组历次随访时Cobb角及SVA与术前相比差异均无统计学意义。恢复组ROM在术后历次随访中均较术前显著性减小,未恢复组术后较术前无统计学差异。两组间术前及历次随访时Cobb角、ROM及SVA均无显著性差异。未恢复组患者发生早期神经功能恶化时更易累及下肢运动功能。对两组患者进行Logistic回归分析显示术前合并OPLL是发生术后早期神经功能恶化且术后10年难以恢复的危险因素。结论:术前合并OPLL的患者术后发生早期神经功能恶化后长期随访期更难以恢复。
