Epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG),a prominent plant-based catechin predominantly derived from Camellia sinensis and widely available on the market as a health supplement,has garnered significant attention for its poten...Epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG),a prominent plant-based catechin predominantly derived from Camellia sinensis and widely available on the market as a health supplement,has garnered significant attention for its potential therapeutic benefits,particularly in the context of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).This review explores the multifaceted role of EGCG in addressing the“ominous octet”—the 8 core pathophysiological defects associated with T2DM.The literature search was carried out using key terms“EGCG”OR“epigallocatechin-3-gallate”OR“epigallocatechin gallate”AND“diabetes”OR“insulin resistance”OR“hyperglycemia”in the PubMed and Scopus databases.The search was constrained to articles published between January 2018 and April 2024,focusing on the document type.Full-text articles published in English and relevant to EGCG that featured a single active ingredient,included clearly explained diabetes relief mechanism,and included ominous octet aspects were included in the final review.The outcomes of the included studies were reviewed and categorized based on 8 core pathophysiological defects,collectively referred to as the ominous octet in T2DM.This review concludes that EGCG is a potent hypoglycemic agent that has beneficial effects against the ominous octet in addition to its pharmacological activities in modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis,carbohydrate digestion and metabolism,glucose transporter-mediated intestinal glucose-uptake,endothelial dysfunction,and renal damage that are significantly associated with pathogenesis of T2DM.This extensive scientific evidence suggests that EGCG may offer a novel approach to traditional antidiabetic therapies,potentially improving glycemic control and mitigating complications associated with T2DM.The inhibitory effects of EGCG on sodium-glucose transport proteins and their role in reducing renal glucose reabsorption remain unexplored,highlighting a significant research gap.Future research should also aim to broaden the scope by investigating the “egregious eleven,”which comprise a more comprehensive range of diabetic pathophysiological features.This review underscores the therapeutic promise of EGCG for managing T2DM and encourages ongoing research to fully elucidate its clinical applications.展开更多
As Lewis proposed his octet rule, itself inspired by Abegg’s rule, that a molecule is stable when all its composing atoms have eight electrons in their valence shell, it perfectly applied to the vast majority of know...As Lewis proposed his octet rule, itself inspired by Abegg’s rule, that a molecule is stable when all its composing atoms have eight electrons in their valence shell, it perfectly applied to the vast majority of known stable molecules. Only a few stable molecules were known that didn’t fall under this rule, such as PCl5 and SF6, and Lewis chose to leave them aside at the time of his research. With further advances in chemistry, more exceptions to this rule of eight have been found, usually with the central atom of the structure having more or less than eight electrons in its valence shell. Theories have been developed in order to modify the octet rule to suit these molecules, defining these as hyper- or hypo-valent molecules and using other configurations for the electrons. The present paper aims to propose a representation rule for gaseous single-bonded molecules that makes it possible to reconcile both;molecules following the octet theory and those which do not. In this representation rule, each element of the molecule is subscripted with two numbers that follow a set of simple criteria. The first represents the number of valence electrons of the element;while the second is calculated by adding the first number to the number of the element’s covalent bonds within the molecule. The latter is equal to eight for organic molecules following the octet rule. Molecules being exceptions to the octet rule are now encompassed by this new even-odd rule: they have a valid chemical structural formula in which the second number is even but not always equal to eight. Both rules—octet and even-odd—are discussed and compared, using several well-known gaseous molecules having one or several single-bonded elements. A future paper will discuss the application of the even-odd rule to charged molecules.展开更多
Lewis developed a 2D-representation of molecules, charged or uncharged, known as structural formula, and stated the criteria to draw it. At the time, the vast majority of known molecules followed the octet-rule, one o...Lewis developed a 2D-representation of molecules, charged or uncharged, known as structural formula, and stated the criteria to draw it. At the time, the vast majority of known molecules followed the octet-rule, one of Lewis’s criteria. The same method was however rapidly applied to represent compounds that do not follow the octet-rule, i.e. compounds for which some of the composing atoms have greater or less than eight electrons in their valence shell. In a previous paper, an even-odd rule was proposed and shown to apply to both types of uncharged molecules. In the present paper, the even-odd rule is extended with the objective to encompass all single-bonded ions in one group: Lewis’s ions, hypo- and hypervalent ions. The base of the even-odd representation is compatible with Lewis’s diagram. Additionally, each atom is subscripted with an even number calculated by adding the valence number, the number of covalent bonds of the element, and its electrical charge. This paper describes how to calculate the latter number and in doing so, how charge and electron-pairs can actually be precisely localized. Using ions known to be compatible with Lewis’s rule of eight, the even-odd rule is compared with the former. The even-odd rule is then applied to ions known as hypo- or hypervalent. An interesting side effect of the presented rule is that charge and electron-pairs are unambiguously assigned to one of the atoms composing the single-charged ion. Ions that follow the octet rule and ions that do not, are thus reconciled in one group called “electron-paired ions” due to the absence of unpaired electrons. A future paper will focus on the connection between the even-odd rule and molecules or ions having multiple bonds.展开更多
We study radiative decays of T to light quark jets in nonrelativistic QCD by taking both the color singlet and color octet b^-b operators into consideration. The cut for quark jet energy and cut for the angle between ...We study radiative decays of T to light quark jets in nonrelativistic QCD by taking both the color singlet and color octet b^-b operators into consideration. The cut for quark jet energy and cut for the angle between two quark jets are introduced. The sensitivity to the soft and collinear singularities in the loop integrals are greatly reduced by these cuts. With the jet energy cut of about 1 GeV, and the jet angle cut of about 36°, the branching ratio for γ→ rq^- is found to be 8.2 × 10^-4 from color singlet contributions. The color octet contributions could be much larger than that of color singlet, depending on the estimate of the color octet matrix elements. This process may provide a new test for the color octet mechanism in nonrelativistic QCD.展开更多
We investigate the resonant production of color octet muons in order to explore the discovery potential of Future Circular Collider（FCC）-based μp colliders.It is shown that the search potentials of μp colliders es...We investigate the resonant production of color octet muons in order to explore the discovery potential of Future Circular Collider（FCC）-based μp colliders.It is shown that the search potentials of μp colliders essentially surpass the potential of the LHC and would exceed that of the FCC pp collider.展开更多
We report our investigation on the octet baryon spectrum in the nonrelativistic quark model by taking into account the two-gluon exchange effect. The calculated octet baryon masses agree better with the experimental d...We report our investigation on the octet baryon spectrum in the nonrelativistic quark model by taking into account the two-gluon exchange effect. The calculated octet baryon masses agree better with the experimental data. It is also shown that the two-gluon exchange interactions bring a significant correction to the Gell-Mann-Okubo mass formula.展开更多
Magnetic moments of octet baryons are parameterized to all orders of the flavor SU （3） breaking with the irreducible tensor technique in order to extract the contribution of each flavor quark to the magnetic moments...Magnetic moments of octet baryons are parameterized to all orders of the flavor SU （3） breaking with the irreducible tensor technique in order to extract the contribution of each flavor quark to the magnetic moments of the octet baryons. The not-yet measured magnetic moment of Σ 0 is predicted to be 0.649 μ N . Our parameterized forms for the magnetic moments are explicitly f lavor-dependent, and hence each flavor component of the magnetic moments can be evaluated directly via the flavor projection operator. It is found that the strange magnetic moment of the nucleon is suppressed due to the small isoscalar anomalous magnetic moment of the nucleon. In particular, the strange magnetic form factor of the nucleon turns out to be positive, G （s） N （0） = 0.428 μ N , which is consistent with recent data.展开更多
The recently proposed N^(*)(890)1/2^(-)baryon is studied in a flavor SU(3) scheme with K-matrix unitarization,by fitting to low-energy cross section and phase shift data.It is found that N^(*)(890) co-exists with low-...The recently proposed N^(*)(890)1/2^(-)baryon is studied in a flavor SU(3) scheme with K-matrix unitarization,by fitting to low-energy cross section and phase shift data.It is found that N^(*)(890) co-exists with low-lying poles in other channels,which have been extensively discussed in the literature,though they belong to different octets in the SU(3) limit.Hence,the existence of N^(*)(890) is further verified.展开更多
基金supported by the Ministry of Higher Education(MOHE),Malaysia,through Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(FRGS/1/2022/SKK10/UTAR/02/1)Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman,Malaysia,through UTAR-Research Grant(IPSR/RMC/UTARRF/2024-C1/L04)。
文摘Epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG),a prominent plant-based catechin predominantly derived from Camellia sinensis and widely available on the market as a health supplement,has garnered significant attention for its potential therapeutic benefits,particularly in the context of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).This review explores the multifaceted role of EGCG in addressing the“ominous octet”—the 8 core pathophysiological defects associated with T2DM.The literature search was carried out using key terms“EGCG”OR“epigallocatechin-3-gallate”OR“epigallocatechin gallate”AND“diabetes”OR“insulin resistance”OR“hyperglycemia”in the PubMed and Scopus databases.The search was constrained to articles published between January 2018 and April 2024,focusing on the document type.Full-text articles published in English and relevant to EGCG that featured a single active ingredient,included clearly explained diabetes relief mechanism,and included ominous octet aspects were included in the final review.The outcomes of the included studies were reviewed and categorized based on 8 core pathophysiological defects,collectively referred to as the ominous octet in T2DM.This review concludes that EGCG is a potent hypoglycemic agent that has beneficial effects against the ominous octet in addition to its pharmacological activities in modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis,carbohydrate digestion and metabolism,glucose transporter-mediated intestinal glucose-uptake,endothelial dysfunction,and renal damage that are significantly associated with pathogenesis of T2DM.This extensive scientific evidence suggests that EGCG may offer a novel approach to traditional antidiabetic therapies,potentially improving glycemic control and mitigating complications associated with T2DM.The inhibitory effects of EGCG on sodium-glucose transport proteins and their role in reducing renal glucose reabsorption remain unexplored,highlighting a significant research gap.Future research should also aim to broaden the scope by investigating the “egregious eleven,”which comprise a more comprehensive range of diabetic pathophysiological features.This review underscores the therapeutic promise of EGCG for managing T2DM and encourages ongoing research to fully elucidate its clinical applications.
文摘As Lewis proposed his octet rule, itself inspired by Abegg’s rule, that a molecule is stable when all its composing atoms have eight electrons in their valence shell, it perfectly applied to the vast majority of known stable molecules. Only a few stable molecules were known that didn’t fall under this rule, such as PCl5 and SF6, and Lewis chose to leave them aside at the time of his research. With further advances in chemistry, more exceptions to this rule of eight have been found, usually with the central atom of the structure having more or less than eight electrons in its valence shell. Theories have been developed in order to modify the octet rule to suit these molecules, defining these as hyper- or hypo-valent molecules and using other configurations for the electrons. The present paper aims to propose a representation rule for gaseous single-bonded molecules that makes it possible to reconcile both;molecules following the octet theory and those which do not. In this representation rule, each element of the molecule is subscripted with two numbers that follow a set of simple criteria. The first represents the number of valence electrons of the element;while the second is calculated by adding the first number to the number of the element’s covalent bonds within the molecule. The latter is equal to eight for organic molecules following the octet rule. Molecules being exceptions to the octet rule are now encompassed by this new even-odd rule: they have a valid chemical structural formula in which the second number is even but not always equal to eight. Both rules—octet and even-odd—are discussed and compared, using several well-known gaseous molecules having one or several single-bonded elements. A future paper will discuss the application of the even-odd rule to charged molecules.
文摘Lewis developed a 2D-representation of molecules, charged or uncharged, known as structural formula, and stated the criteria to draw it. At the time, the vast majority of known molecules followed the octet-rule, one of Lewis’s criteria. The same method was however rapidly applied to represent compounds that do not follow the octet-rule, i.e. compounds for which some of the composing atoms have greater or less than eight electrons in their valence shell. In a previous paper, an even-odd rule was proposed and shown to apply to both types of uncharged molecules. In the present paper, the even-odd rule is extended with the objective to encompass all single-bonded ions in one group: Lewis’s ions, hypo- and hypervalent ions. The base of the even-odd representation is compatible with Lewis’s diagram. Additionally, each atom is subscripted with an even number calculated by adding the valence number, the number of covalent bonds of the element, and its electrical charge. This paper describes how to calculate the latter number and in doing so, how charge and electron-pairs can actually be precisely localized. Using ions known to be compatible with Lewis’s rule of eight, the even-odd rule is compared with the former. The even-odd rule is then applied to ions known as hypo- or hypervalent. An interesting side effect of the presented rule is that charge and electron-pairs are unambiguously assigned to one of the atoms composing the single-charged ion. Ions that follow the octet rule and ions that do not, are thus reconciled in one group called “electron-paired ions” due to the absence of unpaired electrons. A future paper will focus on the connection between the even-odd rule and molecules or ions having multiple bonds.
基金The project supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 10421503 and the Key Project of the Ministry of Education under Grant No. 305001, and the Research Found of Doctorial Programs of Higher Education of China. We thank E. Berger for bringing their earlier work on inelastic photoproduction of T （Ref. [12]） to our attention. We would also like to thank Ce Meng for valuable discussions.
文摘We study radiative decays of T to light quark jets in nonrelativistic QCD by taking both the color singlet and color octet b^-b operators into consideration. The cut for quark jet energy and cut for the angle between two quark jets are introduced. The sensitivity to the soft and collinear singularities in the loop integrals are greatly reduced by these cuts. With the jet energy cut of about 1 GeV, and the jet angle cut of about 36°, the branching ratio for γ→ rq^- is found to be 8.2 × 10^-4 from color singlet contributions. The color octet contributions could be much larger than that of color singlet, depending on the estimate of the color octet matrix elements. This process may provide a new test for the color octet mechanism in nonrelativistic QCD.
文摘We investigate the resonant production of color octet muons in order to explore the discovery potential of Future Circular Collider（FCC）-based μp colliders.It is shown that the search potentials of μp colliders essentially surpass the potential of the LHC and would exceed that of the FCC pp collider.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (10721063)
文摘We report our investigation on the octet baryon spectrum in the nonrelativistic quark model by taking into account the two-gluon exchange effect. The calculated octet baryon masses agree better with the experimental data. It is also shown that the two-gluon exchange interactions bring a significant correction to the Gell-Mann-Okubo mass formula.
文摘Magnetic moments of octet baryons are parameterized to all orders of the flavor SU （3） breaking with the irreducible tensor technique in order to extract the contribution of each flavor quark to the magnetic moments of the octet baryons. The not-yet measured magnetic moment of Σ 0 is predicted to be 0.649 μ N . Our parameterized forms for the magnetic moments are explicitly f lavor-dependent, and hence each flavor component of the magnetic moments can be evaluated directly via the flavor projection operator. It is found that the strange magnetic moment of the nucleon is suppressed due to the small isoscalar anomalous magnetic moment of the nucleon. In particular, the strange magnetic form factor of the nucleon turns out to be positive, G （s） N （0） = 0.428 μ N , which is consistent with recent data.
基金Supported in part by National Nature Science Foundations of China (11975028,10925522)。
文摘The recently proposed N^(*)(890)1/2^(-)baryon is studied in a flavor SU(3) scheme with K-matrix unitarization,by fitting to low-energy cross section and phase shift data.It is found that N^(*)(890) co-exists with low-lying poles in other channels,which have been extensively discussed in the literature,though they belong to different octets in the SU(3) limit.Hence,the existence of N^(*)(890) is further verified.
