Excessive fertilization has led to nutrient use inefficiency and serious environmental consequences for radish cultivation in North China.The Nutrient Expert(NE)system is a science-based,site-specific fertilization de...Excessive fertilization has led to nutrient use inefficiency and serious environmental consequences for radish cultivation in North China.The Nutrient Expert(NE)system is a science-based,site-specific fertilization decision support system,but the updated NE system for radish has rarely been evaluated.This study aims to validate the feasibility of NE for radish fertilization management from agronomic,economic,and environmental perspectives.A total of 46 field experiments were conducted over four seasons from April 2018 to November 2019 across the major radish growing regions in North China.The results indicated that NE significantly reduced N,P_(2)O_(5),and K_(2)O application rates by 98,110,and 47 kg ha^(-1) relative to those in the farmers’practice(FP),respectively,and reduced N and P_(2)O_(5) inputs by 48 and 44 kg ha^(-1),respectively,while maintaining the same K_(2)O rate as soil testing(ST).Relative to FP and ST,NE significantly increased radish yield by 2.7 and 2.6 t ha^(-1)(4.2 and 4.0%)and net returns by 837 and 432 USD ha^(-1),respectively.On average,NE significantly improved the agronomic efficiency(AE)of N,P,and K(relative to FP and ST)by 42.4 and 31.0,67.4 kg kg^(-1) and 50.9,and 20.3 and 12.3 kg kg^(-1);enhanced the recovery efficiency(RE)of N,P,and K by 11.4 and 7.0,14.1 and 7.5,and 11.3 and 6.3 percentage points;and increased the partial factor productivity(PFP)of N,P,and K by 162.9 and 96.8,488.0 and 327.3,and 86.9 and 22.4 kg kg^(-1),respectively.Furthermore,NE substantially reduced N and P_(2)O_(5) surpluses by 105.1 and 115.1 kg ha^(-1),respectively,and decreased apparent N loss by 110.8 kg ha^(-1) compared to FP.These results indicated that the NE system is an effective and feasible approach for improving NUE and promoting cleaner radish production in North China.展开更多
The rice‒wheat farming system is considered as the greatest energy-intensive agricultural practice in South‒East Asia.In light of declining system production and profitability,burning of residues,soil erosion,depletio...The rice‒wheat farming system is considered as the greatest energy-intensive agricultural practice in South‒East Asia.In light of declining system production and profitability,burning of residues,soil erosion,depletion of renewable resources,and environmental degradation,the sustainability of the rice‒wheat cropping system is being questioned.As a result,energy and money efficient conservation agricultural methods are becoming more and more necessary to accomplish sustainable output.A field experiment was carried out in this regard to evaluate the effects of varying degrees of rice residue retention and nutrient management options on zero-tillage grown wheat growth,yield,phenology,economics,energy budgeting,and CO_(2)emissions.In the experiment,there were five different nutrient management options(recommended dose and Nutrient Expert based dose with and without seed inoculating biofertilizer Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria,PSB in short along with a control)and four different rice residue load treatments(rice residues retained at 0,15,30,and 45 cm from the ground level).The treatments that managed nutrients using Nutrient Expert(NE)and kept residues at a height of 15 and 30 cm above ground,both with and without biofertilizer inoculation,showed better growth and yield in both years.Higher net energy,energy productivity and energy use efficiency were achieved with the treatment combination that kept residues at a height of 30 cm and suggested nutrients using NE software or recommended fertilizer doses(RDF),which included inoculating seeds with biofertilizers.Under the treatments where fertilizers were given more often,there was a larger release of CO_(2).The treatment that kept residues at a height of 30 cm and used NE software to recommend nutrients along with seed inoculation of biofertilizers(R2N5)resulted in higher gross returns(₹111,315 ha-1 and₹109,342 ha-1),net returns(₹60,957 ha-1 and₹61,797 ha-1),and B:C(2.21 and 2.30)during 2021–2022 and 2022–2023,respectively.Therefore,maintaining residues at their ideal level,managing nutrients through NE,and incorporating biofertilizers into the seeds could be advantageous for wheat production and result in an energy-efficient and lucrative cropping system.展开更多
Lake eutrophication （LE） has become an increasingly severe environmental problem recently. However, there has been no nutrient standard established for LE control in many developing countries such as China. This stu...Lake eutrophication （LE） has become an increasingly severe environmental problem recently. However, there has been no nutrient standard established for LE control in many developing countries such as China. This study proposes a structural equation model to assist in the establishment of a lake nutrient standard for drinking water sources in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Ecoregion （Yungui Ecoregion）, China. The modeling results indicate that the most predictive indicator for designated use-attainment is total phosphorus （TP） （total effect =-0.43）, and chlorophyll a （Chl-a） is recommended as the second important indicator （total effect =-0.41）. The model is further used for estimating the probability of use-attainment associated with lake water as a drinking water source and various levels of candidate criteria （based on the reference conditions and the current environmental quality standards for surface water）. It is found that these candidate criteria cannot satisfy the designated 100% use-attainment. To achieve the short-term target （85% attainment of the designated use）, TP and Chl-a values ought to be less than 0.02 mg/L and 1.4 μg/L, respectively. When used as a long-term target （90% or greater attainment of the designated use）, the TP and Chl-a values are suggested to be less than 0.018 mg/L and 1 μg/L, respectively.展开更多
Decision Support Tool(DST)enables farmers to make site-specific crop management decisions;however,comprehensive calibration can be both costly and time-consuming.This study assessed the production and economic benefit...Decision Support Tool(DST)enables farmers to make site-specific crop management decisions;however,comprehensive calibration can be both costly and time-consuming.This study assessed the production and economic benefits of two calibrations of the Nutrient Expert(NE)tool for rice in Sri Lanka’s Alfisols:the basic calibration(Nutrient Expert Sri Lanka 1,NESL1)and the comprehensive calibration(Nutrient Expert Sri Lanka 2,NESL2).NESL1 was developed by adapting the South Indian version of NE to local conditions,while NESL2 was an updated version,using three years of data from 71 farmer fields.展开更多
针对新疆棉花生产中缺乏先进高效的推荐施肥方法和不合理施肥带来的肥料利用率低的现状,本研究以1996—2019年新疆主要植棉区21个植棉县的414个棉花田间肥料试验为基础,建立养分管理大数据库。采用QUEFTS模型模拟棉花最佳养分需求量,并...针对新疆棉花生产中缺乏先进高效的推荐施肥方法和不合理施肥带来的肥料利用率低的现状,本研究以1996—2019年新疆主要植棉区21个植棉县的414个棉花田间肥料试验为基础,建立养分管理大数据库。采用QUEFTS模型模拟棉花最佳养分需求量,并分析土壤基础养分供应、肥料的农学效率与产量反应之间的相关关系,在此基础上构建施肥模型,并开发了适用于新疆棉花生产的养分专家系统。为验证该系统的应用效果,于2017—2021年在新疆主要棉花种植区开展田间验证试验。试验共设6个施肥处理,分别为棉花养分专家系统推荐施肥(NE),基于NE推荐施肥基础上的不施氮肥、不施磷肥和不施钾肥,农民习惯施肥(FP)和当地的优化推荐施肥(ST),调查了棉花产量、肥料利用效率和经济效益。QUEFTS模型模拟棉花养分吸收结果表明,每生产1 t籽棉地上部所需氮、磷和钾养分分别为27.7、6.2和29.3 kg。施用氮、磷和钾肥的平均产量反应分别为1624、1096和804 kg hm^(–2),平均相对产量分别为0.7、0.8和0.8,平均农学效率分别为6.8、8.5和16.7 kg kg^(–1)。田间验证结果显示,与FP处理相比,NE处理分别减施氮、磷、钾肥40.7%、60.1%和10.7%;与ST处理相比,NE处理分别减施氮、磷肥30.3%和38.0%,增施钾肥10.8%。与FP和ST相比,NE处理的棉花产量分别增加了365 kg hm^(–2)和92 kg hm^(–2),经济效益分别增加了4302元hm^(–2)和1094元hm^(–2),氮、磷和钾肥回收率分别提高了18.8和11.8、14.2和11.5、13.4和6.0个百分点,氮和磷肥农学效率分别增加了3.5 kg kg^(–1)和2.2 kg kg^(–1)、7.2 kg kg^(–1)和4.4 kg kg^(–1),钾肥农学效率分别减少了1.6 kg kg^(–1)和0.6 kg kg^(–1)。综上所述,基于产量反应和农学效率构建的智能化新疆棉花养分专家系统,能够为每块地提供个性化的施肥方案。连续多点的田间试验结果充分证明,该方法优化了肥料用量与养分配比,提高了棉花产量和肥料利用率,增加了经济效益,是适用于新疆棉花生产的推荐施肥新方法。展开更多
小规模农业生产易于出现不合理施肥导致的肥料利用率低等问题,严重影响到生态环境和农业可持续发展。研究建立适合我国小农户集约化农业生产特点且科学轻简的养分推荐方法尤为重要。中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所会同全国39...小规模农业生产易于出现不合理施肥导致的肥料利用率低等问题,严重影响到生态环境和农业可持续发展。研究建立适合我国小农户集约化农业生产特点且科学轻简的养分推荐方法尤为重要。中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所会同全国39个土壤肥料研究团队,研发了适合我国农业生态条件和种植体系的基于产量反应和农学效率的作物推荐施肥方法。该方法在汇总分析全国各作物主产区开展的肥料田间试验的基础上,建立了包含作物产量反应、农学效率及养分吸收与利用等信息的数据库。采用QUEFTS(quantitative evaluation of the fertility of tropical soils)模型模拟作物养分吸收,同时对数据库中土壤基础养分供应、作物农学效率与产量反应进行相关分析,建立基于产量反应和农学效率的作物推荐施肥模型。在此基础上,借助计算机技术和智能云计算,研发了“养分专家系统”(简称NE系统),用户只需提供种植地块的一些基本信息,如往年农民习惯措施下的作物产量、施肥历史、有机无机肥料投入以及秸秆还田情况,NE系统就能给出基于该地块的个性化施肥方案。NE系统在推荐施肥中除了考虑土壤基础地力外,还考虑了上季作物养分残效和秸秆还田带入的养分,以及作物轮作体系和有机肥施用情况等,提出的推荐施肥方案符合4R养分管理策略(最佳肥料品种、最佳用量、最佳施用时间和最佳施用位置),同时兼顾施肥的农学、经济和环境效应。多点田间验证试验证实,NE系统推荐施肥兼顾科学性和实用性,且易于掌握,是一种能够保障作物增产增收、提高肥料利用率和保护环境的科学推荐施肥方法。展开更多
为实现潮土区夏玉米科学施肥,通过2年田间试验研究了玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥对夏玉米产量、收益、养分积累量及肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明,沙壤质潮土夏玉米施肥两年增产6.55%～39.32%和5.53%～21.19%,玉米养分专家系统和Agro Serv...为实现潮土区夏玉米科学施肥,通过2年田间试验研究了玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥对夏玉米产量、收益、养分积累量及肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明,沙壤质潮土夏玉米施肥两年增产6.55%～39.32%和5.53%～21.19%,玉米养分专家系统和Agro Services International Inc推荐施肥较农户习惯施肥分别增产4.06%和5.04%,增收21.90%和27.44%。基于玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥的氮、磷、钾肥农学效率分别为11.46、25.89和9.93 kg kg–1,氮、磷、钾肥料利用率分别为41.13%、31.48%和50.35%,化肥偏生产力平均为36.62 kg kg–1。玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥提高了沙壤质潮土区夏玉米叶片叶绿素含量,促进了氮磷钾的吸收利用,增加了干物质积累量,具有增产增收效应,肥料利用效率较高,可作为该地区夏玉米推荐施肥方法推广应用。展开更多
为评价小麦养分专家系统(Nutrient Expert,NE)推荐施肥对冬小麦产量效应、养分利用率和农田环境效应的影响,对2010~2014年期间在河北省开展的83个小麦试验进行了分析。结果发现:小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥量较农民习惯施肥量氮、磷肥分...为评价小麦养分专家系统(Nutrient Expert,NE)推荐施肥对冬小麦产量效应、养分利用率和农田环境效应的影响,对2010~2014年期间在河北省开展的83个小麦试验进行了分析。结果发现:小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥量较农民习惯施肥量氮、磷肥分别降低了47.0%和10.4%,钾肥增加了102.0%;小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥较农户施肥增产在2.6%~13.0%之间,氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为31.7%、10.9%和31.0%,氮肥偏生产力为47.9kg/kg,显著高于农民习惯施肥处理24.7 kg/kg;小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥的农田温室气体排放总量和排放强度分别为2 211 kg CO_2 eq/hm^2和332 kg CO_2 eq/t,显著低于农民习惯处理的3 720 kg CO_2 eq/hm^2和589 kg CO_2 eq/t。小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥提高了养分利用率、降低了农田温室气体排放,可以在河北省小麦主产区推广应用。展开更多
基金the financial support from the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2016FYD0200103)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution,China(1610132019047)。
文摘Excessive fertilization has led to nutrient use inefficiency and serious environmental consequences for radish cultivation in North China.The Nutrient Expert(NE)system is a science-based,site-specific fertilization decision support system,but the updated NE system for radish has rarely been evaluated.This study aims to validate the feasibility of NE for radish fertilization management from agronomic,economic,and environmental perspectives.A total of 46 field experiments were conducted over four seasons from April 2018 to November 2019 across the major radish growing regions in North China.The results indicated that NE significantly reduced N,P_(2)O_(5),and K_(2)O application rates by 98,110,and 47 kg ha^(-1) relative to those in the farmers’practice(FP),respectively,and reduced N and P_(2)O_(5) inputs by 48 and 44 kg ha^(-1),respectively,while maintaining the same K_(2)O rate as soil testing(ST).Relative to FP and ST,NE significantly increased radish yield by 2.7 and 2.6 t ha^(-1)(4.2 and 4.0%)and net returns by 837 and 432 USD ha^(-1),respectively.On average,NE significantly improved the agronomic efficiency(AE)of N,P,and K(relative to FP and ST)by 42.4 and 31.0,67.4 kg kg^(-1) and 50.9,and 20.3 and 12.3 kg kg^(-1);enhanced the recovery efficiency(RE)of N,P,and K by 11.4 and 7.0,14.1 and 7.5,and 11.3 and 6.3 percentage points;and increased the partial factor productivity(PFP)of N,P,and K by 162.9 and 96.8,488.0 and 327.3,and 86.9 and 22.4 kg kg^(-1),respectively.Furthermore,NE substantially reduced N and P_(2)O_(5) surpluses by 105.1 and 115.1 kg ha^(-1),respectively,and decreased apparent N loss by 110.8 kg ha^(-1) compared to FP.These results indicated that the NE system is an effective and feasible approach for improving NUE and promoting cleaner radish production in North China.
基金funded by the Department of Agronomy,Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya,West Bengal 736165India.This research was also funded by Taif University,Saudi Arabia,Project No.(TU-DSPP-2024-07).
文摘The rice‒wheat farming system is considered as the greatest energy-intensive agricultural practice in South‒East Asia.In light of declining system production and profitability,burning of residues,soil erosion,depletion of renewable resources,and environmental degradation,the sustainability of the rice‒wheat cropping system is being questioned.As a result,energy and money efficient conservation agricultural methods are becoming more and more necessary to accomplish sustainable output.A field experiment was carried out in this regard to evaluate the effects of varying degrees of rice residue retention and nutrient management options on zero-tillage grown wheat growth,yield,phenology,economics,energy budgeting,and CO_(2)emissions.In the experiment,there were five different nutrient management options(recommended dose and Nutrient Expert based dose with and without seed inoculating biofertilizer Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria,PSB in short along with a control)and four different rice residue load treatments(rice residues retained at 0,15,30,and 45 cm from the ground level).The treatments that managed nutrients using Nutrient Expert(NE)and kept residues at a height of 15 and 30 cm above ground,both with and without biofertilizer inoculation,showed better growth and yield in both years.Higher net energy,energy productivity and energy use efficiency were achieved with the treatment combination that kept residues at a height of 30 cm and suggested nutrients using NE software or recommended fertilizer doses(RDF),which included inoculating seeds with biofertilizers.Under the treatments where fertilizers were given more often,there was a larger release of CO_(2).The treatment that kept residues at a height of 30 cm and used NE software to recommend nutrients along with seed inoculation of biofertilizers(R2N5)resulted in higher gross returns(₹111,315 ha-1 and₹109,342 ha-1),net returns(₹60,957 ha-1 and₹61,797 ha-1),and B:C(2.21 and 2.30)during 2021–2022 and 2022–2023,respectively.Therefore,maintaining residues at their ideal level,managing nutrients through NE,and incorporating biofertilizers into the seeds could be advantageous for wheat production and result in an energy-efficient and lucrative cropping system.
基金supported by the Mega-projects of Science Research for Water Environment Improvement (No. 2009ZX07106-001-005-01)the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 71103166)
文摘Lake eutrophication （LE） has become an increasingly severe environmental problem recently. However, there has been no nutrient standard established for LE control in many developing countries such as China. This study proposes a structural equation model to assist in the establishment of a lake nutrient standard for drinking water sources in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Ecoregion （Yungui Ecoregion）, China. The modeling results indicate that the most predictive indicator for designated use-attainment is total phosphorus （TP） （total effect =-0.43）, and chlorophyll a （Chl-a） is recommended as the second important indicator （total effect =-0.41）. The model is further used for estimating the probability of use-attainment associated with lake water as a drinking water source and various levels of candidate criteria （based on the reference conditions and the current environmental quality standards for surface water）. It is found that these candidate criteria cannot satisfy the designated 100% use-attainment. To achieve the short-term target （85% attainment of the designated use）, TP and Chl-a values ought to be less than 0.02 mg/L and 1.4 μg/L, respectively. When used as a long-term target （90% or greater attainment of the designated use）, the TP and Chl-a values are suggested to be less than 0.018 mg/L and 1 μg/L, respectively.
基金supported by the National Research Council of Sri Lanka(Grant No.NRC TO 16-07).
文摘Decision Support Tool(DST)enables farmers to make site-specific crop management decisions;however,comprehensive calibration can be both costly and time-consuming.This study assessed the production and economic benefits of two calibrations of the Nutrient Expert(NE)tool for rice in Sri Lanka’s Alfisols:the basic calibration(Nutrient Expert Sri Lanka 1,NESL1)and the comprehensive calibration(Nutrient Expert Sri Lanka 2,NESL2).NESL1 was developed by adapting the South Indian version of NE to local conditions,while NESL2 was an updated version,using three years of data from 71 farmer fields.
文摘针对新疆棉花生产中缺乏先进高效的推荐施肥方法和不合理施肥带来的肥料利用率低的现状,本研究以1996—2019年新疆主要植棉区21个植棉县的414个棉花田间肥料试验为基础,建立养分管理大数据库。采用QUEFTS模型模拟棉花最佳养分需求量,并分析土壤基础养分供应、肥料的农学效率与产量反应之间的相关关系,在此基础上构建施肥模型,并开发了适用于新疆棉花生产的养分专家系统。为验证该系统的应用效果,于2017—2021年在新疆主要棉花种植区开展田间验证试验。试验共设6个施肥处理,分别为棉花养分专家系统推荐施肥(NE),基于NE推荐施肥基础上的不施氮肥、不施磷肥和不施钾肥,农民习惯施肥(FP)和当地的优化推荐施肥(ST),调查了棉花产量、肥料利用效率和经济效益。QUEFTS模型模拟棉花养分吸收结果表明,每生产1 t籽棉地上部所需氮、磷和钾养分分别为27.7、6.2和29.3 kg。施用氮、磷和钾肥的平均产量反应分别为1624、1096和804 kg hm^(–2),平均相对产量分别为0.7、0.8和0.8,平均农学效率分别为6.8、8.5和16.7 kg kg^(–1)。田间验证结果显示,与FP处理相比,NE处理分别减施氮、磷、钾肥40.7%、60.1%和10.7%;与ST处理相比,NE处理分别减施氮、磷肥30.3%和38.0%,增施钾肥10.8%。与FP和ST相比,NE处理的棉花产量分别增加了365 kg hm^(–2)和92 kg hm^(–2),经济效益分别增加了4302元hm^(–2)和1094元hm^(–2),氮、磷和钾肥回收率分别提高了18.8和11.8、14.2和11.5、13.4和6.0个百分点,氮和磷肥农学效率分别增加了3.5 kg kg^(–1)和2.2 kg kg^(–1)、7.2 kg kg^(–1)和4.4 kg kg^(–1),钾肥农学效率分别减少了1.6 kg kg^(–1)和0.6 kg kg^(–1)。综上所述,基于产量反应和农学效率构建的智能化新疆棉花养分专家系统,能够为每块地提供个性化的施肥方案。连续多点的田间试验结果充分证明,该方法优化了肥料用量与养分配比,提高了棉花产量和肥料利用率,增加了经济效益,是适用于新疆棉花生产的推荐施肥新方法。
文摘小规模农业生产易于出现不合理施肥导致的肥料利用率低等问题,严重影响到生态环境和农业可持续发展。研究建立适合我国小农户集约化农业生产特点且科学轻简的养分推荐方法尤为重要。中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所会同全国39个土壤肥料研究团队,研发了适合我国农业生态条件和种植体系的基于产量反应和农学效率的作物推荐施肥方法。该方法在汇总分析全国各作物主产区开展的肥料田间试验的基础上,建立了包含作物产量反应、农学效率及养分吸收与利用等信息的数据库。采用QUEFTS(quantitative evaluation of the fertility of tropical soils)模型模拟作物养分吸收,同时对数据库中土壤基础养分供应、作物农学效率与产量反应进行相关分析,建立基于产量反应和农学效率的作物推荐施肥模型。在此基础上,借助计算机技术和智能云计算,研发了“养分专家系统”(简称NE系统),用户只需提供种植地块的一些基本信息,如往年农民习惯措施下的作物产量、施肥历史、有机无机肥料投入以及秸秆还田情况,NE系统就能给出基于该地块的个性化施肥方案。NE系统在推荐施肥中除了考虑土壤基础地力外,还考虑了上季作物养分残效和秸秆还田带入的养分,以及作物轮作体系和有机肥施用情况等,提出的推荐施肥方案符合4R养分管理策略(最佳肥料品种、最佳用量、最佳施用时间和最佳施用位置),同时兼顾施肥的农学、经济和环境效应。多点田间验证试验证实,NE系统推荐施肥兼顾科学性和实用性,且易于掌握,是一种能够保障作物增产增收、提高肥料利用率和保护环境的科学推荐施肥方法。
文摘为实现潮土区夏玉米科学施肥,通过2年田间试验研究了玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥对夏玉米产量、收益、养分积累量及肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明,沙壤质潮土夏玉米施肥两年增产6.55%～39.32%和5.53%～21.19%,玉米养分专家系统和Agro Services International Inc推荐施肥较农户习惯施肥分别增产4.06%和5.04%,增收21.90%和27.44%。基于玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥的氮、磷、钾肥农学效率分别为11.46、25.89和9.93 kg kg–1,氮、磷、钾肥料利用率分别为41.13%、31.48%和50.35%,化肥偏生产力平均为36.62 kg kg–1。玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥提高了沙壤质潮土区夏玉米叶片叶绿素含量,促进了氮磷钾的吸收利用,增加了干物质积累量,具有增产增收效应,肥料利用效率较高,可作为该地区夏玉米推荐施肥方法推广应用。
文摘为评价小麦养分专家系统(Nutrient Expert,NE)推荐施肥对冬小麦产量效应、养分利用率和农田环境效应的影响,对2010~2014年期间在河北省开展的83个小麦试验进行了分析。结果发现:小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥量较农民习惯施肥量氮、磷肥分别降低了47.0%和10.4%,钾肥增加了102.0%;小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥较农户施肥增产在2.6%~13.0%之间,氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为31.7%、10.9%和31.0%,氮肥偏生产力为47.9kg/kg,显著高于农民习惯施肥处理24.7 kg/kg;小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥的农田温室气体排放总量和排放强度分别为2 211 kg CO_2 eq/hm^2和332 kg CO_2 eq/t,显著低于农民习惯处理的3 720 kg CO_2 eq/hm^2和589 kg CO_2 eq/t。小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥提高了养分利用率、降低了农田温室气体排放,可以在河北省小麦主产区推广应用。
