BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)recency testing provides data that can be used to monitor the trend of new HIV infections.The effectiveness of using people identified with recent infection to identify part...BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)recency testing provides data that can be used to monitor the trend of new HIV infections.The effectiveness of using people identified with recent infection to identify partners with new HIV infection through partner notification services(PNS)is not well documented.AIM To determine the pooled prevalence of recency testing coverage,recent infection,reclassification(recent to longterm infection)and PNS cascade among newly diagnosed people living with HIV.METHODS PubMed,Cochrane Library and Embase were searched for articles published between January 2018 and November 2024.Studies were included if they reported recency coverage and/or PNS among people newly diagnosed with HIV and used recent infection testing algorithm(RITA).Recency coverage was defined as proportion of people tested using rapid testing for recent infection(RTRI)among those newly diagnosed with HIV.RITA further classifies RTRI results using viral load results(≥1000 copies/mL vs<1000 copies/mL)to confirm recency status.For studies with PNS,we evaluated the cascade:Number of partners elicited,successfully contacted,eligible for HIV testing,tested and HIV diagnosis.PNS effectiveness was measured by proportion of new HIV diagnoses from tested partners.Using random effects models,we computed the pooled estimate of recency outcomes and 95%confidence intervals(CIs).RESULTS Twenty-five studies from 17-low-and middle-income countries were included.Of 276315 newly diagnosed people living with HIV,79864 underwent RTRI with an overall pooled recency coverage of 87%(95%CI:67-96).The pooled prevalence of RTRI and RITA recency were 12%(95%CI:9-16)and 7%(95%CI:4-10),respectively.Pooled prevalence of RTRI reclassification was 34%(95%CI:22-49).Of the recent cases who agreed to PNS,253 partners were elicited with an estimated elicitation ratio of 1:1.6.Among partners elicited,99%were successfully contacted,75%were eligible for testing,68%tested for HIV,and 15%were diagnosed with HIV.CONCLUSION High recency testing coverage among newly diagnosed individuals demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring new HIV infections in LMIC.While PNS yielded moderate HIV diagnoses,its targeted approach remains a critical strategy for identifying undiagnosed cases.展开更多
在无线局域网络中,针对无线信道的异构性和传输控制协议(transmission control protocol,TCP)闭环拥塞控制的贪婪性,提出了一种基于显式拥塞通告(explicit congestion notification,ECN)标记算法的公平拥塞控制机制(access point conges...在无线局域网络中,针对无线信道的异构性和传输控制协议(transmission control protocol,TCP)闭环拥塞控制的贪婪性,提出了一种基于显式拥塞通告(explicit congestion notification,ECN)标记算法的公平拥塞控制机制(access point congestion control,APCC)。APCC在AP节点结合缓存队列长度和无线信道负载的测量来检测拥塞,依据联合的拥塞测度来实施拥塞控制,通过保证低丢包率和低排队延时得到了高吞吐率;利用ECN显式反馈机制,对通过AP的上行和下行TCP DATA和ACK分组实施ECN标记,实现了上下行公平的双向拥塞控制;同时在多速率信道环境下,依据各流的无线信道速率来调节单流ECN的标记概率,实现不同无线信道速率TCP流之间的时间公平,大大提高了网络的总体效率。展开更多
提出了一种新的拥塞控制源算法FAV(Forecast and Verify)，这是一种在接收方测量分组到达的延迟来预测网络中是否将出现拥塞的算法，并结合ECN来验证预测的准确性。通过和TCP Reno、TCP Vegas算法进行比较实验，表明FAV算法能够有效地...提出了一种新的拥塞控制源算法FAV(Forecast and Verify)，这是一种在接收方测量分组到达的延迟来预测网络中是否将出现拥塞的算法，并结合ECN来验证预测的准确性。通过和TCP Reno、TCP Vegas算法进行比较实验，表明FAV算法能够有效地减小丢失率和链路延迟，同时保持较高的链路利用率，从而使网络中的拥塞得到较好控制。展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)recency testing provides data that can be used to monitor the trend of new HIV infections.The effectiveness of using people identified with recent infection to identify partners with new HIV infection through partner notification services(PNS)is not well documented.AIM To determine the pooled prevalence of recency testing coverage,recent infection,reclassification(recent to longterm infection)and PNS cascade among newly diagnosed people living with HIV.METHODS PubMed,Cochrane Library and Embase were searched for articles published between January 2018 and November 2024.Studies were included if they reported recency coverage and/or PNS among people newly diagnosed with HIV and used recent infection testing algorithm(RITA).Recency coverage was defined as proportion of people tested using rapid testing for recent infection(RTRI)among those newly diagnosed with HIV.RITA further classifies RTRI results using viral load results(≥1000 copies/mL vs<1000 copies/mL)to confirm recency status.For studies with PNS,we evaluated the cascade:Number of partners elicited,successfully contacted,eligible for HIV testing,tested and HIV diagnosis.PNS effectiveness was measured by proportion of new HIV diagnoses from tested partners.Using random effects models,we computed the pooled estimate of recency outcomes and 95%confidence intervals(CIs).RESULTS Twenty-five studies from 17-low-and middle-income countries were included.Of 276315 newly diagnosed people living with HIV,79864 underwent RTRI with an overall pooled recency coverage of 87%(95%CI:67-96).The pooled prevalence of RTRI and RITA recency were 12%(95%CI:9-16)and 7%(95%CI:4-10),respectively.Pooled prevalence of RTRI reclassification was 34%(95%CI:22-49).Of the recent cases who agreed to PNS,253 partners were elicited with an estimated elicitation ratio of 1:1.6.Among partners elicited,99%were successfully contacted,75%were eligible for testing,68%tested for HIV,and 15%were diagnosed with HIV.CONCLUSION High recency testing coverage among newly diagnosed individuals demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring new HIV infections in LMIC.While PNS yielded moderate HIV diagnoses,its targeted approach remains a critical strategy for identifying undiagnosed cases.
文摘在无线局域网络中,针对无线信道的异构性和传输控制协议(transmission control protocol,TCP)闭环拥塞控制的贪婪性,提出了一种基于显式拥塞通告(explicit congestion notification,ECN)标记算法的公平拥塞控制机制(access point congestion control,APCC)。APCC在AP节点结合缓存队列长度和无线信道负载的测量来检测拥塞,依据联合的拥塞测度来实施拥塞控制,通过保证低丢包率和低排队延时得到了高吞吐率;利用ECN显式反馈机制,对通过AP的上行和下行TCP DATA和ACK分组实施ECN标记,实现了上下行公平的双向拥塞控制;同时在多速率信道环境下,依据各流的无线信道速率来调节单流ECN的标记概率,实现不同无线信道速率TCP流之间的时间公平,大大提高了网络的总体效率。
文摘提出了一种新的拥塞控制源算法FAV(Forecast and Verify)，这是一种在接收方测量分组到达的延迟来预测网络中是否将出现拥塞的算法，并结合ECN来验证预测的准确性。通过和TCP Reno、TCP Vegas算法进行比较实验，表明FAV算法能够有效地减小丢失率和链路延迟，同时保持较高的链路利用率，从而使网络中的拥塞得到较好控制。
